吳元培　劉穎群

英語語態(tài)用來表示主語和謂語之間的關系，分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)兩種。對動詞語態(tài)的考查是高考一項重要考查內容,為便于學生掌握這一語言現(xiàn)象，本文將做如下 歸納分析。

被動語態(tài)是由“be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成，助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化；含有情態(tài)動詞的被動結構是由“情態(tài)動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。

考點一：當我們不知道動作的執(zhí)行者是誰或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者是誰或者強調動作的承受者，就采用被動語態(tài)。

I like these English songs and they____________many times on the radio. (08安徽)

A. taught____________B. have taught____________

C. are taught____________D. have been taught

【解析】 表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時，they指代these English songs ，與teach之間又構成動賓關系，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。故答案選[D】。

考點二：含有賓語補足語的被動語態(tài)

有些動詞如：consider, find, feel, make, think, keep, name, call后跟賓語+賓語補足語。將這一主動結構變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構時，只需將主動結構中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構中的主語，賓語補足語保留不變，這時它就成了主語補足語?？梢猿洚斮e語補足語的有名詞、形容詞、動詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞等。

(I) 行為動詞

(1) The wet weather will continue tomorrow if a cold front____________ to arrive.（08全國）

A. is expected____________ B. is expecting

C. expects____________ D. will be expected

【解析】由主句使用將來時可知從句應該用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時；根據句子的意思expect與a cold front之間構成動賓關系，故答案選【A】。

(II) 感官動詞和使役性動詞后接不定式作賓語補足語

在主動句中，感官動詞（see, watch, hear, listen to等）和使役動詞（make ,have）后接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語；但改為被動語態(tài)后，要加上不定式符號to；若作賓語補足語的動詞與賓語構成動賓關系，則賓語補足語用過去分詞。

(1) To learn English well, we should findopportunities to hear English____________ as much as we can.（08江蘇）

A. speak ____________ B. speaking ____________

C. spoken ____________ D. to speak

【解析】 hear與English之間構成動賓關系，所以用過去分詞做賓語補足語。故答案選【C】。

(2) Paul doesnt have to be made____________ .He always works hard . (95NMET)

A. learn____________ B. to learn____________

C. learned____________D. learning Key:【B】

但動詞let其被動結構中不定式仍不帶to。Catherine is let go.

考點三：含有雙賓語的被動語態(tài)

有些動詞如：give, tell, buy作謂語后可____________帶雙賓語。含有雙賓語的主動結構變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構時，可以將其中一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個保留不動。一般是將主動結構的間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構的主語；當直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構的主語時，間接賓語前應加介詞to或for。

(1) —Do you have any problems if you___________________ this job? （08湖南）—Well, Im thinking about the salary…

A. offer____________B. will offer____________

C. are offered____________D. will be offered

【解析】offer后接雙賓語，所以主語是offer動作的承受者，故用被動形式；而由if 引導的時間狀語從句，從句應用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時，故答案選【C】。

(2) This book is given to you.

考點四：含有情態(tài)動詞或be going to 的被動語態(tài)

這一結構是由“情態(tài)動詞或be going to / be about to / used to / be to /have to等)+be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。

I am going to be given a book.

Measures must be taken to prevent the river being polluted.

考點五：短語動詞的被動語態(tài)

有些短語動詞相當于及物動詞，可以有被動語態(tài)，但短語動詞是一個不可分割的整體，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時不可去掉構成短語動詞中的介詞或副詞。

(1) More attention should be paid__________our education if possible.(95上海)

A. to developingB. to development

C. to develop____________ D. for developing

____________________________________ Key:【A】

(2) Has the doctor been sent for?

考點六：“get+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成的被動語態(tài)

這種結構一般指動作的結果而非動作本身，常表示“狀態(tài)的改變”。

Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to____________before the party.(04全國)

A. get changedB. get change

C. get changingD. get to changed

____________________________________Key:【A】

考點七：非謂語動詞中的被動語態(tài)

(1)____________ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. (08陜西)

A. Having shown B. To be shown

C. Having been shownD. To show

【解析】 we 與show around 構成動賓關系，所以用被動式，并且show around 這一動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，故用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式的被動式, 所以答案選【C】。

考點八：含有名詞性從句的被動語態(tài)

帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動語態(tài)時，通常用it來作為被動句的形式主語，賓語從句則變成了主語從句。這種結構也可以改為“主語 + be + 過去分詞 + 動詞不定式”形式。

(1)At the end of the meeting, it was an nounc-ed that an agreement____________.(07江蘇)

A. has been reached B. had been reached

C. has reached D. had reached

____________________________________Key:【B】

常見的含有名詞性從句的被動結構的句型有：

It is ordered that… ____________根據命令……

It is reported that… ____________據報道…… It is well known that… ____________ 眾所周知……

It must be admitted that… 必須承認……

It is required that… ____________ 根據要求……

It must be pointed out that… 必須指出……

It is generally considered that… 大家認為……

考點九：結合被動語態(tài)的省略形式

在when, while, if, unless, though等引導的時間、條件或讓步狀語從句中，如果從句的主語和主句的主語一致，從句又含有be動詞時，常可以省略從句的主語和be動詞。

—Who should be responsible for the accident?________________________

—The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order____________.(08福建)

A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told

【解析】由as引導定語從句，tell后接雙賓語，從句主語和主句的主語一致，且和tell之間是動賓關系，可補為：as they are told，省略從句的主語和be動詞are，故答案選【A】。

鞏固性練習：從A、B、C、D中選擇最佳答案。

1．____________ for nearly 90 hours, three girls who had no access to any food and water for two days were rescued at last.

A. To be buried B. Being buried

C. Having been buriedD. Having buried

2． Only after my friend came____________.

A. did the computer repair

B. he repaired the computer

C. was the computer repaired

D. the computer was repaired

3． The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945 and their power____________ increased enormously ever since.

A. isB. was C. has been D. had been

4． —Your job is well done.____________ you__________________for it ?—Yes. And I got extra $ 500 as a reward __________yesterday.

A. Have; paid B. Have; got paid

C. Did; get paid D. Were; paid

5． —The T308 express train derailed innorthern Japan last night.—Tom____________; he happened to be on board.

A. may be hurt

B. may have hurt

C. can have been hurt

D. may have been hurt

6． The new dictionaries are very useful. They__________ well and____________already

A. sell; sell out

B. sell; have been sold out

C. sold; had sold out

D. are sold; have been sold out

7． He was knocked down by a car. He has been taken to the hospital and____________by the doctors right now.

A. is operated B. is operating on

C. is being operated on D. is operated on

8． According to their predictions, more than 20,000 tourists are expected__________bythe hotel this year.

A. to be received B. to receive

C. receiving D. received

9． She is often listened____________English songs, but this time we had him____________a French song.

A. Sing; singB. sing; to sing

C. to sing; singD. to to sing; sing

10．Large quantities of rescue relief____________to the earthquake-hit areas each day.

A. is sending B. is being sent C. are sending D. are being sent

Keys：1—5 CCCBD____________6—10 BCADD