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      任務(wù)型閱讀中的轉(zhuǎn)換策略

      2009-05-22 06:32洪德金
      關(guān)鍵詞:動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合句被動(dòng)語態(tài)

      洪德金

      任務(wù)型閱讀要求考生根據(jù)閱讀文章提供的信息用恰的詞語完成與短文相關(guān)的圖表。做任務(wù)型閱讀時(shí),我們需要理解文章內(nèi)容及表格結(jié)構(gòu),在理解的基礎(chǔ)上將文章定位到的信息轉(zhuǎn)換成適當(dāng)形式填入表格中。信息轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)有一定的思路和方法,掌握了這種方法就能達(dá)到事半功倍。下面我們來介紹常見的種種轉(zhuǎn)換方法。

      一、名詞數(shù)和格的轉(zhuǎn)換

      1.英語中,可數(shù)名詞表示類別時(shí)可以用a/the+單數(shù)形式,也可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式 (這時(shí)名詞前不加冠詞)。名詞還有普通格和所有格之分。命題者可以根據(jù)名詞這些特性命題,讓考生進(jìn)行名詞單復(fù)數(shù)或格之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:

      They offer high quality education at a low cost.

      In 1950, nearly a fifth of the population lived in the 20 largest cities of the nation.

      In 1950, in the (2)______20 largest cities lived almost 20% of the population.

      2.詞性間的轉(zhuǎn)換

      英語中,不同的詞性有不同的作用,充當(dāng)不同的句子成分,而不同的句子成分也需要用不同的詞性。如:謂語要用動(dòng)詞,主語、賓語用名詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式等,表語用名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、不定式等,定語用形容詞等,狀語用副詞等??忌鷦?wù)必認(rèn)真審題,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)句法和詞法知識(shí),把文章中的信息詞轉(zhuǎn)換成適當(dāng)形式填入表格中。例如:

      But critics say the current system wastes money and delays the arrival of needed food.

      →Food doesnt (3)______ on time.

      United States government agencies have to buy American-produced food.

      →Food must be bought from (4)_______.

      Changing it could harm food-aid programs.

      →Changing it could be (5)_______ to food-aid programs.

      There were mainly two types of families in the United States.

      →There were two (6)______ types of families in the United States.

      But the system also has supporters among agricultural and shipping groups, and lawmakers in Congress.

      →Agricultural and shipping groups, as well as lawmakers, (7)_______ the current system.

      Caring for others can actually encourage the development of a mutually beneficial relationship.

      →A relationship which can (8)_______ two sides should be established.

      Mass production (of laptops) is expected to begin in October, once a final design is approved.

      →After the final design is approved, more laptops will be (9)______.

      Apologize when you are wrong.

      →Make an (10)______ when you are wrong.

      Cheating athletes are easier to catch out.

      →Cheating athletes can be (11)______ caught out.

      What should we do so that our communication will be effective?

      →How to communicate (12)_______

      Because university tuition is so expensive, many students also work part-time while they are at university.

      →Find a part-time (13)______ while at university.

      3句子結(jié)構(gòu)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

      句子結(jié)構(gòu)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換可以是簡(jiǎn)單句與簡(jiǎn)單句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換,簡(jiǎn)單句與并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換,簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換,或者是復(fù)合句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換,復(fù)合句與并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:

      Mr. Gardner cited the account of the driver as an example of what he calls “good work”—a calling that combines excellent performance…

      →”Good work” is (14)______ combines excellent performance.

      When these bags go to landfills or are burned, they pollute the air, waterways and soil, which forms a huge threat to the health of humans.

      →When these bags go to landfills or are burned, they pollute air, (15)_____ a huge threat to the health of humans.

      It takes them almost 1,000 years to break down into particles that do not harm the environment.

      →It takes them a very long time to break down into (16)______ particles.

      常見同義結(jié)構(gòu):except for, apart from, except that/when/where; above all, what is the most important; the reason for, why; the cause of…, what caused…; the last … that…, what sb wanted to … least; sb should do sth, Its necessary for sb to do sth; but for, without, if it wasnt for/hadnt been for…; was on the point of doing sthwhen…, was about to do sth when…; its time to do sth, Its time that sb did sth; Its certain that…, sb/sth is certain/sure to do sth; Its possible/probable/likely that, sb/sth is likely to do sth; It so happened that…, sb/sth happened to do sth; It seemed that…, sb/sth seemed to do sth; As it turned out, …, It turned out that…, sb/sth turned out to do sth; As is known,…, Its well know that…, What is known is that…; before long, soon, It wasnt long/wont be long before…; It was at three oclock that…, It was three oclock when…等等。

      4.同義轉(zhuǎn)換

      任務(wù)型閱讀在解題時(shí)常常需要進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換,就是將定位到的信息轉(zhuǎn)換成同義詞或同義詞組填入表格。例如:

      Critics among charity groups have called for changes to the current system.

      →Charity groups are (17)______ the current system.

      Years ago, I boarded a bus with a driver, who entertained his passengers with a variety of topics.

      →A driver who took to (18)______ pleasure to his passengers.

      This (structure) will probably change again in the twenty-first century.

      →The present structure is 190)______ --it will experience changes again in the near future.

      American movie companies are exporting smoking in youth-rated movies.

      →American movie companies are thought to be “selling smoking” (20)______.

      Many people are unconvinced when they hear movies might contribute to adolescent smoking.

      →Many people dont (21)______ movies contribution to teen smoking.

      Experts say infections from dirty water kill several thousand children…

      →Drinking dirty water (22)_____ several thousand children their lives…

      Organizers say more than twenty percent of the world population lack clean drinking water.

      →Over one-fifth of the world population dont have (23)_____ clean water.

      Accept that friendships change. “Friendships change as our needs and lifestyles change,” Wilmot observes.

      →We should be (24)_____ of the fact that friendships change as our needs and lifestyles change.

      Athletes in all sports can now train more effectively.

      →Athletes in all sports can train in a more effective (25)_____.

      There are a range of abilities that can lead to success in life beyond math and verbal skills.

      →Many factors besides math and verbal skills are (26)_____ for success in life.

      The most effective people never change character from one situation to another.

      →Dont change character in (27)_____ situations.

      常見同義詞(組):besides, beyond, in addition to, apart from, on top of, whats more, other than; after three years, three years later; but, nevertheless, and yet, on the contrary, in contrast; so, thus, as a result; the rest of the students, the other students; other people, others; many, many a, a large number of, a lot of; punctually, in time; learn, pick up; memorize, learn…by heart; eventually, at last, in the end, finally; first of all, firstly; take into account/consideration, consider; would rather do, prefer to do, would like to do; due to, because of, owing to, on account of; most of, the majority of; various, a variety of; 25% of, a quarter of; half an hour, 30 minutes, a fortnight, two weeks; a decade, 10 years; a century, 100 years等等。

      5.反義轉(zhuǎn)換

      任務(wù)型閱讀解題時(shí)也常常進(jìn)行反義轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:

      Decide what you really like to do and what you would like to spend your life doing. That is more important than deciding what particular job to hold.

      →Deciding what job to hold is (28)______ important.

      Its surprising how often a dispute result from a simple misunderstanding.

      →Simple misunderstandings (29)______ to many disputes.

      6.動(dòng)詞形式之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

      動(dòng)詞形式之間的轉(zhuǎn)換包括主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換,單數(shù)謂語與復(fù)數(shù)謂語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換,謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語形式之間的轉(zhuǎn)換,非謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:

      The country has to refine 5 million tons of crude oil every year to make plastic bags.

      →Every year 5 million tons of crude oil is (30)______ to make enough plastic bags.

      His plan would provide food aid by buying crops directly from farmers in the developing world.

      →Crops will be (31)_____directly from farmers in the developing world.

      This technology falls into two main groups: improving an athletes performance in competition, and allowing results to be measured more accurately.

      →Science can (32)_____ athletes performance in competition and get results (33)_____ more accurately.

      To help students pay for their education, the government offers loans which students do not have to repay until after they graduate.

      →Apply for the loans (34)_____ by the government, which can be repaid after graduation.

      答案與解析:

      (1)costs。cost前的不定冠詞去掉了,故單數(shù)需轉(zhuǎn)換成復(fù)數(shù)。

      (2)nations。表示所有關(guān)系的of the nation短語轉(zhuǎn)換成s所有格。

      (3)arrive。做賓語的名詞arrival轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞做謂語。

      (4)Americans。把構(gòu)成復(fù)合形容詞American-produced的單數(shù)名詞American轉(zhuǎn)換成復(fù)數(shù)名詞做賓語。

      (5)harmful。做謂語的動(dòng)詞harm轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞做表語。

      (6)main。副詞mainly轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞做定語。

      (7)support。做賓語的名詞supporters轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞做謂語。

      (8)benefit。做定語的形容詞beneficial轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞做謂語。

      (9)produced。做主語的名詞production轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞做謂語。

      (10)apology。做謂語的動(dòng)詞apologize轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞做賓語。

      (11)easily。做表語的形容詞easy轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞做狀語。

      (12)effectively。做表語的形容詞effective轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞做狀語。

      (13)job。做謂語的動(dòng)詞work轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞job做賓語。

      (14)what。引導(dǎo)定語從句that轉(zhuǎn)換成what引導(dǎo)表語從句。

      (15)forming。定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞作定語。

      (16)harmless。定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞做定語。

      (17)against。要求對(duì)現(xiàn)行體系進(jìn)行改變自然就是反對(duì)它。

      (18)bringing。entertain轉(zhuǎn)換成bring pleasure to。

      (19)temporary。馬上要變化就意味著現(xiàn)在是臨時(shí)的。

      (20)abroad。export轉(zhuǎn)換成sell…abroad。

      (21)believe。be unconvinced轉(zhuǎn)換成dont believe。

      (22)costs。kill轉(zhuǎn)換成cost sb ones life。

      (23)enough/adequate。lack轉(zhuǎn)換成not have enough/ adequate。

      (24)aware。accept that轉(zhuǎn)換成be aware of the fact that。

      (25)way。effectively轉(zhuǎn)換成in an effective way。

      (26)responsible。lead to轉(zhuǎn)換成be responsible for。

      (27)different。change from one situation to another轉(zhuǎn)換成change in different situations。

      (28)less。比較對(duì)象與被比較對(duì)象位置顛倒,more important就需轉(zhuǎn)換成反義詞less important。

      (29)lead/contribute。主語與賓語位置交換,result from轉(zhuǎn)換成反義詞lead/contribute to。

      (30)refined。主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài).。

      (31)bought。做賓語的動(dòng)名詞buying轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的謂語形式。

      (32)improve。做同位語的動(dòng)名詞improving轉(zhuǎn)換成improve跟情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can一起做謂語。

      (33)measured。做賓語補(bǔ)足語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)不定式轉(zhuǎn)換成過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語。

      (34)offered/provided。做謂語的offers轉(zhuǎn)換成過去分詞offered做定語。

      轉(zhuǎn)換的方式除了上面所介紹的轉(zhuǎn)換方式以外,還可以是分?jǐn)?shù)詞與百分?jǐn)?shù)的轉(zhuǎn)換、比較等級(jí)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換等。要想能夠在任務(wù)型閱讀中進(jìn)行確當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)換,平時(shí)必須打好基礎(chǔ)注重同義詞反義詞的學(xué)習(xí),同一意思多種表達(dá)的學(xué)習(xí)。

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