John Murtagh(著), 楊 輝 (譯)
作 (譯)者單位:3165澳大利亞維多利亞州, 澳大利亞Monash大學
史蒂文今年6歲, 以前一直是個快樂無憂的小男孩。讓人想不到的是, 他得了失眠癥。這真的很讓我費解, 作為全科醫(yī)生, 我真得很難理解為什么這么小的孩子怎么還能患失眠癥。這個故事的結局讓我很慚愧, 因為最終是男孩的老師給我揭開了謎團, 治好了男孩的病。
故事的開始, 是史蒂文的媽媽帶男孩來我們全科醫(yī)學中心來看病。媽媽顯得茫然不知所措, 她說也不知道什么原因, 史蒂文突然不想睡覺, 也睡不著覺。深更半夜的時候, 夫妻倆經(jīng)常被嚇一跳, 看見眼神怪異的史蒂文站在他們床頭, 面無表情, 一言不發(fā)。有的夜里, 父母發(fā)現(xiàn)床上沒有史蒂文, 于是滿處尋找, 最后發(fā)現(xiàn)他躲在壁櫥里面。
我進一步了解男孩的其他情況, 發(fā)現(xiàn)除了失眠癥外, 其他都很正常。不過史蒂文的小學老師告訴我, 男孩的學習成績下降, 而且還經(jīng)常趴在課桌上睡著了??床〉臅r候, 我詢問了史蒂文一些問題, 發(fā)現(xiàn)這個男孩比較害羞;他好像不想直接回答我的問題, 總是閃爍其詞, 回避我的直接提問。他說沒有擔心害怕什么事情。
我認為這個孩子是短暫性的行為異常, 建議采用保守性的治療方法, 比如在上床睡覺前喝熱飲料、淋浴, 或做一些鍛煉活動。結果這些方法根本不奏效。
我只好采取另外的措施, 讓史蒂文服用安眠藥。開始的時候服用很小的劑量, 發(fā)現(xiàn)效果不好, 結果就加大藥量, 最后發(fā)現(xiàn)安眠藥對史蒂文的病毫無幫助。
到這個時候, 我只好對史蒂文的父母說, 你的孩子心理上有問題, 我要把史蒂文轉到心理學專家那里去, 讓專家來診斷和治療他的失眠癥。
不過心理學專家也很尷尬, 因為他也沒能發(fā)現(xiàn)史蒂文失眠的原因。專家提出的治療方法, 是讓史蒂文在深夜的時候做長距離的慢走活動。于是, 史蒂文家的鄰居們開始悄悄議論一個奇怪的事情, 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)一個瘦小的 “夜行動物” 在午夜時分繞著社區(qū)慢慢地跑著, 身邊還跟著一輛慢慢行駛的汽車, 開車的是可憐的、哈欠連天的父親。
結果呢?專家的這個高招也以失敗告終。
最后還是史蒂文的老師想出了極妙的主意。她讓所有的學生交一幅圖畫作業(yè), 畫出自己最擔心或最害怕的事情。老師規(guī)定這幅圖畫作業(yè)是學生 “幻想里面的” 的畫面。
請看史蒂文交的圖畫作業(yè)。畫面上的史蒂文在床上睡覺,兩個竊賊正在偷走他的錢盒子。老師很巧妙地詢問史蒂文圖畫作業(yè)里面的意思, 史蒂文說一個同學告訴過他, 竊賊可能在晚上潛入家里偷東西, 拿走錢盒子, 還會 “暴揍” 他。
那么老師的解決辦法是什么呢?故事的結尾是這樣的:史蒂文抱著他的錢盒子來到銀行, 交給服務人員, 然后眼珠子動也不動的盯著服務人員鄭重其事地數(shù)著他的錢, 并把錢存在一個特別安全的賬戶里面。從此史蒂文相信他寶貴的錢得到了安全的保護, 而且可以像以前一樣安心地睡覺了。
4.1 兒童看病的原因中, 可能包括失眠癥和做噩夢 (睡眠焦慮癥)。大約有十分之一的兒童會因情緒或情感的干擾, 而發(fā)生失眠或做噩夢的情況?;純嚎床r, 往往表現(xiàn)為不典型的主訴或癥狀, 全科醫(yī)生不要輕易地忽略患兒這些特征。
4.2 和患兒談論情緒騷擾問題, 這并不是件很容易的事情。不過可以通過 “畫夢” 的方式來和患兒進行溝通, 發(fā)現(xiàn)患兒面臨的心理問題。 “畫夢” 是Bruce Tonge教授建議的一種實用溝通技術, 他認為這種技術是揭示患兒心理過程的一條捷徑, 而且最適合應用在全科醫(yī)學服務過程中。
5.1 兒童睡眠障礙在幼兒和學齡前兒童中非常常見。
5.2 如果發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童半夜醒來, 家長應該想辦法消除兒童的恐懼心理, 做好兒童的保護工作, 最好能夠在夜里陪伴兒童睡覺。不過, 家長給兒童這些幫助的時候, 要小心謹慎。
5.3 雖然心理壓力可以導致睡眠問題, 但我們要知道兒童睡眠問題的原因中, 很少是由于嚴重的心理學問題造成的。
5.4 異常睡眠 (夜驚、夢游、說夢話)不能算是真正的睡眠障礙。異常睡眠主要發(fā)生在深層非快動眼期。夜驚主要發(fā)生在睡眠2 h內和醒前1 ~2 min, 兒童常常很難安慰, 而且也記不清夢到了什么。兒童異常睡眠主要發(fā)生在兩個年齡段, 即2 ~4歲和6 ~9 歲。往往過幾個月后, 異常睡眠可自行消失, 不需要主動的治療措施。
譯者注:
(1)Bruce Tonge教授:Monash大學心理學和精神病學教授, 專長兒童和青少年精神病學。 (2)黃小娜等在 《中國城市2-5歲兒童睡眠障礙影響因素分析》 中指出, 兒童睡眠障礙總患病率為19.75%, 女童夢游和夜驚患病率相對較高, 男童磨牙和用口呼吸患病率相對較高。
Steven, aged 6, was a bright, happy littleboy untilhe developed an extraordinary and puzzling episode of insomnia which,much to our shame, was solved eventually by his teacher.
He presented to our group practice with his bemused mother who claimed that, suddenly, hewould notand could notsleep.His parents would be startled at night by the eerie vision of Steven standing silentandmotionless beside theirbed.When not in his bed at nighthe would be found hiding under it or in his wardrobe.
Prelim inary diagnosis and treatment
Hisbehaviourwasnormal otherwise, but his teacher reported his school-work had deteriorated and he was constantly falling asleep athis desk.On directquestioning Steven was shy and evasive,claiming nothing wasworryinghim.We considered it was a temporary phase of abnormal behaviour and advised conservativemeasures such as hot beverages, baths and exercises before retiring.This strategy failed and so Steven was prescribed hypnotics, initially in low dosage but finally in high dosage:to no avail.
His parentswere convinced by now that he was psychologically disturbed.He was referred to a consultant who also failed to find a cause for the insomnia and advised long midnight jogs.The neighbourhood began to buzzwith amusementat the sightof the tiny nocturnal jogger laboring beside the slow vehicle driven by his yawning father.His remarkable therapy did notwork either.
At last, Steven′s teacher had the bright idea of asking all the children to draw the thing that scared orworried them most, stipulating that itwould be a′make believe′picture.Lookingat thedrawing depicting two robbers stealing hismoneybox as he slept(see figure), she tactfully confronted Steven, who adm itted that his p laymate had told him robberswould come one night, stealhismoneybox and′bash′him.
The final chapter of this story saw a happy Steven perched on a bank counterwatching hismoney being ceremoniously counted, deposited in a huge safe and exchanged for a bank book.Steven was convinced his preciousmoney was safe and has slept normally ever since.
Insomnia and nightmares(dream anxiety)can be the presenting feature of the disturbed child.One in ten children suffers from emotional disturbance;uncharacteristic presenting problems should notbe dismissed lightly.
Discussion of the problem can be difficultwith disturbed children butasking them to′draw a dream′(as suggested by Professor Bruce Tonge)isan excellent avenue to this important communication.Professor Tonge believes that it is the royal road to the child′s mental processes and the family doctor is ideally placed to use the technique.
Sleep disorders in children are very common in toddlers and early preschoolage groups.
The child who wakes during the nightneeds reassurance, protection and the parent′s presence, but itmust be given discreetly.
Although psychological stresses can trigger sleep problem, severe psychological problem in children with sleep disorder isuncommon.
Para insomnia(night terrors, sleep walking, sleep talking)are not true sleep disorders.They occur in deep non-REM sleep.Night terrors, which usually develop within 2 hours of sleep and last1-2 minutes, the child isusually inconsolable and hasno memory of the event.Those event cluster in the two age range, 2-4 years and 6 -9 years, and are self-limiting over a period of months.Usually notactive treatment is needed.