丁允書

摘要:英語寫作中,熟練運(yùn)用句式變化的技巧進(jìn)行遣詞造句,可以將句子的外部形態(tài)上的“淡妝”與內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的“濃抹”結(jié)合起來。若能做到“淡妝濃抹總相宜”則會使文章彰顯活力,豐富生動,耐人尋味,從而使習(xí)作者在高考中取得理想分?jǐn)?shù),樂于寫作。

關(guān)鍵詞:遣詞造句、“淡妝”、“濃抹”

英語寫作教學(xué)中,筆者經(jīng)常遇到一些學(xué)生抱怨自己的作文單調(diào)乏味,討厭寫作。其原因是多方面的,不過,句式單一、缺乏變化是其中一個(gè)重要原因。《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》明確提出教師要幫助學(xué)生掌握寫作技巧。其中寫作技巧中,就包括遣詞造句。因此,掌握一些句式變化的技巧,無論是平時(shí)的習(xí)作還是應(yīng)對高考的書面表達(dá)都是很有必要的。筆者認(rèn)為,寫作技巧中的遣詞造句可以將句子的外部形態(tài)上的“淡妝”與內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的“濃抹”結(jié)合起來,使文章彰顯活力,豐富生動,耐人尋味,使習(xí)作者能夠體驗(yàn)成功的快樂,在高考書面表達(dá)中取得理想分?jǐn)?shù),從而樂于寫作。那么,寫作中的遣詞造句如何做到“淡妝濃抹總相宜”?

一、句子外部形態(tài)的“淡妝”

句子外部形態(tài)的淡化也就是長短句、簡單句、復(fù)雜句的交替使用。我們提倡句子的“淡妝”即句子的簡練,但不是說都用簡單句。學(xué)生在寫初稿的時(shí)候往往寫出的只是表達(dá)初始想法的簡單句子,這就要在修改定稿時(shí)對句子進(jìn)行一些細(xì)加工,使它們更緊湊連貫。

從不同角度劃分,句子有不同種類和結(jié)構(gòu)。為了多樣化起見, 可將簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句等各類句子融合在一起。以學(xué)生的習(xí)作為例:

I would like to smile at my parents. They have given me life. They have taken all the trouble to bring me up. They arrange almost everything for me. I have made great progress with their help. I would like to say “Thank you” to them with a smile. I should smile to myself. I can gain more confidence in smiling my troubles away. And I can live a better life.

這幾個(gè)簡單句只是幾個(gè)事實(shí)的簡單羅列,并且都是以主語開頭,句子種類顯得單一,缺乏變化。下面是修改后的段落:

First, I would like to smile at my parents because they have given me life and taken all the trouble to bring me up. They arrange almost everything for me. With their help, I have made great progress. I would like to say “Thank you” to them with a smile. Then I should smile to myself, for only in this way can I gain more confidence in smiling my troubles away and live a better life.

改寫后的這段文字句子種類多樣,長短不一,句型結(jié)構(gòu)變化大、合理、緊湊,讀來生動流暢,格外自然。大致說來,在合并的過程中,如果各句在意思上具有同等的地位,則可以把句子合并成并列句。如果各句的地位不同等,有的應(yīng)該處于主要地位,有的處于次要地位,這時(shí),可以把各句合并成復(fù)合句。

另外從句子的長度來看,寫作提倡長短交錯(cuò),即長句與短句交錯(cuò)使用。句子的長與短是相對而言的。長句一般容量大,用詞較多,且結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,甚至可以包含5W(who, what, where, when, why)的諸多信息。讀者從一個(gè)句子就可知道它敘述了哪幾個(gè)W。長句的修辭效果是表意嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、精確、細(xì)致。反之,為短句,短句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、緊湊,直截了當(dāng),生動活潑。長短句交替使用不僅能表意豐富,增強(qiáng)抒情效果,而且產(chǎn)生特殊的修辭效果。一句或幾個(gè)長句之后,緊跟一短句,稱之為修辭性語句。

以2009年江蘇高考題為例,學(xué)生的習(xí)作修改前后對比如下:

修改前:The mouse is a device. It is used by people to communicate with a computer. It is impossible for people to operate a computer or surf the internet without a mouse. A mouse is really handy, flexible and convenient in controlling the screen. We can use it to insert, delete, move and copy what we want. We can use it to edit text, browse web pages and download what we want.

修改后:The mouse is a device used by people to communicate with a computer. For most people it is impossible to operate a computer without a mouse, let alone surf the internet. A-well-chosen mouse is really handy, flexible and convenient in controlling the screen. With the functions of inserting, deleting, moving and copying, it enables us to edit text, browse web pages and download what we want.

表達(dá)同樣的內(nèi)容的兩段文字,修改前,僅僅是幾個(gè)短句的簡單羅列,句子種類單一,缺乏變化;而修改后,長短交錯(cuò),句式錯(cuò)落有致,靈活搭配,語言富有參差靈動的美感。長短句交替使用,在語言表達(dá)上變化多姿,使文字表達(dá)更具有新鮮感、富有活力,產(chǎn)生特殊的美感,有很多亮點(diǎn),也增加了得分點(diǎn),其效果與修改前迥然不同。

二、句子內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的“濃抹”

我們強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的簡練,并非鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生去追求長句、復(fù)雜句。我們追求的是句子內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的“濃抹”,即句子結(jié)構(gòu)的多變。一篇好的文章能根據(jù)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容使用不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu),會產(chǎn)生較好的藝術(shù)效果。

一方面,可以從句子的開頭入手。以靈活多變的手法寫好句子開頭是使句子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化的一條重要途徑。句子一般都是以主語起首的(即句子=S+V+O)。但這樣的句子使用過多會使文章在形式上缺乏新鮮感。而形式上做到多樣化,就能增強(qiáng)文章的魅力,提高讀者的興趣。下面以2009年江西高考書面表達(dá)為例, 學(xué)生習(xí)作與修改后文章對比如下:

修改前:I found I was wrong. I came to realize ‘Failure is the mother of success. I should find the reason why I got a bad result. I thought this was a lesson to me. I find my shortcomings though the lesson. I could improve my English with it. So my bad mood turned into a good one.

以上幾乎全部是主語領(lǐng)先句,開頭缺少變化,文體單一,這是初學(xué)者常犯的毛病。為了使文章語言生動,引人入勝,我們可以變化句子開頭,把各種不同的詞或成分放置句首,使用各種不同的句型。

修改后:But after a while, I found I was wrong for I came to realize ‘Failure is the mother of success. What I should do was to find the reason why I got so bad a result. And I thought this was a lesson to me and it helped me to find my shortcomings. Just as a saying goes: ‘Every coin has two sides., maybe it could help me to improve my English. So my bad mood turned into a good one.

上段文章經(jīng)過這樣的修改,效果大為不同:文章語言生動,充滿魅力,富有新鮮感,高考閱卷時(shí),能夠吸引閱卷老師的眼球,獲得認(rèn)可。

再者,習(xí)作者還可以從句子結(jié)構(gòu)的多變即句子內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的“濃抹”著手。以多樣的手法寫好除句子開頭的其它部分,是使句子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化的又一條重要途徑。我們寫句子時(shí),根據(jù)不同的需要,可以采取主動與被動的交替使用;也可以將句子的修飾成份放在句子前面,也可以用在句子的中間,還可以用在句子的后面;既可以用普通句也可以用強(qiáng)調(diào)句或感嘆句;再者,既可以選用正常語序也可以選用倒裝語序。這樣,在語言表達(dá)上會更具有感染力,引人入勝,高考中更容易獲得閱卷老師的青睞。

再以2009年重慶高考題為例, 學(xué)生習(xí)作與修改后文章對比如下:

修改前:We should be thankful to others. We live in a big family. We can get support from the people around us every minute. What can we do when we get support? We can say “thanks” to them. Our traditional culture is such. We learn it when we are very young. Our parents and teachers told us. We also learn it from books and others. It is already deep in our hearts. So I strongly support this topic.

以上幾乎都是“S+V+O”的結(jié)構(gòu),句型單一,且主語單調(diào),缺少變化。為使文章富有吸引力,我們可以用句子外部形態(tài)的“淡妝”與句子內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的“濃抹”來加以修改。

修改后:In my opinion, being thankful to others should be the hottest topic at present. As we know, we live in the world, a big family. Every minute we can get support from the people around us. What can we do when we get support? The best thing we can do is to politely say “thanks” to them. This is our traditional culture. We learn it when we are very young not only from our parents and teachers but also from books and others. It is already so deep in our hearts that I strongly support this topic.

同樣的內(nèi)容,不同的載體,修改后,句子賦予了“淡妝”與“濃抹”,使文字表達(dá)富有變化,增加了新鮮感,給文章增色不少,讀來津津有味,樂不釋手,高考書面表達(dá)獲得高分是情理之中的,其效果與修改前大不相同。

總之,在英語寫作中遣詞造句要盡量避免單調(diào)、反復(fù)地使用簡單句,如反復(fù)地使用同一種句式結(jié)構(gòu)容易使文章索然無味,缺乏表現(xiàn)力;反之,寫作中對句子加以“包裝”,遣詞造句力求做到句子外部形態(tài)的“淡妝”與句子內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的“濃抹”相結(jié)合, 一句話,“淡妝濃抹總相宜”。那么,我們寫作時(shí)就能夠妙筆生花,樂在其中;我們的文章則會豐富生動,耐人尋味,產(chǎn)生較好的藝術(shù)效果;我們的書面表達(dá)就能在高考中脫穎而出,取得高分。