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      C-反應(yīng)蛋白
      ——關(guān)聯(lián)心血管疾病與炎癥的重要分子

      2010-09-13 06:04:48趙晶吉尚戎武一
      Biophysics Reports 2010年2期
      關(guān)鍵詞:變構(gòu)補(bǔ)體調(diào)控

      趙晶,吉尚戎,武一

      蘭州大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,蘭州730000

      C-反應(yīng)蛋白
      ——關(guān)聯(lián)心血管疾病與炎癥的重要分子

      趙晶,吉尚戎,武一

      蘭州大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,蘭州730000

      炎癥在心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)的各個(gè)階段中均發(fā)揮著重要作用。C-反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)是一種典型的人類(lèi)急性期蛋白,由5個(gè)相同的亞基構(gòu)成,在臨床上被廣泛用作炎癥的非特異性標(biāo)識(shí)物。近年的研究顯示,CRP不僅是CVD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的靈敏標(biāo)識(shí),而且直接參與調(diào)控與CVD相關(guān)的炎癥過(guò)程。基于對(duì)已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的回顧和分析,文章指出CRP的單體形式(monomeric CRP,mCRP)是調(diào)控局部炎癥過(guò)程的主要CRP異構(gòu)體。

      心血管疾?。籆-反應(yīng)蛋白;炎癥

      0 引言

      C-反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)廣泛存在于脊椎動(dòng)物和無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中,其結(jié)構(gòu)和序列在進(jìn)化中高度保守,暗示這種蛋白具有重要的生物學(xué)意義[1,2]。CRP與SAP、PTX3同屬五聚體蛋白(pentraxin)家族[1~5],由5個(gè)相同亞基以非共價(jià)方式組裝而成(圖1)。CRP通過(guò)其配體結(jié)合面識(shí)別多種保守的自體或異體分子模式,如凋亡或受損的細(xì)胞膜、細(xì)菌壁、脂質(zhì)、多糖、核酸等;在與配體結(jié)合后,CRP的效應(yīng)分子結(jié)合面可接著與補(bǔ)體組分(C1q、C4BP、FH等)或細(xì)胞受體(FcγR、清道夫受體等)相互作用,從而激活和調(diào)控補(bǔ)體途徑,促進(jìn)受損細(xì)胞或病原體的高效清除,并可激發(fā)多種細(xì)胞應(yīng)答,其行為非常類(lèi)似于在先天免疫中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用的模式識(shí)別受體(pattern recognition receptor)。因此,一般認(rèn)為CRP主要在炎癥、宿主防御和免疫調(diào)節(jié)等過(guò)程中發(fā)揮作用[1~4]。由于在人類(lèi)中還未發(fā)現(xiàn)CRP缺失或氨基酸序列突變,而敲除CRP基因的恰當(dāng)動(dòng)物模型也尚未建立,因此這種古老蛋白的確切生物學(xué)功能還有待進(jìn)一步研究[1,2]。

      圖1 C-反應(yīng)蛋白五聚體的X-射線(xiàn)晶體結(jié)構(gòu)圖中顯示的為配體結(jié)合面,與其相對(duì)的背面為效應(yīng)分子結(jié)合面Fig.1The X-ray crystal structure of C-reactive proteinThe shown view is the ligand binding face,while the effctor binding face is on the opposite

      1 CRP與心血管疾病

      CRP是一種典型的人類(lèi)急性期蛋白,主要由肝臟合成。當(dāng)機(jī)體遭受組織損傷或病毒侵染時(shí),CRP的血漿濃度會(huì)迅速升高,因而在臨床上被廣泛用作炎癥的非特異性標(biāo)識(shí)物[1]。心血管疾?。╟ardiovascular disease,CVD)是對(duì)人類(lèi)健康威脅最為嚴(yán)重的疾病之一,其致病主因?yàn)閯?dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)。由于炎癥在AS病理過(guò)程的各個(gè)階段中均發(fā)揮著主導(dǎo)作用[6,7],因此,包括CRP在內(nèi)的重要炎癥因子在CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)及致病機(jī)理中作用的研究,獲得了廣泛關(guān)注。近20年的大量流行病學(xué)調(diào)查研究顯示,CRP血漿水平的(微?。┎町愂荂VD的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、嚴(yán)重程度及預(yù)后狀況的靈敏標(biāo)識(shí)[1,4,8]。在某些研究中,其預(yù)測(cè)靈敏度甚至高于傳統(tǒng)的CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因子——血脂水平[9];而在中國(guó)[10]及日本[11]等東亞人群中,CRP風(fēng)險(xiǎn)限似乎更為敏感。2003年初,美國(guó)疾控與預(yù)防中心和心臟病學(xué)會(huì)建議將高敏CRP水平納入臨床CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估。最近,CRP及炎癥在CVD中的關(guān)鍵作用再次被大規(guī)模臨床研究所證實(shí)[12,13],相關(guān)發(fā)現(xiàn)被美國(guó)《時(shí)代周刊》評(píng)選為2008年十大醫(yī)學(xué)突破第二位。

      值得注意的是,緩解CVD進(jìn)程的治療效果(如動(dòng)脈硬化斑塊尺寸縮小或增長(zhǎng)減緩)與CRP水平的同步變化直接相關(guān)[14,15],而以CRP水平為參考進(jìn)行的早期干預(yù)則使血脂正常受試者的CVD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)減半[13]。此外,CRP在AS的初期病灶中即可被檢測(cè)到,其分布模式和強(qiáng)度與疾病發(fā)展緊密相關(guān),且與多種AS致病分子(如被氧化或酶解的低密度脂蛋白、補(bǔ)體等)共定位。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)均支持CRP不僅是CVD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)標(biāo)識(shí),而且直接參與了CVD的病生理過(guò)程。后者事實(shí)上已成為領(lǐng)域內(nèi)近期關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題之一,超過(guò)2/3的CRP研究論文發(fā)表于近10年間。大量的離體和在體基礎(chǔ)研究均指出,CRP能夠調(diào)控與CVD炎癥相關(guān)的諸多方面[1~5]。因此,除了作為CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)早期篩查的可靠標(biāo)識(shí)外,CRP還極有可能成為治療相關(guān)疾病的新標(biāo)靶。例如,在CVD急性終末事件(心肌梗塞)中,CRP主要通過(guò)激活補(bǔ)體途徑介導(dǎo)組織損傷[16,17],因此阻抑CRP的配體結(jié)合或與補(bǔ)體組分的相互作用均可作為候選的干預(yù)策略。與此相符,在大鼠心肌梗塞模型中,針對(duì)CRP的配體結(jié)合位點(diǎn)的小分子抑制劑的確能夠顯著減少心肌損傷[17]。

      但另一方面,CRP在CVD慢性病理過(guò)程中所扮演的角色卻存在著很大爭(zhēng)議[1,2,18,19],這無(wú)疑阻礙了以CRP作為標(biāo)靶的早期治療策略的開(kāi)發(fā)——對(duì)于CVD這類(lèi)慢性發(fā)展但急性發(fā)作的高致死、致殘性疾病而言,早期干預(yù)顯然具有更為重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。闡明CRP的確切作用需解決三個(gè)關(guān)鍵爭(zhēng)議。首先,介導(dǎo)CRP生物學(xué)活性的細(xì)胞受體主要為FcγR[1~4],該受體廣泛表達(dá)于多種血管細(xì)胞和循環(huán)細(xì)胞表面。那么作為一種急性期蛋白,CRP是怎樣精細(xì)調(diào)控細(xì)胞(炎性)行為,而機(jī)體又如何適應(yīng)此蛋白超過(guò)1,000倍的血漿濃度的波動(dòng)(<1 μg/mL→>500 μg/mL)[1,2]?其次,CRP誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞應(yīng)答往往需要高濃度(>25 μg/mL)和長(zhǎng)作用時(shí)間[3,20],這難以解釋其水平的微小升高(3 μg/mL)與疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)之間的強(qiáng)相關(guān)性。其三,在離體和在體研究體系中,充斥著關(guān)于CRP活性的大量相互矛盾的報(bào)道。例如,在離體細(xì)胞應(yīng)答研究中,CRP究竟如何調(diào)控eNOS的活性[21~24]?在小鼠或兔AS模型中,轉(zhuǎn)基因CRP到底是殺手[25]、保護(hù)者[26]還是旁觀者[27~29]?而在人體中,(外源注射)上調(diào)的CRP是誘導(dǎo)促炎[30,31]抑或是抗炎[2,21]應(yīng)答?

      2 CRP變構(gòu)及其在CVD炎癥中的作用

      前述矛盾無(wú)法簡(jiǎn)單地歸因于實(shí)驗(yàn)體系差異或外源“污染”(如內(nèi)毒素、疊氮化物[22]);相反,某種活性顯著增強(qiáng)的CRP變體形式的存在與否及水平高低或許是更合理的解釋。1983年,Potempa等人[32]通過(guò)脲、酸或熱處理使CRP五聚體解聚,從而首次獲得了CRP的亞基形式(monomeric CRP,mCRP)。mCRP喪失了CRP五聚體中的亞基結(jié)構(gòu),表現(xiàn)出截然不同的構(gòu)象特征及抗原表位[32,33]。與低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein)[34,35]和補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)[36,37]的相互作用,被認(rèn)為是CRP參與AS進(jìn)程的重要事件。但通過(guò)仔細(xì)控制蛋白異構(gòu)狀態(tài),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)mCRP具有明顯更高效靈活地識(shí)別LDL變體[38]、調(diào)控補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)激活[39]及LDL代謝[38]的能力,而原先報(bào)道的CRP相關(guān)活性則很可能源于樣品中的mCRP“摻雜”[39]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)支持mCRP可通過(guò)調(diào)控LDL代謝和補(bǔ)體活化而直接參與AS炎癥過(guò)程的推斷(圖2)。此外,mCRP還是多種細(xì)胞炎性應(yīng)答的強(qiáng)刺激分子[20,40~46]:低濃度的mCRP(1 μg/mL)在短時(shí)間內(nèi)(4 h)即能顯著上調(diào)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的炎性細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)[20,42]。因此,mCRP很可能代表著一種活性顯著增強(qiáng)的“功能態(tài)”CRP變體。

      圖2 mCRP在早期AS病灶中調(diào)控LDL代謝及補(bǔ)體激活的模式圖Fig.2The regualtion of mCRP on LDL metabolism and complement activation in early AS lesions

      然而,CRP五聚體的結(jié)構(gòu)異常穩(wěn)定,制備mCRP往往需要激烈的變性處理,“功能態(tài)單體”的生物學(xué)意義因此受到強(qiáng)烈質(zhì)疑[1,2,5,18]。炎癥過(guò)程中會(huì)發(fā)生大量細(xì)胞死亡,而因凋亡或壞死受損的生物膜則是CRP發(fā)揮功能的主要靶點(diǎn)[1]。通過(guò)電鏡成像、抗原新表位表達(dá)以及免疫熒光共定位等手段,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)CRP與受損生物膜的結(jié)合會(huì)誘導(dǎo)其到mCRP的快速轉(zhuǎn)化,而此解聚過(guò)程同時(shí)伴隨著其補(bǔ)體激活和細(xì)胞刺激效能的顯著增強(qiáng)[20]。最近,Eisenhardt等人[41]在激活的血小板膜上也獲得了類(lèi)似的結(jié)果。此外,中度酸化及氧化壓力等常見(jiàn)的炎癥條件亦能促進(jìn)CRP到mCRP的異構(gòu)切換(未發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù))。這些工作因而描述了一種由炎癥微環(huán)境驅(qū)動(dòng)的CRP異構(gòu)切換機(jī)制(圖3),同時(shí)也建立了mCRP作為一種CRP天然異構(gòu)體參與調(diào)控炎癥過(guò)程的概念[3,47]。事實(shí)上,在多種炎癥疾病中均可檢測(cè)到mCRP自體抗體,且其水平亦與疾病嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[48~50]。我們因而提出:?jiǎn)误w異構(gòu)體mCRP是參與CVD炎癥調(diào)控的主要功能態(tài)異構(gòu)體,而五聚體形式CRP則主要作為mCRP前體及炎癥嚴(yán)重程度的標(biāo)識(shí)物。

      圖3 炎性微環(huán)境調(diào)控CRP變構(gòu)及活性變化的模式圖Fig.3TheregualtionofthestructureandbioactivitiesofmCRPbyinflammatory microenvironment

      由于“靜息態(tài)”CRP必須經(jīng)過(guò)急性或慢性炎癥微環(huán)境的調(diào)制才能轉(zhuǎn)化為“功能態(tài)”mCRP,這一方面使CRP的表觀濃度與實(shí)際起效的mCRP水平不直接相關(guān),而另一方面則使mCRP的效應(yīng)限于局部病灶,從而避免了因CRP濃度的大幅波動(dòng)而導(dǎo)致的系統(tǒng)性過(guò)度刺激。因此,從五聚體到單體的構(gòu)象切換不但是一個(gè)激活過(guò)程,而且還代表著一種緩沖機(jī)制——這很好地解釋了“CRP這種急性期蛋白是怎樣精細(xì)調(diào)控細(xì)胞應(yīng)答,而機(jī)體又是如何適應(yīng)此蛋白可達(dá)上千倍的血漿濃度波動(dòng)”。而此激活-緩沖機(jī)制的重要推論之一為:mCRP主要應(yīng)在局部炎癥病灶中積累和發(fā)揮作用。事實(shí)上,在多種人類(lèi)癌癥(Potempa博士,未發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù))、腎炎[51]、AS斑塊[41]、腦梗[46]等病灶組織中存在的主要為mCRP而非CRP。值得注意的是,上述機(jī)制還指出,CRP異構(gòu)體在疾病過(guò)程中所扮演的角色與特定的病理?xiàng)l件密切相關(guān)。因此,先前關(guān)于CRP行為相互矛盾的發(fā)現(xiàn),很可能是因?yàn)槲丛鴩?yán)格區(qū)分兩種異構(gòu)體的活性[21~24,30,31]或未仔細(xì)分析疾病模型條件[25~28]所致。

      在上述的兩態(tài)模型中,CRP到mCRP的受控變構(gòu)以及mCRP發(fā)揮作用的方式,顯然是決定其在CVD炎癥過(guò)程中所扮演角色的關(guān)鍵。在血栓形成、心肌梗塞等CVD終末急性炎癥事件中,CRP水平迅速升高,而血管內(nèi)活化的血小板或心臟中因缺氧造成的細(xì)胞壞死又為CRP變構(gòu)提供了豐富的受損膜配體[20],這使得病灶處短期內(nèi)即積累大量“活性態(tài)”mCRP,從而介導(dǎo)嗜中性粒細(xì)胞[44,45,52,53]、血小板[43]、單核細(xì)胞[41]以及補(bǔ)體[20,38]等的過(guò)度活化,促進(jìn)炎癥惡化。在這種情況下,阻抑CRP到mCRP的變構(gòu)無(wú)疑有助于緩解惡性后果——事實(shí)上,這很可能是針對(duì)CRP配體結(jié)合位點(diǎn)的小分子抑制劑減少心肌損傷[17]的機(jī)制之一。與此相反,在CVD等疾病的慢性發(fā)展過(guò)程中,CRP水平僅有少量上升,而病灶微環(huán)境常為“局部脅迫”[54],mCRP的變構(gòu)效率較低。此時(shí),mCRP很可能通過(guò)調(diào)控LDL代謝[38,55]、激活補(bǔ)體途徑的前期非炎性調(diào)理階段[55~58]、壓制泡細(xì)胞形成[38,59]等,發(fā)揮阻抑炎癥進(jìn)展的活性。與此相符,在ApoE(-/-)小鼠模型中,低水平mCRP處理對(duì)早期AS具有保護(hù)效應(yīng)[60]。

      隨著mCRP在炎癥調(diào)控中重要性的逐漸顯現(xiàn),它在炎癥不同方面發(fā)揮作用的分子機(jī)制也開(kāi)始引起研究者的關(guān)注。有意思的是,雖然mCRP所啟動(dòng)的細(xì)胞應(yīng)答及相應(yīng)的胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑很快即被闡明,但介導(dǎo)mCRP效應(yīng)的細(xì)胞感受器卻長(zhǎng)期未被鑒定。雖然CD16曾被報(bào)道為mCRP的受體[61],但阻抑實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,mCRP對(duì)嗜中性粒細(xì)胞[45]、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞[20,42]、血小板[43]、單核細(xì)胞[41]等的作用,只與CD16(少)部分相關(guān)或不相關(guān)。我們最近發(fā)現(xiàn)mCRP主要通過(guò)膽固醇識(shí)別序列和C端八肽,與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞膜中富含膽固醇的脂筏微區(qū)直接相互作用,從而啟動(dòng)相應(yīng)的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)[40]。這種受體非依賴(lài)性的、脂筏介導(dǎo)的效應(yīng),在樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞對(duì)尿酸等物質(zhì)的應(yīng)答中亦有報(bào)道[62]??紤]到脂筏在細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)中的中心作用及普遍分布[63,64],脂筏很可能是介導(dǎo)mCRP效應(yīng)的主要感受器。事實(shí)上,最近其他小組的獨(dú)立工作也已證明,mCRP主要通過(guò)脂筏啟動(dòng)單核細(xì)胞[41]和血小板[65]應(yīng)答。由于他汀類(lèi)化合物可能通過(guò)結(jié)合膽固醇或降低膽固醇含量而影響脂筏功能,這種藥物對(duì)CVD的療效與CRP風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平之間的密切關(guān)聯(lián)[13~15,66,67]顯得尤其有趣。

      3 結(jié)語(yǔ)

      從作為炎癥標(biāo)識(shí)的靜息態(tài)CRP到實(shí)際參與炎癥過(guò)程的功能態(tài)mCRP的變構(gòu)切換,使得這種急性期蛋白能夠在不同病生理?xiàng)l件下有控地發(fā)揮活性,從而能夠作為炎癥的精細(xì)調(diào)控因子。雖然關(guān)于mCRP的生物學(xué)意義曾有長(zhǎng)期爭(zhēng)論[1,2,5,18],但近年的研究逐步揭示了mCRP的生成途徑[20,41]、mCRP對(duì)體液免疫及炎癥過(guò)程的調(diào)控[20,38~40,42~46,52,53]、多種疾病中mCRP自體抗體的產(chǎn)生[48~50],以及mCRP在病灶組織中的存在[41,46,51]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)逐漸建立了mCRP作為一種CRP天然異構(gòu)體參與調(diào)控炎癥過(guò)程的概念[3,47]。干預(yù)CRP的解聚及mCRP發(fā)揮作用的途徑,顯然是CVD治療策略設(shè)計(jì)的可能候選。但由于mCRP的具體貢獻(xiàn)依賴(lài)于炎癥微環(huán)境,對(duì)其在不同病生理?xiàng)l件下發(fā)揮作用的分子機(jī)制的清晰認(rèn)識(shí),是設(shè)計(jì)和選擇恰當(dāng)干預(yù)措施的前提,而現(xiàn)有理解遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足這樣的需求。建立將mCRP作為疾病標(biāo)識(shí)的(直接或間接)檢測(cè)手段并建立其與疾病進(jìn)程之間的關(guān)聯(lián),解析mCRP行為的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ),系統(tǒng)描述不同細(xì)胞類(lèi)型對(duì)mCRP的短期和長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)答譜,進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)脂筏中介導(dǎo)mCRP下游效應(yīng)的伴侶分子等,都將是非常迫切需要回答的問(wèn)題。

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      Abstract:Inflammation plays a critical role in all stages of cardiovascular disease(CVD).C-reactive protein (CRP)is a typical human acute phase protein composed of five identical subunits.Althought it is routinely used as a non-specifc marker of ongoing inflammation,its role as both a sensitive predictor and an active participator in CVD has been emerging.In this paper,the authors review the recent advances of CRP research and emphasize a key contribution of monomeric CRP(mCRP)in regualting various aspects of local inflammatory processes.

      Key Words:Cardiovascular disease;C-reactive protein;Inflammation

      作者后記

      我于2009年獲得了中國(guó)生物物理學(xué)會(huì)頒發(fā)的“貝時(shí)璋青年生物物理學(xué)家獎(jiǎng)”,《生物物理學(xué)報(bào)》在邀請(qǐng)我寫(xiě)這篇綜述的同時(shí),讓我也寫(xiě)一下獲獎(jiǎng)的體會(huì)。其實(shí),我本人真的沒(méi)有什么特殊的體會(huì),只是覺(jué)得,做科學(xué)研究,就一定要認(rèn)真求實(shí),要耐得住寂寞。

      貝時(shí)璋先生是我國(guó)生物物理學(xué)的奠基人和開(kāi)拓者,能夠獲得以貝先生命名的青年學(xué)者獎(jiǎng)對(duì)我而言是莫大的榮譽(yù)。而與眾多更加優(yōu)秀的同齡人相比,我的入選又是如此的幸運(yùn)。自己所取得的每一點(diǎn)小小的進(jìn)步,都離不開(kāi)單位的支持,以及師長(zhǎng)和同行的幫助。

      我會(huì)將這個(gè)榮譽(yù)視為激勵(lì)和鞭策,在今后的工作中更加努力,爭(zhēng)取更大的成績(jī)。

      武一

      2010年1月29日

      C-Reactive Protein——A Link between Cardiovascular Disease and Inflammation

      ZHAO Jing,JI Shangrong,WU Yi

      School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China

      Q71

      2010-01-29;接受日期:2010-02-05

      國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(30930024,30670475)

      武一,電話(huà)/傳真:(0931)8914102,E-mail:wuy@lzu.edu.cn

      This work was supported by grants from The National Natural Science Foundation of China(30930024,30670475)

      Received:Jan 29,2010Accepted:Feb 5,2010

      Corresponding author:WU Yi,Tel:+86(931)8914102,E-mail:wuy@zu.edu.cn

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