李 猛,呂宏飛,李淑輝,王艷華,楊 杰
(黑龍江省科學(xué)院石油化學(xué)研究院,黑龍江哈爾濱150040)
有機(jī)電致發(fā)光二極管(OLED)是近年來(lái)熱門(mén)的領(lǐng)域。相對(duì)于液晶顯示器(LCD)相比,OLED具有更高的亮度,更快速的應(yīng)答時(shí)間,更高的色彩純度、視角和對(duì)比度以及更低的電壓和功耗。1990年,英國(guó)劍橋大學(xué)J.Burroughes等人開(kāi)發(fā)出高分子型發(fā)光二級(jí)管(PLED)對(duì)OLED的發(fā)展起了重要的作用[1],使OLED可以制備更大的顯示器。目前,小分子型OLED剛剛商業(yè)化,正在應(yīng)用于手機(jī)、MP3、PDA、數(shù)碼相機(jī)、數(shù)碼攝像機(jī)等小型顯示器中。對(duì)于大型的顯示器,應(yīng)用于筆記本電腦,電視中的高分子型發(fā)光二級(jí)管在技術(shù)上已有突破,正在逐漸開(kāi)發(fā)研制中。而彎曲式有機(jī)電致發(fā)光二極管(FOLED)也是現(xiàn)在歐美、日本、韓國(guó)等國(guó)家研究的熱點(diǎn)。今后,OLED將替代LED,成為新的顯示材料,應(yīng)用在各種顯示器中,同時(shí),科研人員正在開(kāi)發(fā)研制出應(yīng)用于照明的OLED材料,所以,OLED應(yīng)用前景異常廣闊。
OLED利用電子與空穴復(fù)合所產(chǎn)生的激子擴(kuò)散到發(fā)光層而發(fā)光,磷光發(fā)光體材料可以作為主發(fā)光材料,其化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎都含有具有空穴傳輸?shù)倪沁蚧鶊F(tuán)[2,3],最常用的就是含有苯基咔唑基團(tuán),這方面文獻(xiàn)很多[4]。而3-溴-N-苯基咔唑就是合成這一中間體的重要底物,從它可以合成的N-苯基咔唑-3-硼酸,進(jìn)而合成苯基咔唑基團(tuán)。由于3-溴-N-苯基咔唑在OLED中用量很大,目前正是OLED蓬勃興起的階段,所以3-溴-N-苯基咔唑在OLED方面將會(huì)有很大的市場(chǎng)前景。
3-溴-N-苯基咔唑也成為3-溴-9-苯基咔唑。目前,其合成方法是N-苯基咔唑在溶劑下與溴化試劑反應(yīng)得到。
3-溴-N-苯基咔唑的合成方法是在溶劑中,加入溴化試劑對(duì)N-苯基咔唑進(jìn)行溴化。溴化試劑通常使用NBS,也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道使用溴素或KBr-KBrO3,后者價(jià)格低一些,但反應(yīng)收率也差一些。日本半導(dǎo)體能源實(shí)驗(yàn)室有限公司(Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co.LTD)發(fā)表了多篇專(zhuān)利和文章,由于專(zhuān)利合成方法相似或相同,這里不一一列舉。反應(yīng)在不同溶劑、不同溫度、不同時(shí)間下收率不同,為了便于比較,現(xiàn)分類(lèi)列表如下。反應(yīng)方程式如下:
從文獻(xiàn)上看,溴化試劑通常使用NBS,使用KBr和KBrO3也可以作為溴化試劑,但反應(yīng)收率最低,而是用液溴作為溴化試劑,丙酮重結(jié)晶后收率只有57%。反應(yīng)溫度基本上都是室溫或0℃,證明反應(yīng)和容易進(jìn)行。這樣,就要求溴化試劑與N-苯基咔唑的摩爾比要控制在1∶1,溴化試劑過(guò)量會(huì)產(chǎn)生二溴代化合物。使用冰醋酸作為溶劑的反應(yīng)收率低于二氯甲烷作為溶劑,而最常用的是使用DMF,而收率最高的是使用甲苯-乙酸乙酯混合溶劑。
表1 N-苯基咔唑的溴化反應(yīng)Table 1 Bromation of N-benylcarbazole
N-苯基咔唑是3-溴代N-苯基咔唑的原料,它的合成方法很多,下面按照原料的不同分述如下。
N-苯基咔唑的芳基化是指N-苯基咔唑在過(guò)渡金屬催化劑下,與鹵代芳烴反應(yīng),脫去鹵化氫,使芳烴連接在N-苯基咔唑的N上。這個(gè)方法是著名的人名反應(yīng)——Ullmann C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)[18]。反應(yīng)通常是在堿性條件下進(jìn)行,催化劑是含貴金屬Pt2+,Pd2+等化合物及其配合物,也可以是Ni2+,Cu2+等化合物,甚至是Cu粉;反應(yīng)一般在惰性氣體保護(hù)下進(jìn)行;鹵代烴主要是鹵代芳烴,如碘代芳烴,溴代芳烴。在反應(yīng)體系中,為了從經(jīng)濟(jì)角度考慮,使用Cu2+作為催化劑,采用溴代芳烴作為反應(yīng)底物是經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠的。N-苯基咔唑的芳基化反應(yīng)方程式如下:
其中 X=1,Br,CI
表2 以碘苯為原料N-苯基咔唑的芳基化反應(yīng)Table 2 Arylation of N-benylcarbazole from iodobenzene
使用溴苯代替碘苯,可以降低原料的消耗定額。以溴苯為原料咔唑芳基化的反應(yīng)與碘苯為原料的反應(yīng)相類(lèi)似見(jiàn)表3。
表3 以溴苯為原料N-苯基咔唑的芳基化反應(yīng)Table 3 Arylation of N-benyl-carbazole from bromobenzene
在銅催化下,溴苯與咔唑鉀鹽在180-220℃下反應(yīng),可以得到N-苯基咔唑[40]。
氯苯活性較低,目前文獻(xiàn)中只有一條路線。以二甲苯為溶劑,在叔丁基醇鈉作用下,加入cBRIDP配體和 bis(η3-allyl-μ-chloropalladium(II))的 Pd催化劑作用下,120℃反應(yīng)3h,收率94%[33]。
從上述反應(yīng)路線可以看出,以溴苯為底物,加入一定量的堿,使用CuI催化的Ullmann反應(yīng)是較為合理的,反應(yīng)過(guò)程中加入表面活性劑,以加快反應(yīng)速度。避免了昂貴的Pd催化劑,以及復(fù)雜的配體。
其中,X=Br,Cl
使用醋酸鈀和三己基磷的配合物為Pd催化劑,以甲苯為溶劑,N-苯基甲胺與鄰鹵代苯在高溫下反應(yīng),可以得到N-苯基咔唑。在105℃下,使用鄰二溴苯、1-氯-2-溴苯,鄰二氯苯為底物,得到N-苯基咔唑的收率分別為96%,88%,85%[41]。
當(dāng)聯(lián)苯的2和2’位取代有鹵素,如氯、溴、碘,或是磺酸基時(shí),2,2’-二取代聯(lián)苯與苯胺在過(guò)渡金屬鈀的催化劑作用下,與苯胺反應(yīng),生成N-苯基咔唑[42]。
以三(二亞芐基茚丙酮)二鈀(0)催化劑,甲苯為溶劑,2,8-二溴聯(lián)苯與苯胺為原料,在叔丁醇鈉鹽作用下,加入不同的配合物,加熱反應(yīng),能夠得到N-苯基咔唑。
表4 苯胺與2,2’-二溴代-1,1’-聯(lián)苯合成路線Table 4 Synthesis route of aniline and 2,2’-bromo-1,1’-biphenyl
類(lèi)似地,2,2’-二氯聯(lián)苯也可以作為原料生成N-苯基咔唑。以三(二亞芐基茚丙酮)二鈀(0)催化劑,甲苯為溶劑,2,8-二氯聯(lián)苯與苯胺為原料,在叔丁醇鈉鹽作用下,100℃反應(yīng)24h,能夠得到N-苯基咔唑。再加入非離子超強(qiáng)堿,可以提高收率,達(dá)到95%[42]。
以鄰氯碘苯為原料,乙酸鈀為催化劑,三環(huán)己基膦為配體,叔丁醇鈉作用下,惰性氣體保護(hù)下,105℃下反應(yīng)18h,可以得到N-苯基咔唑,收率84%[41]。
當(dāng)聯(lián)苯的取代基一個(gè)為氯,一個(gè)為氟代烷基磺酸基時(shí),與苯胺反應(yīng),在三(二亞芐基茚丙酮)二鈀(0)催化下,加入配體,堿,在甲苯中100℃反應(yīng),也會(huì)產(chǎn)生N-苯基咔唑。不同的配體催化性能不同,使用4,5-雙二苯基膦-9,9-二甲基氧雜蒽(Xantphos)時(shí),只能得到痕量的N-苯基咔唑,使用聯(lián)苯基膦(biphenylphosphine)時(shí),收率提高,丁醇鈉作為堿時(shí),收率可達(dá)76%,使用磷酸鉀時(shí),收率可達(dá)86%[45]。
當(dāng)2和2’位基團(tuán)同為氟代磺酸基時(shí),也能夠合成N-苯基咔唑。
在以三氟乙酸銅為催化劑,二氯甲烷為溶劑,聯(lián)苯二酚三氟甲磺酸酯與苯胺在室溫下反應(yīng)50h,收率84%[46]。在以三(二亞芐基丙酮)二鈀氯仿配合物為催化劑,在磷酸鉀作用下,加入2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-2'-methylbiphenyl配體,以甲苯作為溶劑,聯(lián)苯二酚三氟甲磺酸酯與苯胺在100℃反應(yīng)18h,收率 88%[47]。
在水中,Pd/C為催化劑,在250℃下反應(yīng)12h,三苯胺脫氫得到N-苯基咔唑,收率76%[48]。
在以乙酸為溶劑,乙酸鈀為催化劑,加熱反應(yīng)3h,三苯胺脫氫得到N-苯基咔唑,收率45%。
在乙腈溶劑中,光照、通氧條件下,三苯胺定量地轉(zhuǎn)化為N-苯基咔唑[49]。
在甲醇溶劑中,光照條件下,能夠使三苯胺定量地轉(zhuǎn)化為N-苯基咔唑,文獻(xiàn)中還測(cè)定了反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)以及熱力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)[50]。
3-溴-N-苯基咔唑的制備方法比較簡(jiǎn)單,就是N-苯基咔唑溴化的方法。其溴化試劑通常選用NBS,在室溫或0℃下進(jìn)行,收率很高。用于合成3-溴-N-苯基咔唑的底物N-苯基咔唑的合成方法較多,比較簡(jiǎn)單的是使用咔唑與鹵代苯進(jìn)行Ullmann的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)得到,其它方法都存在著底物合成困難,反應(yīng)條件復(fù)雜的情況。在合成中,選用由咔唑與鹵代苯反應(yīng)生成N-苯基咔唑,再溴化合成3-溴-N-苯基咔唑的路線是合理的。
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