趙愛(ài)萍
(浙江水利水電學(xué)院,浙江杭州 310018)
when用作連詞,表示時(shí)間發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系,除表示“在…… 時(shí)候”外,在具體語(yǔ)境中還有許多含義,此外when具有“突然性、巧合性”及“矛盾性”的特殊含義(如:The truth occurred to him when he was in his bath.他洗澡時(shí)忽然悟出了其中真相)。when-clause的特殊用法一般辭書(shū)很少提及,我們?cè)诶斫?、翻譯時(shí)不能機(jī)械地固守“當(dāng) …… 時(shí)候”,否則會(huì)對(duì)其理解不到位或翻譯欠準(zhǔn)確。
翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)注意句子的邏輯關(guān)系和關(guān)聯(lián)詞的使用。
(1)when關(guān)系連詞,引導(dǎo)非限制性定于從句。When相當(dāng)于at that time,and then,upon or after which,意為:然后。when只能放在句末,when的前面一般要有逗號(hào)。有的語(yǔ)法家稱(chēng)其為并列連詞。常譯為:那時(shí)、屆時(shí)等。
when相當(dāng)于and then,upon or after which,意為:然后。when只能放在句末,when的前面一般要有逗號(hào)。有的語(yǔ)法家稱(chēng)其為并列連詞。
The conflict began,when it soon appeared which was stronger.沖突開(kāi)始了,誰(shuí)是強(qiáng)者不久就見(jiàn)了分曉。_____________
The president will visit the town in May,when he will open the new hospital.總統(tǒng)將于五月訪問(wèn)該城,屆時(shí)他將主持這所新醫(yī)院的開(kāi)業(yè)典禮。
(2)when…not相當(dāng)于 before,意為:來(lái)不及、還沒(méi)有,常譯為否定句。
He went to class when he had not finished his homework.(= He went to class before he had finished his homework.)他沒(méi)有做完作業(yè)就去上課。
We had not fired a shot when the hawks all flew away.(= The hawks all flew away before we fired a shot.)我們來(lái)不及發(fā)出一彈,老鷹全飛走了。
(3)when相當(dāng)于at any time that,whenever,意為:每當(dāng)、無(wú)論何時(shí),有時(shí)表明主句的動(dòng)作呈習(xí)慣性、規(guī)律性。
The stars are brightest when there is no moon.每當(dāng)無(wú)月,星光特別明亮。
He is impatient when he is kept waiting.每次讓他等候的時(shí)候他就不耐煩。
(4)when相當(dāng)于after,暗示前后兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊密相連。有時(shí)表示從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生,意為:在…… 之后。
When he had come into power,he began to misrule.他得到政權(quán)之后就開(kāi)始暴政。
When plants died and decayed,they formed organic materials.植物死亡并腐爛后,便形成有機(jī)物。
(5)when相當(dāng)于and just then,and at that moment意為:就在這時(shí)候。
I’d just got to work in my room when mother came in.我正打算在房間里用功的時(shí)候,母親走進(jìn)來(lái)了。
(6)when相當(dāng)于not until或wait until,意為:“直到…… 才”。
When he was sleepwalking,his wife fell asleep.等到他漫游的時(shí)候,她才能睡著。
(7)when相當(dāng)于as soon as,意為:一 ……就……。表示從句動(dòng)作完成之后主句動(dòng)作立刻發(fā)生。
We’ll start when our teacher comes.老師一 來(lái),我們就出發(fā)。
When he saw her,he stopped and bowed his head so that he need not look at her.他一見(jiàn)到她就止住腳步,低下頭,不去看她。
有時(shí),when相當(dāng)于just after which,意為:一 …… 就……;剛…… 就…… 。
He had just drifted off to sleep when the phone rang.他剛睡著電話鈴就響了。
(8)在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中(以往被認(rèn)為是錯(cuò)句),when用作關(guān)系代詞,作which time解,作從句介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
I met him a year ago,since when I haven’t seen anything of him.一年之前我碰見(jiàn)過(guò)他,從此之后連他的影子都沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)。
The removal will be done next summer,by when the house should be ready.搬遷工作明年夏天進(jìn)行,到那時(shí)房子該裝修完畢。
(9)when在下列句子中被省略,具有when時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的表意功能,其表達(dá)凝練簡(jiǎn)潔。
The good tidings filled the whole nation with joy.= When the good tidings came,the whole nation was filled with joy.捷報(bào)傳來(lái),舉國(guó)歡騰。
when及其它成分在俗語(yǔ)或口語(yǔ)語(yǔ)體中常省略,但有時(shí)易引起誤解。
She will be 21come May.=She will be 21 when May comes.五月一到,她就21歲了。
I first met him five years ago come the sixth of next month.= …when the sixth of next month comes.
when也可用于情景省略(situational ellipsis),或上下文省略(contextual ellipsis)因?yàn)?,讀者可根據(jù)具體語(yǔ)境悟出其所省略的部分,而不會(huì)引起誤解。
Could it happen again?If so when?Can you locate and destroy the attacker before it strikes?
When two’s company,three’s the result.兩人“結(jié)伙”,三人“結(jié)果”。
(10)when與動(dòng)詞think連用表示感嘆意義,主要用于文學(xué)作品中。這是when-clause的特殊用法。
When I think of what he must have suffered!很難設(shè)想他所吃過(guò)的苦頭呀!
When I think what I have done for that man!我何曾想過(guò)為那個(gè)人所做的事?。?/p>
(1)when表原因,相當(dāng)于:because,意為:既然、由于。有時(shí),when相當(dāng)于at that time and because。
The idea was born when a customer,John Electronic,asked help with a technical problem on their production line.該主意之所以產(chǎn)生是由于他們的顧客——瓊斯電器有限公司要求幫助他們解決生產(chǎn)線上的一個(gè)技術(shù)問(wèn)題。
It is ridiculous that you should know nothing about your history,when it is all around you.你們對(duì)自己的歷史竟然一無(wú)所知,真是荒唐,因?yàn)檫@都是發(fā)生在你們周?chē)氖虑椤?/p>
(2)when相當(dāng)于considering that;since,意為:考慮到;既然 …… 。when引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句表明某種原因,其全句往往是疑問(wèn)句。
Why use metal when you can use plastic?既然可用塑料,為什么要用金屬呢?
How could you,when you know that this might damage the apparatus?既然你知道這樣會(huì)損壞儀器,你怎么能這樣做呢?
(3)when相當(dāng)于 now that,意為:既然,鑒于,連接陳述句,與when相當(dāng)于since不同,when引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明一種新情況,然后加以推論。
We’ll adopt the proposal when no one is against it.既然沒(méi)有人反對(duì),我們將采納這個(gè)建議。
When heaven is ruled by a new God,bad men are being kicked out.現(xiàn)在天堂的統(tǒng)治者是一個(gè)新上帝,惡人正在一個(gè)個(gè)被踢出去了。
(1)when相當(dāng)于though表讓步、轉(zhuǎn)折,意為:卻、雖然 …… ,然而 …… 。作“雖然”講時(shí)when引導(dǎo)的從句一般位于主句的后面。when有時(shí)相當(dāng)于but,意為:但是;可是。起并列連詞作用,表明主從句之間的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
She paid when she could have entered free.雖然她可以免費(fèi)入場(chǎng),但她還是付了錢(qián)。
He was a reticent man,when he spoke,he spoke eloquently.他平時(shí)沉默寡言,可一說(shuō)起話來(lái)就滔滔不絕。
when前有一comma時(shí),有時(shí)也作although,whereas,since解。
The technician stopped trying,when he might have succeeded the next time.雖然那位技術(shù)員下次也許會(huì)成功,但他卻停止了嘗試。
(1)when相當(dāng)于 as long as,意為:“只要…… ”。
You shall have it when you say“please”.只要你說(shuō)一聲“要”,那就是你的了。
(2)when表?xiàng)l件,相當(dāng)于on the condition that或if,once and when,意為:如果,有時(shí)可以省去不譯。一般用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。但when不能用于引導(dǎo)“虛擬”條件句。
When there is no gravity,our feet no longer stay on the ground.如果沒(méi)有重力,我們的腳就不再能夠站穩(wěn)在地面上。
Translations are like women——when they are faithful they are not beautiful,when they are beautiful they are not faithful.翻譯好比女人——忠實(shí)的就不漂亮,漂亮的就不忠實(shí)。
(1)從意義上說(shuō),“主句”用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)只是敘述一個(gè)背景而已。
Mr.Utterson were strolling according to their usual Sunday custom when they came upon an empty building on a familiar street.阿特森先生像以往周日一樣閑逛著,不知不覺(jué)走到一條熟悉的街道的一幢空樓前。
The program had only just finished when the students began to ask questions.節(jié)目剛一結(jié)束,學(xué)生們就開(kāi)始提問(wèn)題了。
when用作并列連詞,句式為:過(guò)去時(shí)+when,when相當(dāng)于and then,and just then,and at that moment(就在這時(shí)候),說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事件發(fā)生的突然性、矛盾性或巧合性,將信息中心轉(zhuǎn)入when-clause。第一個(gè)分句以主句的形式出現(xiàn)實(shí)際上是從句;以when從句形式出現(xiàn)的第二個(gè)分句實(shí)際上是主句。主句敘述一個(gè)背景,而when-clause所隱含的是重要信息,新的焦點(diǎn)信息?!皐hen”一詞的后移,使描述更加真實(shí)、動(dòng)人,引起人們的豐富聯(lián)想。when的這一用法有以下特點(diǎn):when從句一般不放在句首;when前面有時(shí)可以用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi);when的這一用法名詞常出現(xiàn)在從句中,而復(fù)指代詞卻往往先于名詞出現(xiàn);when句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用過(guò)去時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)與其相呼應(yīng)(過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí))。
when表示“正當(dāng)或剛要…… 時(shí),突然或忽然……”的意思。這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示的不是動(dòng)作的順序,主要用于引出when后面敘述的事件,切忌將when-clause理解和譯為“當(dāng)…… 時(shí)”。when其實(shí)是提供了新信息,具有“突然性”內(nèi)涵。
when(and at this moment/time)等于“而在這時(shí)”+“幾乎出人意料之外”。
I got into the bath when the telephone rang.我剛進(jìn)浴缸電話就響了。
She was about to type when the light went out.她正要打字時(shí),燈突然熄滅了。
句中如有副詞(only)just,suddenly與when呼應(yīng)更能體現(xiàn)出“unexpectedly”的語(yǔ)氣。加之when-clause本身就有“正當(dāng)或剛要 …… 時(shí)候,突然或忽然出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)意外情況”的意思,與hardly…when意思一樣。但不同于as soon as,后者更強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念,而hardly…when則往往強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作不協(xié)調(diào)或突然、巧合,常有令人不愉快或驚異的含義。
從屬連詞when與must連用表示“討厭”或“某人或某事的出現(xiàn)或發(fā)生的時(shí)間、場(chǎng)合不合時(shí)宜,打亂了人們專(zhuān)注的思維或活動(dòng),致使人們感到無(wú)可奈何、令人煩惱或討厭異?!?。其巧合性往往被譯成漢語(yǔ)“偏偏”。句中must其實(shí)是過(guò)去時(shí),但形式上無(wú)任何改變。when也可用as替換。在when和as前,由于與副詞just連用,更突出了“令人不愉快的感覺(jué)”的內(nèi)涵。使表達(dá)生動(dòng)、精準(zhǔn)。
When I was taking a nap,a student must knock at the door.正當(dāng)我午睡時(shí),一個(gè)學(xué)生偏偏在這個(gè)時(shí)候來(lái)敲門(mén)。
John must choose the day (when)I had company coming,to start painting the bathroom.我那天有朋友來(lái),可是約翰偏偏挑那一天來(lái)油漆浴室。
The car must break down just when we were starting our holidays.我們正要出去度假時(shí),汽車(chē)偏偏出了毛病。
Just as I was hurrying to class,there must come Lao Wang with a long story to tell me.正當(dāng)我急急忙忙去上課時(shí),老王偏偏在這個(gè)時(shí)候來(lái)跟我講個(gè)沒(méi)完。
He was about to try to become a good man when he was suspected of wanting to rob the church and arrested by apoliceman.正當(dāng)他剛要試圖成為一個(gè)好人時(shí),這時(shí)偏偏被懷疑想搶劫教堂并被警察逮捕了。
when-clause在具體語(yǔ)境中與主句所述內(nèi)容互為矛盾,事情的發(fā)展與人們的期望或事實(shí)相悖,強(qiáng)調(diào)沖突,結(jié)果出人意料等,相當(dāng)于whereas。
He starved to death when he had a fat current account in the bank.他餓死了,雖然他有一大筆存款在銀行里。
He had waited for ten years when she decided to marry his schoolmate.他等了她十年而此時(shí)她決定和他的同學(xué)結(jié)婚。
有時(shí)when常與虛擬助動(dòng)詞 must、might、could、should、ought to等搭配使用,意為“本來(lái)可以…… 卻”。暗示“偏偏在這個(gè)時(shí)候”,出現(xiàn)了令人不愉快的事情,表示“該做得不做,卻反其道而行之”,相當(dāng)于but on the contrary。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的相伴更能說(shuō)明“出乎意料、令人不快的心情”。另外,用疑問(wèn)句形式,說(shuō)話人經(jīng)歷了由疑問(wèn)導(dǎo)致否定的心理過(guò)程。
It must rain when we were setting off.我們正準(zhǔn)備出發(fā),不巧天下起雨來(lái)。
He walks when he might ride.他雖然可以乘車(chē),他卻偏要走路。
You let the opportunity slip by when you could have seized it.你本可以抓住這次機(jī)會(huì)卻錯(cuò)過(guò)了。
Why must you walk when you might ride?你本來(lái)可以騎自行車(chē)為什么偏要走路?
Why does she steal things when she could easily afford to buy them?她買(mǎi)得起東西,為什么還要偷呢?
when-clause的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句含義雖紛繁復(fù)雜,但萬(wàn)變不離其宗,都與時(shí)間有關(guān),其“突然性、巧合性及矛盾性”語(yǔ)義是語(yǔ)境使然,把“when-clause”推向焦點(diǎn),同時(shí),其諸多內(nèi)涵意義說(shuō)明了語(yǔ)言的推理機(jī)制和人們認(rèn)知心理的作用,它不僅生動(dòng)地強(qiáng)調(diào)了前述的事情并使之達(dá)到高潮,而且再現(xiàn)了說(shuō)話人動(dòng)態(tài)的心理過(guò)程及情感發(fā)展軌跡。
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武漢船舶職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2013年5期