周家超, 付婷婷, 趙維維, 徐燕閣, 王鳳霞, 宋 杰

(山東師范大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院，逆境植物重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，濟(jì)南 250014)

鹽氮處理下鹽地堿蓬種子成熟過(guò)程中的離子積累和種子萌發(fā)特性

周家超, 付婷婷, 趙維維, 徐燕閣, 王鳳霞, 宋 杰*

(山東師范大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院，逆境植物重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，濟(jì)南 250014)

鹽地堿蓬; 離子積累; 種子萌發(fā); 耐鹽性

目前，全世界有超過(guò)8億hm2的土地受到土壤鹽漬化的影響[1]。發(fā)展鹽地農(nóng)業(yè)是應(yīng)對(duì)土壤鹽漬化的有效途徑[2]。鹽地堿蓬(SuaedasalsaL.)為藜科堿蓬屬1年生草本肉質(zhì)化真鹽生植物，具有很強(qiáng)的耐鹽性。種植鹽地堿蓬可明顯改善鹽堿地土壤理化性質(zhì)[3]。不僅如此，鹽地堿蓬嫩枝葉可以作為營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富的蔬菜，種子能榨油[3]。因此，鹽地堿蓬可以作為鹽堿地區(qū)環(huán)境修復(fù)和發(fā)展鹽地農(nóng)業(yè)的優(yōu)良植物資源。

鹽漬環(huán)境下種子萌發(fā)對(duì)物種建成具有重要意義。與非鹽生植物不同的是，鹽生植物種子萌發(fā)盡管并不需要外界鹽分環(huán)境但卻可以忍受一定濃度的鹽脅迫[4]。自然生境下一些鹽生植物，例如海蓬子屬植物(SalicorniaeuropaeaL.)[5]和囊果堿蓬(Suaedaphysophora)[6]能將大量的Na+離子區(qū)域化在苞葉或果皮等部位，Na+離子在胚中積累的卻很少。最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，室內(nèi)高鹽處理的鹽地堿蓬果皮中的Na+明顯高于胚中，而K+卻相反。而且胚中K+含量明顯高于Na+含量，說(shuō)明鹽漬生境下果皮/種皮對(duì)胚具有保護(hù)作用[7]。氮素是植物生長(zhǎng)所必需的元素，對(duì)植物的生長(zhǎng)、耐鹽性以及自然分布至關(guān)重要[8- 9]。鹽地堿蓬種子的萌發(fā)[10- 11]以及室內(nèi)鹽處理下鹽地堿蓬種子成熟過(guò)程中的離子積累特性[7]前人已經(jīng)進(jìn)行過(guò)研究。自然生境中鹽生植物的生長(zhǎng)以及種子萌發(fā)等會(huì)受到鹽分和養(yǎng)分(例如氮素)的影響。因此本文研究了鹽氮互作對(duì)鹽地堿蓬種子及果枝等不同部位離子積累和種子萌發(fā)的影響，試圖為理解鹽地堿蓬適應(yīng)鹽漬生境的生理生態(tài)機(jī)制提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料和方法

1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料

鹽地堿蓬棕色種子，于2011年11月采自山東省黃河三角洲內(nèi)陸鹽堿地(N37°20′；E118°36′)，晾干的種子存于冰箱(lt; 4 ℃)中待用。

1.2 植物的培養(yǎng)與處理

1.3 測(cè)定方法

1.3.1 胚、果皮和果枝中離子的測(cè)定

1.3.2 萌發(fā)率、發(fā)芽指數(shù)和活力指數(shù)的測(cè)定

萌發(fā)率G=a/b×100%

式中，a為不同鹽溶液中萌發(fā)的種子數(shù)，b為供試種子數(shù)。

總萌發(fā)率=(a+c)/b×100%

式中,c為第10天沒(méi)有萌發(fā)的種子復(fù)水后萌發(fā)的種子數(shù)。

發(fā)芽指數(shù)Gi=∑(Gt/Dt)

式中，Gt為時(shí)間t日的萌發(fā)的種子數(shù)，Dt為相應(yīng)的萌發(fā)天數(shù)。

活力指數(shù)Vi=S×Gi

式中，S為幼苗鮮重。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析

數(shù)據(jù)均采用SAS 6.12進(jìn)行三因素顯著性分析。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 胚、果皮和果枝中離子含量

表1 不同濃度鹽氮處理下鹽地堿蓬種子及果枝的離子積累

表2 離子含量、總萌發(fā)率、萌發(fā)指數(shù)和活力指數(shù)的三因素分析結(jié)果

*表示在Plt; 0.05水平上差異顯著，**表示在Plt; 0.01水平上差異顯著，***表示在Plt; 0.001水平上差異顯著，NS表示沒(méi)有顯著差異，數(shù)值代表F值

2.2 萌發(fā)率

圖1 不同鹽濃度對(duì)鹽地堿蓬種子萌發(fā)率的影響Fig.1 Seed germination at different concentrations of salinity

復(fù)水后的總萌發(fā)率在植株培養(yǎng)期間的鹽氮濃度以及種子萌發(fā)時(shí)的鹽處理濃度之間均沒(méi)有顯著的影響(圖 2，表2)。

2.3 萌發(fā)指數(shù)和活力指數(shù)

圖2 不同鹽濃度對(duì)種子總萌發(fā)率的影響Fig.2 Effect of salinity on total seed germination

圖3 不同鹽濃度對(duì)種子萌發(fā)指數(shù)和活力指數(shù)的影響Fig.3 Effect of salinity on germination index and vigor index of seeds at different concentrations of salinity

3 討論

[1] Munns R, Tester M. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2008, 59(1): 651- 681.

[2] Rozema J, Flowers T. Crops for a salinized world. Science, 2008, 322(5907): 1478- 1480.

[3] Zhao K F, Fan H, Jiang X Y, Song J. Improvement and utilization of saline soil by planting halophytes. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 2002, 8(1): 31- 35.

[4] Khan S S, Sheikh K H. Effects of different levels of salinity on seed germination and growth ofCapsicumannuumL. Biologia, 1996, 22(1): 15- 26.

[5] Khan M A, Webber D J, Hess W M. Elemental distribution in seeds of the halophytesSalicorniapacificaVar. Utahensis andAtriplexcanescens. American Journal of Botany, 1985, 72(11): 1672- 1675.

[6] Song J, Feng G, Tian C Y, Zhang F S. Strategies for adaptation ofSuaedaphysophora,HaloxylonammodendronandHaloxylonpersicumto a saline environment during seed-germination stage. Annals of Botany, 2005, 96(3): 399- 405.

[7] Li X, Zhang X D, Song J, Fan H, Feng G, Wang B S. Accumulation of ions during seed development under controlled saline conditions of twoSuaedasalsapopulations is related to their adaptation to saline environments. Plant and Soil, 2011, 341(1/2): 99- 107.

[8] Radin J W, Mauney J R, Guinn G. Effect of N fertility on plant water relations and stomatal responses to water stress in irrigated cotton. Crop Science, 1985, 25(1): 110- 115.

[9] Liu X J, Yang Y M, Li W Q, Li C Z, Duan D Y, Tadano T. Interactive effects of sodium chloride and nitrogen on growth and ion accumulation of a halophyte. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2004, 35(15/16): 2111- 2123.

[10] Li W Q, Liu X J, Khan M A, Yamaguchi S. The effect of plant growth regulators, nitric oxide, nitrate, nitrite and light on the germination of dimorphic seeds ofSuaedasalsaunder saline conditions. Journal of Plant Research, 2005, 118(3): 207- 214.

[11] Song J, Fan H, Zhao Y Y, Jia Y H, Du X H, Wang B S. Effect of salinity on germination, seedling emergence, seedling growth and ion accumulation of a euhalophyteSuaedasalsain an intertidal zone and on saline inland. Aquatic Botany, 2008, 88(4): 331- 337.

[12] Hosseini M K, Powell A A, Bingham I J. Comparison of the seed germination and early seedling growth of soybean in saline conditions. Seed Science Research, 2002, 12(3): 165- 172.

[13] Keiffer C H, Ungar I A. The effect of extended exposure to hypersaline conditions on the germination of five inland halophyte species. American Journal of Botany, 1997, 84(1): 104- 111.

[14] Pritchard H W, Wood J A, Manger K R. Influence of temperature on seed germination and the nutritional requirements for embryo growth inArummaculatumL. New Phytologist, 1993, 123(4): 801- 809.

[15] Alboresi A, Gestin C, Leydecker M T, Bedu M, Meyer C, Truong H N. Nitrate, a signal relieving seed dormancy inArabidopsis. Plant, Cell and Environment, 2005, 28(4): 500- 512.

[16] Song J, Shi G W, Xing S, Chen M, Wang B S. Effects of nitric oxide and nitrogen on seedling emergence, ion accumulation, and seedling growth under salinity in the euhalophyteSuaedasalsa. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2009, 172(4): 544- 549.

參考文獻(xiàn):

[3] 趙可夫, 范海, 江行玉, 宋杰. 鹽生植物在鹽漬土壤改良中的作用. 應(yīng)用與環(huán)境生物學(xué)報(bào), 2002, 8(1): 31- 35.

Characteristicsofionaccumulationandseedgerminationforseedsfromplantsculturedatdifferentconcentrationsofnitratenitrogenandsalinity

ZHOU Jiachao, FU Tingting, ZHAO Weiwei, XU Yange, WANG Fengxia, SONG Jie*

KeyLaboratoryofPlantStress,CollegeofLifeScience,ShandongNormalUniversity,Jinan250014,China

Suaedasalsa; ion accumulation; seed germination; salt tolerance

山東省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(ZR2010CM005)；國(guó)家支撐計(jì)劃資助項(xiàng)目(2009BADA7B05)

2013- 06- 08;

2013- 07- 29

*通訊作者Corresponding author.E-mail: songjieever@163.com

10.5846/stxb201306081433

周家超, 付婷婷, 趙維維, 徐燕閣, 王鳳霞, 宋杰.鹽氮處理下鹽地堿蓬種子成熟過(guò)程中的離子積累和種子萌發(fā)特性.生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2013,33(19):6129- 6134.

Zhou J C, Fu T T, Zhao W W, Xu Y G, Wang F X, Song J.Characteristics of ion accumulation and seed germination for seeds from plants cultured at different concentrations of nitrate nitrogen and salinity.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(19):6129- 6134.