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      B型利鈉肽在呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病中的臨床應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展

      2014-01-22 11:49:31孫耕耘尤青海
      中華肺部疾病雜志(電子版) 2014年4期
      關(guān)鍵詞:利鈉肺動脈胸腔

      張 炯 孫耕耘 尤青海

      B型利鈉肽(B-type natriuretic peptide, BNP)又稱腦鈉肽(brain natriuretic peptide),是一種多肽類激素,主要由心室肌細(xì)胞合成和分泌,以應(yīng)對心臟容量和壓力負(fù)荷的變化。B型利鈉肽和氨基末端B型利鈉肽(N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP)前體最先被應(yīng)用于心力衰竭的臨床診斷、危險(xiǎn)分層和預(yù)后評價(jià)等,但它們在一些肺部疾病中也具有一定的臨床價(jià)值?,F(xiàn)就BNP和NT-proBNP在呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病中的最新研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。

      一、 BNP簡介

      編碼人類的BNP基因位于1號染色體,由3個(gè)外顯子和2個(gè)內(nèi)含子組成,可編碼含有108個(gè)氨基酸的BNP前體(proBNP)。ProBNP在進(jìn)入血液后被非特異性蛋白酶裂解成為含有32個(gè)氨基酸的C端片段(BNP)和含有72個(gè)氨基酸的N端片段(NT-proBNP)。二者生物學(xué)來源相同,但NT-proBNP不具有生物活性,體外穩(wěn)定性好,半衰期較BNP長(分別約為2 h和20 min),臨床檢測時(shí)不受生理節(jié)律、標(biāo)本采集條件的影響和限制[1]。BNP與利鈉肽受體-A(natriuretic peptide receptor-A, NPR-A)結(jié)合發(fā)揮生物學(xué)效應(yīng),主要有利鈉利尿、舒張血管、抑制腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, RAAS)及交感神經(jīng)活性、抑制血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增生和心肌纖維化等。

      低濃度BNP與心房利鈉肽(arterial natriuretic peptide,ANP)共同儲存于心房顆粒中,主要由心室肌細(xì)胞的合成、分泌,如心室容量和壓力負(fù)荷增加時(shí),BNP基因快速表達(dá)。因而,在右心功能不全的患者中也可出現(xiàn)BNP和NT-proBNP濃度的升高,且與肺動脈收縮壓(pulmonary artery systolic pressure, PASP)成正相關(guān)。

      二、 BNP與呼吸困難病因鑒別

      呼吸困難是諸多呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病,如慢性阻塞性肺疾病、支氣管哮喘、肺栓塞、胸腔積液等常見的臨床癥狀,與心源性呼吸困難的鑒別診斷是臨床面臨的最常見問題。僅憑體格檢查和臨床癥狀做出的診斷不夠準(zhǔn)確且敏感性不高。臨床常用輔助檢查如X線、超聲心動圖具有檢查儀器不夠輕便、不能及時(shí)操作、容易延誤診療時(shí)機(jī)等局限性,血漿BNP和NT-proBNP濃度的床旁檢測,有助于快速明確呼吸困難病因。研究表明,以血漿BNP濃度100 pg/ml為截?cái)嘀佃b別充血性心力衰竭與其他原因?qū)е碌暮粑щy,準(zhǔn)確性達(dá)83%,靈敏度達(dá)90%,特異度為76%,并且其濃度越低,心力衰竭的可能性越小,<50 pg/ml的陰性預(yù)測值為96%[2]。血漿NT-proBNP濃度低于300 pg/ml可用于排除心力衰竭,陰性預(yù)測值為99%[3]。因此,血漿BNP和NT-proBNP濃度的檢測有利于心源性與肺源性呼吸困難病因的鑒別診斷并指導(dǎo)治療。

      三、BNP與多種疾病間的關(guān)系

      1. BNP與肺動脈高壓: 根據(jù)BNP的基因表達(dá)和分泌機(jī)制可知,肺動脈高壓通過右心室合成和釋放BNP和NT-proBNP,但由于右心室心肌細(xì)胞數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于左心室,故研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肺動脈高壓患者的BNP和NT-proBNP血漿濃度低于心力衰竭患者[4-5]。BNP和NT-proBNP濃度的檢測有助于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)肺部疾病所致的肺動脈高壓[6]。Goto等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)肺動脈高壓患者排除左心衰竭和左心室肥大后,BNP濃度與右心導(dǎo)管測量的肺動脈收縮壓成正相關(guān),因而可用于預(yù)測肺動脈壓力。Benza等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)對于肺動脈高壓患者,BNP > 180 pg/ml時(shí),1年內(nèi)死亡率顯著增加;NYHA心功能分級Ⅰ、BNP<50 pg/ml、6 min步行距離≥440 m等可增加肺動脈高壓患者1年生存率。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在原發(fā)型肺動脈高壓患者中,血漿BNP水平與平均肺動脈壓、總肺血管阻力、右心室舒張末壓、NYHA心功能分級呈正相關(guān),與最大攝氧量、心輸出量、6 min步行距離呈負(fù)相關(guān),與肺毛細(xì)血管楔壓無關(guān)。Agoston-Coldea等[9]研究COPD并發(fā)肺動脈高壓患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿NT-proBNP濃度高于健康對照人群,NT-proBNP對于發(fā)現(xiàn)合并右心功能不全具有很高的敏感性和特異性分別為100%和84%。

      2. BNP與肺血栓栓塞癥: 在右心功能正常的急性肺栓塞患者中,BNP與NT-proBNP濃度常在正常范圍內(nèi),因而不能用于診斷肺血栓栓塞癥(pulmonary thromboembolism, PTE),但有助于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)右心功能不全[10]。Gutte等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在急性肺栓塞患者中,并發(fā)右心功能不全患者的BNP濃度為251.0 (103.8~672.4) pg/ml,高于右心功能正常的患者[濃度為19.6(8.2~47.9)pg/ml]。用于診斷右心功能不全的截?cái)嘀禐?03 pg/ml,敏感度86%,特異度91%,陽性預(yù)測值75%,陰性預(yù)測值95%,準(zhǔn)確率90%。Pasha等[12]研究表明急性肺栓塞患者的NT-proBNP濃度升高與右心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)、右心室舒張末容量相關(guān),而與左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)、左心室舒張末容量無關(guān)。一項(xiàng)多中心前瞻性臨床研究顯示,NT-proBNP濃度高于300 pg/ml是非大面積PTE不良預(yù)后的預(yù)測因子,其預(yù)測價(jià)值優(yōu)于D-二聚體、心肌肌鈣蛋白、肌紅蛋白、心肌型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白等指標(biāo)[13]。右心功能不全、利鈉肽濃度升高時(shí),肺栓塞患者的短期死亡率增加[14]。因此,利鈉肽濃度的檢測可用于肺栓塞患者的危險(xiǎn)分層及預(yù)后判斷,但對發(fā)生不良事件的排除價(jià)值更有臨床意義,其陰性預(yù)測值可達(dá)99% (95% CI, 97~100)[15]。

      3. BNP與慢性阻塞性肺疾病:利鈉肽水平在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)穩(wěn)定期患者中的升高幅度低于急性加重期及心力衰竭患者[16]。BNP和NT-proBNP濃度的檢測可用于呼吸困難患者中COPD與心力衰竭的鑒別診斷,并有助于臨床醫(yī)生發(fā)現(xiàn)COPD患者合并左心衰竭或肺源性心臟病,并判斷預(yù)后[17-18]。Stolz等[19]研究顯示COPD急性加重期患者血漿BNP濃度[65(34~189) pg/ml]高于恢復(fù)期[45 ( 25~85) pg/ml],在入住ICU治療的患者中顯著升高并與治療時(shí)間相關(guān),但與短期或長期死亡率無明顯相關(guān)性。Lee等[20]分析COPD急性加重患者的血漿NT-proBNP濃度與心功能關(guān)系后,發(fā)現(xiàn)NT-proBNP濃度的增加與左、右心室功能損傷均有關(guān),并不是由于肺心病或COPD繼發(fā)的肺動脈高壓而單獨(dú)引起其合成和分泌,但COPD急性加重期左心室功能損害的機(jī)制仍未明確。應(yīng)用利尿劑和/或血管舒張劑等藥物可使COPD急性加重患者(無右心功能不全)血漿BNP濃度顯著下降[21],二者聯(lián)合使用時(shí)BNP濃度降低更顯著。早期應(yīng)用利尿劑和血管舒張劑可有助于降低COPD急性加重時(shí)的右心室壓力,減少心臟容量負(fù)荷,降低肺血管阻力,使BNP濃度降低。

      4. BNP與間質(zhì)性肺疾病: 血漿BNP和NT-proBNP濃度升高有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)間質(zhì)性肺疾病患者出現(xiàn)肺動脈高壓或右心功能衰竭,但不能早期發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在或輕度肺動脈高壓的存在[22]。有研究表明:間質(zhì)性肺疾病患者的血漿BNP濃度與肺動脈收縮壓、肺血管阻力以及6 min步行試驗(yàn)有關(guān)[23]。Song等[24]回顧性分析同時(shí)行BNP與超聲心動圖檢查的特發(fā)性肺間質(zhì)纖維化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF)患者臨床資料,發(fā)現(xiàn)BNP是IPF預(yù)后的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子,并且預(yù)后判斷的價(jià)值優(yōu)于肺動脈高壓,BNP濃度升高患者的一年內(nèi)死亡率高于濃度正常者(分別為70.5%和23.7%),平均生存時(shí)間低于BNP濃度正常者(分別為11個(gè)月和22.5個(gè)月)。在間質(zhì)性肺疾病患者中,BNP濃度與右心室收縮壓(right ventricular systolic pressure, RVSP)、肺動脈壓力有關(guān),BNP ≥ 20 pmol/L時(shí)患者死亡率明顯升高,且與年齡、性別、肺功能無關(guān)[25]。

      5. BNP與急性呼吸窘迫綜合征: Karmpaliotis等[26]觀察了80例缺氧性呼吸衰竭的ICU患者并且X線顯示雙肺部浸潤,其中急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)患者血漿BNP濃度為325(82~767)pg/ml,而充血性心力衰竭患者血漿BNP濃度為1260(541~2020)pg/ml 。ROC曲線下面積顯示BNP水平≤200 pg/ml對于診斷ARDS的特異性和陽性預(yù)測值為91%,≥1200 pg/ml對于診斷心源性肺水腫的特異性和陽性預(yù)測值分別為92%和75%。Komiya等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)和BNP鑒別ALI/ARDS與心源性肺水腫的ROC曲線下面積分別為0.831和0.887,二者聯(lián)合可提高鑒別診斷的準(zhǔn)確性(ROC曲線下面積為0.931),并且可以排除因肺炎或敗血癥導(dǎo)致的血漿BNP濃度升高的急性肺水腫患者。血漿BNP和NT-proBNP濃度在右心功能不全的ARDS患者中明顯升高[28-29]。Determann等[30]認(rèn)為在低潮氣量通氣的ARDS患者中出現(xiàn)急性肺心病的可能性較小,因而血漿NT-proBNP濃度應(yīng)低于心力衰竭患者。分析150例機(jī)械通氣患者的血漿NT-proBNP濃度,發(fā)現(xiàn)無ARDS患者的血漿NT-proBNP濃度較低,且不受潮氣量大小的影響,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)ARDS時(shí)NT-proBNP水平升高,且與ARDS進(jìn)展有關(guān),NT-proBNP并不能用于診斷呼吸機(jī)導(dǎo)致的肺損傷。一些治療方法,如液體復(fù)蘇、升壓藥物、正壓通氣等也可使利鈉肽濃度升高[31]。

      6. BNP與胸腔積液: 有研究證實(shí)BNP和NT-proBNP可用于心源性漏出液與其他原因引起胸腔積液的鑒別診斷[32-34]。Marinho等[34]納入77例胸腔積液患者,其中34例為心力衰竭引起的胸腔積液,43例為其他原因引起的胸腔積液(如肝性胸水、癌性胸水和結(jié)核性胸水等)。心力衰竭患者與非心源性胸腔積液患者的血漿BNP濃度分別為748(462~1419) pg/ml和36(13~20)pg/ml;心力衰竭患者與非心源性胸腔積液患者的胸水BNP濃度分別為386(222~638)pg/ml和43(28~90)pg/ml;血漿和胸水BNP用于鑒別心力衰竭與其他原因引起的胸腔積液的ROC曲線下面積分別為0.987和0.949。NT-proBNP半衰期長且在試管中性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定,比BNP具有更高的準(zhǔn)確性和鑒別效能,因而更有助于臨床診斷或排除心力衰竭引起的胸腔積液[35-36]。因此,有學(xué)者證實(shí)胸水NT-proBNP濃度用于診斷心源性漏出液的敏感性和特異性分別為95%和94%[37-38]。臨床常用的Light′s標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用于診斷滲出液敏感性高而特異性低,并且需要實(shí)施胸腔穿刺術(shù)獲得胸水標(biāo)本,同時(shí),在使用利尿劑治療的心力衰竭患者中,通過Light′s標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可將大約25%的漏出液誤診為滲出液[32],而血漿NT-proBNP水平升高可用于Light′s標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤診或未施行胸腔穿刺術(shù)的心力衰竭患者的診斷[39-41]。

      7. BNP與社區(qū)獲得性肺炎:血漿BNP和NT-proBNP濃度有助于判斷CAP患者疾病嚴(yán)重程度和預(yù)后[42-43]。研究報(bào)道BNP與肺炎嚴(yán)重度指數(shù)(pneumonia severity index, PSI)呈顯著正相關(guān)[42],社區(qū)獲得性肺炎(community-acquired pneumonia, CAP)死亡患者的BNP濃度高于生存患者[分別為439.2 (137.1-1384.6) 和114.3 (51.3-359.6) pg/ml 1,P<0.001];BNP和PSI預(yù)測CAP生存率的曲線下面積分別為0.75和0.71,二者無差異。與臨床常用炎癥指標(biāo)的對比研究顯示,血漿BNP和降鈣素原(procalcitonin, PCT)濃度升高與CAP嚴(yán)重程度成正相關(guān),而CRP、白細(xì)胞總數(shù)與CAP嚴(yán)重程度不相關(guān)[44-45]。血漿BNP和NT-proBNP濃度在CAP患者中升高的機(jī)制尚未明確。Christ-Crain等[42]發(fā)現(xiàn)CAP患者血漿BNP濃度與氧飽和度無相關(guān)性,推測缺氧不是引起B(yǎng)NP濃度升高的主要機(jī)制,可能與炎癥反應(yīng)以及交感神經(jīng)興奮性增加有關(guān)[46-47]。

      8. BNP與肺癌: 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肺小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞中能檢測到BNP基因表達(dá),而Masago等[48]發(fā)現(xiàn)非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者血漿BNP濃度的平均值和中位數(shù)分別為11.5、22.4 pg/ml,有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的肺癌患者BNP濃度低于無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的患者,但與患者生存期無明顯相關(guān)性。血漿NT-proBNP濃度在合并心肌或心包浸潤的非小細(xì)胞肺癌中顯著升高,是發(fā)現(xiàn)非小細(xì)胞肺癌合并心臟轉(zhuǎn)移的一項(xiàng)敏感指標(biāo)。

      9. BNP與手術(shù): 術(shù)后房顫(postoperative atrial fibrillation, POAF)發(fā)生在18%非心臟開胸手術(shù)術(shù)后患者中,也是肺切除術(shù)后的常見并發(fā)癥[49-50]。Nojiri等[49]分別觀察了87例施行肺切除手術(shù)的肺癌患者術(shù)前和術(shù)后第1、3、7天的血漿BNP濃度。結(jié)果表明術(shù)前血漿BNP濃度升高的患者在肺切除術(shù)后更易并發(fā)心房顫動,術(shù)前血漿BNP濃度是預(yù)測術(shù)后發(fā)生心房顫動的獨(dú)立因素,同時(shí),并發(fā)心房顫動的患者血漿BNP濃度在術(shù)后顯著升高。

      10. BNP與阻塞型睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征: Usui等[51]檢測了235例符合阻塞型睡眠呼吸暫停(obstructive sleep Apnoea, OSA)患者的血漿BNP濃度值,其中合并左心室肥大患者的血漿BNP濃度高于未合并左心室肥大患者,合并心室舒張功能不全患者血漿BNP濃度高于心室功能正?;颊?。OSA患者嚴(yán)重程度增加,左心室肥大和舒張功能不全發(fā)生的概率增加,血漿BNP濃度升高可反映嚴(yán)重OSA患者更易發(fā)生左心室肥大。一項(xiàng)以社區(qū)為基礎(chǔ)的女性O(shè)SA樣本研究顯示: 夜間睡眠呼吸暫停的嚴(yán)重程度與清晨血漿BNP濃度呈劑量反應(yīng)關(guān)系[52]。

      BNP與NT-proBNP不僅可作為心臟標(biāo)記物反映心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的變化,在一些呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病中也可升高,因此可以將其與心力衰竭等心臟疾病相鑒別,同時(shí)可作為部分肺部疾病嚴(yán)重程度和預(yù)后的判斷指標(biāo)。臨床醫(yī)生對待利鈉肽濃度升高的患者,應(yīng)綜合分析和考慮,以免誤診和漏診。

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