李金洪 胡波 孫紅振
脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌的術(shù)前評(píng)估和手術(shù)方式評(píng)價(jià)
李金洪 胡波 孫紅振
脊柱是惡性腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移最常見的部位[1],約占骨轉(zhuǎn)移的 2 / 3。有尸檢報(bào)告顯示 70% 的癌癥患者伴有脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移。其中,伴有脊髓壓迫的脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者占 5%~14%[2]。近年來,隨著檢測技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,尤其是 PET / CT的使用,脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌的確診率不斷提高。在治療方面,脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者的管理理念也發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變,從單純放、化療逐漸演變?yōu)樵诜?、化療的基礎(chǔ)上,積極進(jìn)行外科手術(shù)治療。試驗(yàn)證明,這種聯(lián)合治療比既往的單純放、化療對(duì)改善患者生存質(zhì)量更有優(yōu)勢[3]。
既然,外科手術(shù)在脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌治療中的優(yōu)勢已很明顯。因此,無論從緩解疼痛癥狀,改善生活質(zhì)量,還是重建脊柱穩(wěn)定性方面,都應(yīng)該積極合理地進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療。手術(shù)評(píng)估是決定患者預(yù)后的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),何時(shí)進(jìn)行手術(shù)和選擇何種手術(shù)方式直接影響了患者術(shù)后的生活質(zhì)量,甚至生存時(shí)間。脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌的術(shù)前評(píng)估包括:全身腫瘤狀況的評(píng)估,生活狀況的評(píng)估,脊柱病灶情況和預(yù)后評(píng)估四部分。其中,前三種評(píng)估方法明確,容易進(jìn)行。第四種評(píng)估對(duì)手術(shù)治療最為關(guān)鍵,遺憾的是,雖然預(yù)后評(píng)估方法較多,但沒有一種能夠準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)價(jià)患者的預(yù)后情況。所以,我們將各種評(píng)估的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)加以綜述,介紹如下。
一、全身腫瘤狀況評(píng)估
包括原發(fā)腫瘤的部位,性質(zhì),已發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的部位和轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)目等因素。腫瘤原發(fā)灶的情況可通過臨床癥狀和局部組織活檢明確,轉(zhuǎn)移灶的情況可通過內(nèi)鏡、多部位 CT或 PET / CT 檢查了解。PET / CT 將功能代謝和解剖結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)象結(jié)合在一起,在腫瘤的早期診斷,良惡性鑒別,惡性腫瘤的分級(jí)分期和原發(fā)灶的尋找方面有明顯優(yōu)勢,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn):50% 的脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者經(jīng) PET / CT 檢查后,治療策略發(fā)生了改變[4]。
二、生活狀況評(píng)估
包括患者術(shù)前身體狀況和脊髓功能。ECOG 評(píng)分[5]是一種簡化的活動(dòng)狀態(tài)評(píng)分表,是最常用的生活質(zhì)量評(píng)估方法,主要評(píng)價(jià)患者的行走能力和生活自理能力,分為0~5 級(jí),級(jí)別越高,生活質(zhì)量越差。神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分多采用Frankel 評(píng)分[6]。
三、脊柱病灶的局部評(píng)估
CT、MRI 等影像學(xué)檢查是有效評(píng)估病灶累及部位和脊髓受壓程度的方法[7]。CT 引導(dǎo)下病灶穿刺活檢創(chuàng)傷小,是確診的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。伴脊髓壓迫但癥狀穩(wěn)定的患者,建議常規(guī)穿刺活檢。對(duì)于脊髓損傷嚴(yán)重且進(jìn)展迅速的患者,可行急診手術(shù)減壓并術(shù)中活檢。
四、預(yù)后評(píng)估
近年來,國外相繼報(bào)道了幾種指導(dǎo)外科手術(shù)治療的預(yù)后評(píng)分系統(tǒng),如:Tomita、Tokuhashi、Harrington、Sioutos,Van der Linden 和 Bauer 等[8]。有研究表明 Tomita評(píng)分則在遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后方面較為準(zhǔn)確,而 Tokuhashi 評(píng)分在脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌的近期預(yù)后方面較準(zhǔn)確[9],Harrington 和其余評(píng)分方法因過于簡化,不夠準(zhǔn)確等原因,在預(yù)后評(píng)估中已少采用。
1. Tomita 評(píng)分
Tomita 等[10]基于原發(fā)腫瘤的生長速度,骨轉(zhuǎn)移和內(nèi)臟轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)目這三項(xiàng)因素總結(jié)出了一套評(píng)分系統(tǒng) ( 表1 )。其中,原發(fā)腫瘤的類型和組織學(xué)特征在 Tomita 評(píng)分中占有重要比重[11],當(dāng)三項(xiàng)指標(biāo)總和為 2~3 分時(shí),可廣泛或邊緣切除;總分為 4~5 分時(shí),邊緣或病灶內(nèi)切除;總分為6~7 分時(shí),多行姑息性手術(shù);總分為 8~10 分時(shí),多為支持治療。Tomita 評(píng)分易于計(jì)算,可操作性強(qiáng),在術(shù)后生存質(zhì)量和生存時(shí)間評(píng)價(jià)廣泛應(yīng)用。Padalkar 等[12]對(duì) 102 例脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者分別應(yīng)用 Tomita 和 Tokuhashi 評(píng)分體系評(píng)估預(yù)后。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Tomita 與患者術(shù)后生存時(shí)間相關(guān)性較Tokuhashi 評(píng)分強(qiáng)。同樣的結(jié)果在 Wibmer 等[13]的試驗(yàn)中得到了驗(yàn)證。
表1 Tomita 評(píng)分系統(tǒng)Tab.1 Tomita scoring system
2. Tokuhashi 評(píng)分
Tokuhashi 等最早在 1990 年提出,此后,為強(qiáng)調(diào)原發(fā)腫瘤類型的重要性,在 2005 年又對(duì)此方法進(jìn)修訂( 表2 )。當(dāng)總分為 12~15 分時(shí),應(yīng)行脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移灶切除術(shù);總分為 9~11 時(shí),若為單發(fā)病灶或無內(nèi)臟轉(zhuǎn)移可行轉(zhuǎn)移病灶切除手術(shù),否則行姑息性手術(shù);總分為 0~8 分時(shí),根據(jù)患者情況可選擇姑息性手術(shù)或保守治療。目前,各學(xué)者有爭議的是,Tokuhashi 等發(fā)現(xiàn)麻痹是疾病的一個(gè)預(yù)測因素,而其他的研究者認(rèn)為脊髓受壓和神經(jīng)病學(xué)癥狀與生存時(shí)間并無直接相關(guān)性。國內(nèi)外多名學(xué)者對(duì) Tokuhashi 評(píng)分的預(yù)測價(jià)值進(jìn)行了研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):Tokuhashi 評(píng)分 ( T12) 和改進(jìn)的 Tokuhashi 評(píng)分 ( T15) 對(duì)脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌近期預(yù)后均有較高的預(yù)測價(jià)值,T15比 T12更具準(zhǔn)確性[14]。但是,在遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后、患者生存率方面,Tokuhashi的預(yù)測價(jià)值不高。尤其是評(píng)分在 9~11 分和乳腺癌脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移的患者,準(zhǔn)確性只有 35%[15]。Tokuhashi 對(duì)不同原發(fā)灶腫瘤脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移的評(píng)估準(zhǔn)確性也不同。Wang 等[14]在一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究中,對(duì) 448 例不同原發(fā)灶的脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌進(jìn)行Tokuhashi 評(píng)分。發(fā)現(xiàn) T12和 T15在前列癌和乳腺癌脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移的患者中均有準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測價(jià)值,只有 T12對(duì)結(jié)腸癌有預(yù)測價(jià)值,對(duì)于肺癌,腎癌和混合癌,T12和 T15均無預(yù)測價(jià)值。T15對(duì)多發(fā)性骨髓瘤的預(yù)測價(jià)值較高。
表2 Tokuhashi 評(píng)分系統(tǒng)Tab.2 Tokuhashi scoring system
3. Harrington 評(píng)分 Harrington 等[16-17]按照神經(jīng)或骨損傷程度分為 5 級(jí):I 級(jí),無明顯損傷;II 級(jí),存在骨破壞,無骨折及脊柱不穩(wěn):III 級(jí),無明顯骨破壞的神經(jīng)損傷:IV 級(jí),椎體壓縮性骨折伴非神經(jīng)性疼痛;V 級(jí),椎體壓縮性骨折合并神經(jīng)損傷。其中,后兩種需手術(shù)治療。與前兩者評(píng)分系統(tǒng)相比,Harrington 評(píng)分過于簡單,對(duì)預(yù)后評(píng)估不夠細(xì)化。
隨著手術(shù)技術(shù)水平和醫(yī)療器械的不斷改進(jìn),脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌可操作的手術(shù)方式有姑息減壓術(shù)、刮除減瘤術(shù)、全脊椎整塊切除術(shù)和微創(chuàng)手術(shù)。由于倫理學(xué)限制了雙盲對(duì)照研究,各種手術(shù)方式對(duì)患者生存期的影響還沒有循證醫(yī)學(xué)的證據(jù)支持。因脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者多為腫瘤晚期,手術(shù)耐受性差,近幾年開展的微創(chuàng)手術(shù)恰好具有創(chuàng)傷小,住院時(shí)間短等特點(diǎn),成為改善晚期腫瘤患者生存治療的一種手術(shù)選擇。微創(chuàng)聯(lián)合放化療治療脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌已成為目前研究熱點(diǎn)問題。
一、姑息減壓術(shù)
一般指單純椎板切除術(shù)。多用于:腫瘤累積 2 個(gè)以上節(jié)段,擬行姑息性腫瘤切除;高度惡性硬膜外腫瘤引起神經(jīng)功能障礙;保守治療難以控制的疼痛,腫瘤生長和脊柱嚴(yán)重不穩(wěn)等情況。這種手術(shù)方式開展較早,但不能消除腫瘤,還破壞了脊柱穩(wěn)定性,有回顧性研究證實(shí),單純椎板切除術(shù)比放療并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和死亡率更高[18],目前該方法已少用。
二、刮除減瘤術(shù)
包括病灶內(nèi)切除和腫瘤整塊切除 ( 廣泛切除和邊緣切除 ) 兩種方式,通過減瘤實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)脊髓的環(huán)形減壓。病灶內(nèi)切除是指在腫瘤假包膜內(nèi)行切除手術(shù),常用于頸椎腫瘤的前路手術(shù)。邊緣切除指沿腫瘤假包膜進(jìn)行切除。廣泛切除手術(shù)在假包膜外進(jìn)行,將腫瘤連同周圍正常組織一起切除,多適用于一般狀況良好,僅有單個(gè)椎體受累且預(yù)計(jì)生存時(shí)間長于 1 年的患者。2010 年,Rades 等[19]通過對(duì)324 例脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌脊髓壓迫患者進(jìn)行單純放療與刮除減瘤術(shù)聯(lián)合放療后,發(fā)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合組行走能力更佳,1 年生存率明顯高于單純放療組。2012 年,Kim 等[20]對(duì) 1970~2007 年33 個(gè)中心的 2495 例轉(zhuǎn)移性脊髓壓迫癥的患者進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的 Meta 分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)治療后患者在神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù) ( 64%比 29% )、癱瘓患者恢復(fù)行走能力的比例 ( 42% 比 10% )和疼痛緩解 ( 88% 比 74% ) 等指標(biāo)上,減瘤術(shù)聯(lián)合化療比單純化療有明顯優(yōu)勢。
三、全脊椎整塊切除術(shù) ( total en bloc spondylectomy,TES )
TES 由 Tomita 在 1994 年首次提出,該手術(shù)適用于孤立或局限的轉(zhuǎn)移灶,原發(fā)病灶治療有效,預(yù)計(jì)生存期至少 6 個(gè)月[21]。手術(shù)包括受累椎骨在內(nèi)的整個(gè)腫瘤間室的節(jié)段性切除,要求既要對(duì)腫瘤完整切除,又不能破壞周圍結(jié)構(gòu),操作難度和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高。Li 等[22]通過對(duì) 10 年 131 例脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者進(jìn)行 TES 與傳統(tǒng)的分塊切除術(shù)比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后中位生存期無明顯差別,但局部復(fù)發(fā)率顯著降低。Murakami 等[23]指出,在原發(fā)腫瘤可控,無內(nèi)臟轉(zhuǎn)移的情況下,TES 是脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者理想的手術(shù)方案。TES 手術(shù)切除范圍大,因此具有術(shù)中出血量大、手術(shù)耗時(shí)長等特點(diǎn),從而增加了腫瘤細(xì)胞播散的機(jī)會(huì)。Kawahara 等[24]建議 TES 術(shù)前栓塞腫瘤血管或術(shù)中使用生物膠以減少手術(shù)出血。
四、經(jīng)皮椎體成形術(shù) ( percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP ) 和椎體后凸成形術(shù) ( percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP )
隨著脊柱非血管介入手術(shù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,PVP 和 PKP被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床[25-26]。手術(shù)方法是在影像學(xué)技術(shù),如DSA 機(jī)、CT 引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮膚穿刺向病變椎體注入骨水泥,作為一種微創(chuàng)手術(shù),PVP 具有出血量少、軟組織損傷小、住院期限短及患者耐受性好等特點(diǎn)。適用于一般狀況差,預(yù)期生存時(shí)間少于 3 個(gè)月,因脊柱病理學(xué)塌陷引起劇烈疼痛的患者。常用的填充材料有 PMMA 骨水泥,磷酸鈣骨水泥,125I 粒子等。為防止骨水泥滲漏引發(fā)并發(fā)癥,有研究者在骨水泥中加入鋇和鎢,并取得不錯(cuò)效果。近年來,也有研究在骨水泥材料中加入鎮(zhèn)痛藥、抑癌基因載體、抗生素,報(bào)道的效果不一,尚處于摸索階段。PKP 在 PVP基礎(chǔ)上,通過擴(kuò)張球囊的應(yīng)用,降低了骨水泥滲漏的可能,起到了緩解疼痛、矯正后凸畸形的目的。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PVP 聯(lián)合放療可顯著緩解病理性骨折引發(fā)的疼痛,改善生存質(zhì)量[27-28]。但不適用于對(duì)脊髓壓迫的治療。
五、射頻消融術(shù) ( radiofrequency ablation,RFA )
RFA 是在超聲、CT 或內(nèi)鏡引導(dǎo)下,將電極置于腫瘤部位,通過熱效應(yīng)使腫瘤組織產(chǎn)生凝固性壞死。RFA 主要用于不能進(jìn)行其它手術(shù)的晚期腫瘤患者,目前已廣泛應(yīng)用于肝癌、腎癌、肺癌、乳腺癌和胰腺癌的治療。多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[29-30]RFA 在緩解患者疼痛方面有顯著療效。近年來,射頻消融與 PVP、PKP 的聯(lián)合治療可以同時(shí)消除腫瘤,重建脊柱穩(wěn)定性,成為新的研究熱點(diǎn),并且取得了較好的臨床效果。在 Lane 等[31]的研究中,36 例患者接受了射頻消融和骨水泥成形術(shù)聯(lián)合治療,治療后患者疼痛評(píng)分顯著下降 ( 7.2 / 10 比 3.4 / 10 )。
脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌是原發(fā)腫瘤全身轉(zhuǎn)移的一部分,治療上不同于原發(fā)性脊柱腫瘤。因患者的生存期有限,手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)和手術(shù)方式的選擇對(duì)患者至關(guān)重要。脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移癌的治療方法和評(píng)估方案在過去 10 年間有了長足的進(jìn)步,但受到病情復(fù)雜性和多樣性等特點(diǎn)所限,目前尚無一種方案被廣泛認(rèn)同。因此,外科治療研究仍任重道遠(yuǎn),需要多中心大樣本的臨床資料。
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( 本文編輯:馬超 )
Preoperative assessment and evaluation of the surgical approach for spinal metastatic tumors
LI Jin-hong, HU Bo, SUN Hong-zhen. Department of Orthopedics, the ffth People’s Hospital of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, 401329, PRC
With the evolution of surgical techniques, extensive use of implants, and increase of the demand for higher living quality in patients, the treatment concept of spinal metastatic tumors has gradually changed in recent years. Simple chemoradiotherapy has been gradually replaced by the active surgical treatment in combination with chemoradiotherapy. Surgical treatment begins to play a more and more important role in curing spinal metastatic tumors. However, there are no unifed opinions about the selections of surgical timing and surgical approach so far. How to select the reasonable surgical treatment method becomes the most diffcult in curing spinal metastatic tumors. Surgeons should cautiously balance the surgical risks and the postoperative improvement of the living quality, and make a reasonable surgical assessment. This review focuses on the recent advances in the preoperative evaluation and the treatment of spinal metastatic tumors.
Antineoplastic protocols; Program evaluation; Surgical procedures, operative; Bone neoplasms; Neoplasm metastasis
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2014.01.014
R738.1
401329 重慶,九龍坡區(qū)第五人民醫(yī)院骨科 ( 李金洪 );400042 重慶,第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)第三附屬醫(yī)院脊柱外科 ( 胡波,孫紅振 )
孫紅振,Email: Hyings51@163.com
2013-08-07 )