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      靜脈血栓栓塞癥患者血清AT3、蛋白C、蛋白S水平臨床分析

      2014-03-31 08:19秦小玉等
      中國醫(yī)藥科學(xué) 2014年1期

      秦小玉等

      [摘要] 目的 檢測靜脈血栓栓塞癥(VTE)患者血清中抗凝血酶(AT3)、蛋白C(PC)、蛋白S(PS)水平,分析其與VTE的關(guān)系。 方法 回顧性分析251例VTE患者性別、年齡特點(diǎn)及血清中AT3、PC、PS的水平,并與60例正常人血樣進(jìn)行對比。 結(jié)果 251例VTE患者中,男94例,女157例,男︰女=1.11︰1.4,中位年齡43(5~81)歲。AT3、PC、PS三者均有不同程度降低,其中AT3占15.14%(38例),PC占10.36%(26例),PS占20.3%(51例)。 結(jié)論 血漿AT3、PC、PS缺陷是促發(fā)VTE的重要原因,檢測其水平變化對靜脈血栓栓塞癥的預(yù)防、診斷及治療有指導(dǎo)意義。

      [關(guān)鍵詞] 靜脈血栓栓塞癥;抗凝血酶-Ⅲ;蛋白C;蛋白S

      [中圖分類號(hào)] R654.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 2095-0616(2014)01-12-03

      靜脈血栓栓塞癥(venous thromboembolism,VTE)是一個(gè)國際化健康問題,歐洲每年VTE導(dǎo)致的死亡大于500 000例,美國每年大約有300 000例VTE相關(guān)死亡發(fā)生,占人群疾病死因的第3位,僅次于腫瘤和心梗[1]。近年來,隨著對靜脈血栓的認(rèn)識(shí)、醫(yī)療診斷水平的提高及流行病學(xué)研究的發(fā)展,靜脈血栓栓塞癥在亞洲人群的發(fā)病率逐步升高[2],大量研究表明,除產(chǎn)后、盆腔術(shù)后、外傷、癌癥晚期、昏迷或長期臥床等獲得性因素外,抗凝蛋白缺陷因素越來越不容忽視[3]。本研究對鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬

      醫(yī)院血管外科2012年1月~2013年2月251例靜脈血栓栓塞癥患者的抗凝蛋白進(jìn)行檢測,旨在對其與靜脈血栓發(fā)生的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行分析,為靜脈血栓栓塞癥的早期預(yù)防、早期診斷、早期治療提供理論依據(jù)。

      1 資料與方法

      1.1 一般資料

      2012年1月~2013年2月鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院血管外科診斷為靜脈血栓栓塞癥患者共251例,所有患者均行我院彩超及D-二聚體(大于500μg/L)檢測,確診為深靜脈血栓。

      1.2 方法

      觀察組及對照組檢測對象共311例,觀察組樣本取自我科251例已確診VTE患者,對照組樣本取自60例健康成年人,均空腹采外周血檢測抗凝血酶(antithrombin Ⅲ,AT3)、蛋白C(proteinC,PC)、蛋白S(proteinS,PS)活性。

      1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

      采用SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,t檢驗(yàn)及單因素方差分析進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05。

      2 結(jié)果

      251例VTE中,繼發(fā)于術(shù)后出現(xiàn)者有95例(37.5%),最短為術(shù)后2d,最長為術(shù)后3個(gè)月;合并腫瘤者18例(7.2%),血栓復(fù)發(fā)者18例(7.2%)。觀察組及對照組抗凝蛋白檢測結(jié)果低于正常者所占比例見表1,統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果見表2。

      深靜脈血栓形成是多種因素共同作用的結(jié)果,其中外傷及手術(shù)(37.5%)所占比例較多,其次是PS缺乏(20.3%),再次是AT3缺乏(15.1%)和PC缺乏(10.4%),手術(shù)合并抗凝蛋白缺乏者所占比例最?。?.2%)。這里主要討論抗凝蛋白(PC、PS、AT3)缺乏所致靜脈血栓形成。VTE患者血漿中AT3、PC、PS均值均低于對照組,其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

      3 討論

      研究表明,1/3的VTE患者會(huì)有靜脈血栓后遺癥或靜脈瓣缺失,導(dǎo)致慢性下肢腫脹、潰瘍及疼痛,30%的VTE患者術(shù)后8年內(nèi)會(huì)出現(xiàn)血栓復(fù)發(fā)[4]。因此,明確VTE發(fā)生的原因并加以預(yù)防就顯得非常重要。血液高凝狀態(tài)、血流緩慢及血管壁損傷是造成該病的三大主要原因,單一因素較少致血栓形成,常常是2個(gè)或3個(gè)因素的綜合作用,而其中血液成分改變所導(dǎo)致的高凝狀態(tài)是最重要的因素之一。目前Souto等[5]的研究表明超過60%的血栓易感性是由遺傳因素引起的,而遺傳因素多見于抗凝蛋白缺陷。Andrew等[6]的相關(guān)研究認(rèn)為VTE的發(fā)生是潛在的遺傳易栓性和獲得性突發(fā)事件的結(jié)合,遺傳性抗凝蛋白缺陷代表一種持續(xù)的高凝狀態(tài),而VTE的發(fā)生是一個(gè)突發(fā)事件,高凝狀態(tài)被某些容易引起血栓疾病的獲得性因素誘發(fā),導(dǎo)致VTE的發(fā)生。本研究通過251例VTE患者與60例對照組進(jìn)行對比發(fā)現(xiàn)VTE患者血清中AT3、PC、PS三種抗凝蛋白的水平均有所降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。由此可見,抗凝蛋白的缺乏在血栓的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。

      抗凝血酶Ⅲ是主要由肝臟合成的一種單鏈α2球蛋白,是絲氨酸蛋白抑制物超家族中的一員,是人體抗凝系統(tǒng)的主要因子之一,可以抑制血清中的凝血酶活化,從而防止纖維蛋白的形成。截止2007年3月31日報(bào)道的AT缺陷癥病例已超過350例,AT基因突變的種類至少有211種[7-8]。PC、PS是體內(nèi)重要的抗凝蛋白,屬于蛋白C系統(tǒng),其質(zhì)或量的缺陷將導(dǎo)致機(jī)體抗凝功能的減退或喪失,從而影響凝血-抗凝機(jī)制平衡,與血栓形成密切相關(guān)。PS是PC的輔助因子,可與PC結(jié)合,形成膜結(jié)合型APC-PS復(fù)合體,該復(fù)合體使得凝血因子Va、VIIIa更易被APC降解,從而起到抗凝作用。最新研究表明,PS還具有組織因子途徑抑制物(TFPI)輔因子活性,表現(xiàn)為PS可協(xié)助TFPI對組織因子(TF)的抑制[9]。同時(shí)PS也具有獨(dú)立的抗凝活性,PS可與Zn2+結(jié)合,可直接抑制FX的活化[10-11]。由此可見,PS是參與到多通路的抗凝因子,不難理解PS缺陷是靜脈血栓栓塞癥的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,本文研究的結(jié)果表明VTE患者中AT3、PC、PS三種抗凝蛋白的水平均有所降低,但PS缺陷所占比例最高,達(dá)20.3%,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)PS在血清抗凝物質(zhì)中的重要地位。

      本研究通過對251例靜脈血栓栓塞癥患者抗凝蛋白水平的檢測,并與60例對照組對比,證實(shí)了在VTE患者中存在著較明顯的抗凝蛋白缺陷,AT3、PC、PS三種抗凝蛋白的水平均有所降低,三者缺乏率總和為45.8%,該結(jié)果高于我國學(xué)者白春梅等[12]研究的26.4%,低于臺(tái)灣學(xué)者Shen等[13]報(bào)導(dǎo)的58.8%及香港學(xué)者Liu等[14]研究的53.2%,但均遠(yuǎn)高于西方國家的15%。而由凝血因子V的Leiden突變導(dǎo)致的血漿活化蛋白C抵抗(APCR)已被證實(shí)是西方歐美人群靜脈血栓栓塞癥最為相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素[15]。提示中國人靜脈血栓栓塞癥的病因組成可能與西方國家不同,反映出抗凝蛋白缺陷在我國VTE患者發(fā)病機(jī)制中的重要作用。我國最近Zhu等[16]的大樣本病例對照研究表明,中國漢族普通人群中由分子遺傳學(xué)方法確診的遺傳性AT缺乏者比例為0.08%,遺傳性PS缺乏者比例為0.056%,遺傳性PC缺乏者比例為0.29%。本文選取的60例非靜脈血栓栓塞癥對照組中,AT3、PC、PS三種抗凝蛋白缺陷均為0,可能與樣本量選取的局限性有關(guān)。endprint

      盡管在病因?qū)W上靜脈血栓屬于多基因-環(huán)境因素共同作用疾病,但隨著靜脈血栓遺傳因素廣泛開展,越來越多的研究表明抗凝蛋白在VTE發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用越來越重要。更深入地探索其遺傳背景,揭示更多的遺傳危險(xiǎn)因素,為靜脈血栓的分子診斷、早期有效抗凝方案的制定甚至血栓的靶向治療提供理論依據(jù)。本文研究表明了抗凝蛋白與VTE的發(fā)生有關(guān)聯(lián),但抗凝蛋白缺陷的程度與靜脈血栓發(fā)生概率的關(guān)系仍需我們進(jìn)一步探討。

      [參考文獻(xiàn)]

      [1] Cohen AT,Agnelli G,Anderson FA,et al.Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality[J].Thromb Haemost,2007,98(4):756-764.

      [2] Zakai NA,Mcclure LA.Racial differences in venous thromboembolism[J].J Thromb Haemost,2011,9(10):1877-1882.

      [3] Shen L,Dahlback B.Factor V and protein S as synergistic cofactors to activated protein C in degradation of factor VIIIa[J].J Biol Chem,1994,269(29):18735-18738.

      [4] Prandoni P,Lensing A W,Cogo A,et al.The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis[J].Ann Intern Med,1996,125(1):1-7.

      [5] Souto JC,Almasy L,Borrell M,et al.Genetic susceptibility to thrombosis and its relationship to physiological risk factors:the GAIT study. Genetic Analysis of Idiopathic Thrombophilia[J].Am J Hum Genet,2000,67(6):1452-1459.

      [6] Schafer AI,Levine MN,Konkle BA,et al.Thrombotic disorders:diagnosis and treatment[J].Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program,2003:520-539.

      [7] De Stefano V,Simioni P,Rossi E,et al.The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with inherited deficiency of natural anticoagulants antithrombin, protein C and protein S[J].Haematologica,2006,91(5):695-698.

      [8] Kuhli C,Jochmans K,Scharrer I,et al.Retinal vein occlusion associated with antithrombin deficiency secondary to a novel G9840C missense mutation[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2006,124(8):1165-1169.

      [9] Hackeng TM,Maurissen LF,Castoldi E,et al.Regulation of TFPI function by protein S[J].J Thromb Haemost,2009,7(Suppl 1):165-168.

      [10] Fernandes N,Mosnier LO,Tonnu L,et al.Zn2+-containing protein S inhibits extrinsic factor X-activating complex independently of tissue factor pathway inhibitor[J].J Thromb Haemost,2010,8(9):1976-1985.

      [11] Chattopadhyay R,Sengupta T,Majumder R.Inhibition of intrinsic Xase by protein S: a novel regulatory role of protein S independent of activated protein C[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2012,32(10):2387-2393.

      [12] 白春梅,潘家綺,范連凱.靜脈血栓患者抗凝蛋白缺陷研究[J].中華內(nèi)科雜志,2000,39(11):746.

      [13] Shen MC,Lin JS,Tsay W.High prevalence of antithrombin Ⅲ,protein C and protein S deficiency,but no factor V Leiden mutation in venous thrombophilic Chinese patients in Taiwan[J].Thromb Res,1997,87(4):377-385.

      [14] Liu HW,Kwong YL,Bourke C,et al.High incidence of thrombophilia detected in Chinese patients with venous thrombosis[J].Thromb Haemost,1994,71(4):416-419.

      [15] Bertina RM,Koeleman BP,Koster T,et al.Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C[J].Nature,1994,369(6475):64-67.

      [16] Zhu T,Ding Q,Bai X,et al.Normal ranges and genetic variants of antithrombin,protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population. Results of the Chinese Hemostasis Investigation on Natural Anticoagulants Study I Group[J].Haematologica,2011,96(7):1033-1040.

      (收稿日期:2013-11-04)endprint

      盡管在病因?qū)W上靜脈血栓屬于多基因-環(huán)境因素共同作用疾病,但隨著靜脈血栓遺傳因素廣泛開展,越來越多的研究表明抗凝蛋白在VTE發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用越來越重要。更深入地探索其遺傳背景,揭示更多的遺傳危險(xiǎn)因素,為靜脈血栓的分子診斷、早期有效抗凝方案的制定甚至血栓的靶向治療提供理論依據(jù)。本文研究表明了抗凝蛋白與VTE的發(fā)生有關(guān)聯(lián),但抗凝蛋白缺陷的程度與靜脈血栓發(fā)生概率的關(guān)系仍需我們進(jìn)一步探討。

      [參考文獻(xiàn)]

      [1] Cohen AT,Agnelli G,Anderson FA,et al.Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality[J].Thromb Haemost,2007,98(4):756-764.

      [2] Zakai NA,Mcclure LA.Racial differences in venous thromboembolism[J].J Thromb Haemost,2011,9(10):1877-1882.

      [3] Shen L,Dahlback B.Factor V and protein S as synergistic cofactors to activated protein C in degradation of factor VIIIa[J].J Biol Chem,1994,269(29):18735-18738.

      [4] Prandoni P,Lensing A W,Cogo A,et al.The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis[J].Ann Intern Med,1996,125(1):1-7.

      [5] Souto JC,Almasy L,Borrell M,et al.Genetic susceptibility to thrombosis and its relationship to physiological risk factors:the GAIT study. Genetic Analysis of Idiopathic Thrombophilia[J].Am J Hum Genet,2000,67(6):1452-1459.

      [6] Schafer AI,Levine MN,Konkle BA,et al.Thrombotic disorders:diagnosis and treatment[J].Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program,2003:520-539.

      [7] De Stefano V,Simioni P,Rossi E,et al.The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with inherited deficiency of natural anticoagulants antithrombin, protein C and protein S[J].Haematologica,2006,91(5):695-698.

      [8] Kuhli C,Jochmans K,Scharrer I,et al.Retinal vein occlusion associated with antithrombin deficiency secondary to a novel G9840C missense mutation[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2006,124(8):1165-1169.

      [9] Hackeng TM,Maurissen LF,Castoldi E,et al.Regulation of TFPI function by protein S[J].J Thromb Haemost,2009,7(Suppl 1):165-168.

      [10] Fernandes N,Mosnier LO,Tonnu L,et al.Zn2+-containing protein S inhibits extrinsic factor X-activating complex independently of tissue factor pathway inhibitor[J].J Thromb Haemost,2010,8(9):1976-1985.

      [11] Chattopadhyay R,Sengupta T,Majumder R.Inhibition of intrinsic Xase by protein S: a novel regulatory role of protein S independent of activated protein C[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2012,32(10):2387-2393.

      [12] 白春梅,潘家綺,范連凱.靜脈血栓患者抗凝蛋白缺陷研究[J].中華內(nèi)科雜志,2000,39(11):746.

      [13] Shen MC,Lin JS,Tsay W.High prevalence of antithrombin Ⅲ,protein C and protein S deficiency,but no factor V Leiden mutation in venous thrombophilic Chinese patients in Taiwan[J].Thromb Res,1997,87(4):377-385.

      [14] Liu HW,Kwong YL,Bourke C,et al.High incidence of thrombophilia detected in Chinese patients with venous thrombosis[J].Thromb Haemost,1994,71(4):416-419.

      [15] Bertina RM,Koeleman BP,Koster T,et al.Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C[J].Nature,1994,369(6475):64-67.

      [16] Zhu T,Ding Q,Bai X,et al.Normal ranges and genetic variants of antithrombin,protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population. Results of the Chinese Hemostasis Investigation on Natural Anticoagulants Study I Group[J].Haematologica,2011,96(7):1033-1040.

      (收稿日期:2013-11-04)endprint

      盡管在病因?qū)W上靜脈血栓屬于多基因-環(huán)境因素共同作用疾病,但隨著靜脈血栓遺傳因素廣泛開展,越來越多的研究表明抗凝蛋白在VTE發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用越來越重要。更深入地探索其遺傳背景,揭示更多的遺傳危險(xiǎn)因素,為靜脈血栓的分子診斷、早期有效抗凝方案的制定甚至血栓的靶向治療提供理論依據(jù)。本文研究表明了抗凝蛋白與VTE的發(fā)生有關(guān)聯(lián),但抗凝蛋白缺陷的程度與靜脈血栓發(fā)生概率的關(guān)系仍需我們進(jìn)一步探討。

      [參考文獻(xiàn)]

      [1] Cohen AT,Agnelli G,Anderson FA,et al.Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality[J].Thromb Haemost,2007,98(4):756-764.

      [2] Zakai NA,Mcclure LA.Racial differences in venous thromboembolism[J].J Thromb Haemost,2011,9(10):1877-1882.

      [3] Shen L,Dahlback B.Factor V and protein S as synergistic cofactors to activated protein C in degradation of factor VIIIa[J].J Biol Chem,1994,269(29):18735-18738.

      [4] Prandoni P,Lensing A W,Cogo A,et al.The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis[J].Ann Intern Med,1996,125(1):1-7.

      [5] Souto JC,Almasy L,Borrell M,et al.Genetic susceptibility to thrombosis and its relationship to physiological risk factors:the GAIT study. Genetic Analysis of Idiopathic Thrombophilia[J].Am J Hum Genet,2000,67(6):1452-1459.

      [6] Schafer AI,Levine MN,Konkle BA,et al.Thrombotic disorders:diagnosis and treatment[J].Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program,2003:520-539.

      [7] De Stefano V,Simioni P,Rossi E,et al.The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with inherited deficiency of natural anticoagulants antithrombin, protein C and protein S[J].Haematologica,2006,91(5):695-698.

      [8] Kuhli C,Jochmans K,Scharrer I,et al.Retinal vein occlusion associated with antithrombin deficiency secondary to a novel G9840C missense mutation[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2006,124(8):1165-1169.

      [9] Hackeng TM,Maurissen LF,Castoldi E,et al.Regulation of TFPI function by protein S[J].J Thromb Haemost,2009,7(Suppl 1):165-168.

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      (收稿日期:2013-11-04)endprint

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