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      An Open Letter to the Historians of the 22nd Century 致22世紀(jì)歷史學(xué)家的一封公開(kāi)信

      2014-04-09 11:35:36LarryCebula
      新東方英語(yǔ) 2014年4期
      關(guān)鍵詞:納特切斯杰斐遜

      Larry+Cebula

      In a popular recent academic blog post, the author, a historian, bemoans an imagined decline of diary-keeping in the present era. Future historians will have nothing to write about! The author urges us to sharpen our quill pens, pull out a piece of vellum1) and begin journaling. “This is your duty,” he proclaims. “Create that thing that historians crave—real, firsthand accounts.”

      But this is silly, for a number of reasons. To start with, the author is using a blog on the Internet to complain that no one is writing about their lives anymore. The truth is precisely the opposite—we are living through an explosion of personal writing and documentation that is unprecedented in human history. More than a billion people are on Facebook, posting about their days, complete with pictures. Half a billion are on Twitter. There are tens of millions of blogs. And lets throw Instagram2), YouTube, and similar services into the mix. And of course there is email—which is indeed being saved, as recent news revelations about the NSA3) should reassure all of us.

      Cats, in particular, are being documented to an amazing extent.

      Well, you might argue, theres a big difference between Aunt Ednas Facebook updates and Mary Chesnuts diary4). Its worth noting how extremely atypical5) are the handful of historians favorite diaries. As every working historian has come to realize, for every Mary Chesnut or George Templeton Strong6), there are a hundred surviving diaries of stoic7) Norwegian farmers or busy millworkers that are considerably less than illuminating:

      November 2, 1863: rained.

      November 3, 1863: Rained

      November 5, 1863: Cow dyed.

      November 8, 1863: Didnt rain

      In contrast, future historians of my era will have information, both useful and useless, sprayed at them with a fire hose. Its worth thinking about how you future historians can sift through8) the flood of primary-source material to sort the 21st-century Mary Chesnuts from the Aunt Ednas.

      Imagine if Thomas Jefferson9) had a Facebook page, commented on the pages of his Facebook friends, tweeted and posted photos to Instagram. Now imagine that all of his contemporaries were Facebooking and tweeting about Jefferson, Instagramming Monticello10), and posting their comments on the Declaration of Independences second draft on Google Docs! We would have vastly more information about the man. And Lord knows there is no shortage of primary-source information about Jefferson as is11).

      The real revolution in personal writing and documentation for our era, however, is the way that it will illuminate the lives of us peasants. Every fry cook at McDonalds has a Facebook page. And as I hinted above, it is not just that people are writing more than ever before. Future historians will have hundreds of millions of images (from Instagram alone) of peoples daily lives. Add tens of millions of videos. And then there is the metadata—GPS locations for those posts and images, networks of friends and sharing, tags and hashtags! For broader context, you 22nd-century historians will pull up an archived Google Street View of the neighborhood, see what cable services the subject subscribed to, and peruse12) old Amazon order histories and wish lists.

      Not so fast, my contemporary readers might point out. Most of these sources are commercial services, with privacy policies and limited sharing. How many of these records will even exist in 100 years? Anyway, it isnt like you can just pull up the Facebook pages of all Cleveland fry cooks and sort by the text “salmonella13).”

      Not yet, you cant, but you will be able to. My 22nd-century readers will of course be aware of the Steve Jobs Personal Privacy Elimination Act of 2037, but even readers of my own era should know about the rapid erosion of privacy. Even before the phenomena became apparent, there was a general principle known as the “75-year rule” that most government documents became public after that amount of time. And as for the saving of old Facebook posts and the like, data is money, and data is security, and storage costs continue to fall like a stone.

      Digital preservation has made great strides in the decades since NASA lost the original moon landing tapes14). Today digital archivists use such preservation strategies as redundancy (keeping multiple copies of files in different places) and forward migration15) (moving files into the latest format so you can still read them). At the Washington State Archives, Digital Archives (where I work), 117 million digital objects are preserved in multiple backups16), both on hard drives and on magnetic tapes. Yet our data is a fraction of what is being captured and preserved by Google, Yahoo, and other tech giants. And the nonprofit Internet Archive17) has preserved more than 10 petabytes18) of digital data, from expired Geocities19) pages to the Webs largest collection of bootleg Grateful Dead20) recordings.

      Not all or even most of the current flood of stuff will survive into the next century, but lots and lots of it will. Far from the “digital dark age” that some were predicting only 10 years ago, the future will be awash in data from our era. Our LOLCats21) are safe for eternity.

      So to all those future historians who stumble across this blog post long after I am dead: Sorry for all the stuff. I know you people are going to have unimaginable tools for sorting, thinning, combining and analyze the mountain of “real, firsthand accounts” that my generation has been thoughtlessly creating. Still, I know that on some days you must grow weary of examining the 746,000 variations on a single meme22). You must sometimes shout: “Stupid dead person, when your hard drive gets full dont just buy a bigger backup, sort your damn files!” You must spend days reading the Facebook feed of some 13-year-old who later became famous, and you must feel despair.

      Sorry about that, historians of the 22nd century. I am sorry that I made so many blog posts featuring someone elses YouTube video. Sorry that so many of my Facebook updates are vacuous. Sorry about all of my files undescriptively labeled “DSCimage987234534.jpg” and “GrantProposal2,docx.” Sorry for the mess.

      在最近流行的一篇學(xué)術(shù)博客文章中,該文作者(一位歷史學(xué)家)認(rèn)為在如今這個(gè)時(shí)代記日記的人越來(lái)越少,并因此扼腕嘆息。未來(lái)的歷史學(xué)家們將會(huì)沒(méi)什么可寫(xiě)的!這位作者敦促我們削尖羽毛筆,抽出羊皮紙,開(kāi)始寫(xiě)日記?!斑@是你們的職責(zé),”他宣稱(chēng),“創(chuàng)作歷史學(xué)家們所渴望的東西——真實(shí)的第一手記述?!?/p>

      但這種觀念是愚蠢的,有如下幾個(gè)原因。首先,這位作者正在用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的博客抱怨,說(shuō)沒(méi)有人再記述自己的生活了。而事實(shí)恰恰相反——我們正在經(jīng)歷人類(lèi)歷史上史無(wú)前例的個(gè)人寫(xiě)作和記錄的大爆發(fā)。超過(guò)十億人在使用Facebook展示他們的日常生活,還配有照片。五億人在使用Twitter。數(shù)千萬(wàn)人在使用博客。我們還可以把Instagram、YouTube及其他類(lèi)似的服務(wù)算進(jìn)來(lái)。當(dāng)然,還有電子郵件。電子郵件的確得到了保存,最近關(guān)于國(guó)家安全局的新聞披露應(yīng)該能讓我們所有人都放心了。

      特別是關(guān)于貓的記錄,簡(jiǎn)直到了驚人的程度。

      好吧,你們也許會(huì)爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō),埃德娜姑媽Facebook的更新與瑪麗·切斯納特的日記還是有很大區(qū)別的。但值得注意的是,歷史學(xué)家最?lèi)?ài)的那幾本日記都是極其不典型的。正如每個(gè)職業(yè)歷史學(xué)家開(kāi)始意識(shí)到的那樣,每有一個(gè)瑪麗·切斯納特或喬治·坦普頓·斯特朗,與之對(duì)應(yīng)的就有一百本留存下來(lái)的出自堅(jiān)忍的挪威農(nóng)民或忙碌的工廠工人之手的日記。這些日記的啟迪性可就差多了:

      1863年11月2日:下雨了。

      1863年11月3日:下雨了

      1863年11月5日:牛死了。

      1863年11月8日:沒(méi)下雨

      相比之下,研究我這個(gè)時(shí)代的未來(lái)歷史學(xué)家們將擁有大量有用和無(wú)用的信息,這些信息會(huì)像消防水管中的水一樣向他們噴去。值得思考的是,你們這些未來(lái)的歷史學(xué)家們?cè)鯓硬拍茉诘谝皇植牧系暮榱髦羞M(jìn)行篩選,將21世紀(jì)的瑪麗·切斯納特們與埃德娜姑媽們區(qū)分開(kāi)。

      想象一下,如果托馬斯·杰斐遜有一個(gè)Facebook頁(yè)面,在其Facebook好友的頁(yè)面上發(fā)表評(píng)論,發(fā)推文,還在Instagram上發(fā)照片,那會(huì)是什么樣子?,F(xiàn)在再想象一下,他同時(shí)代的所有人都在Facebook和Twitter上發(fā)布關(guān)于杰斐遜的信息,在Instagram上發(fā)蒙蒂塞洛莊園的照片,并就谷歌文檔上《獨(dú)立宣言》的第二稿發(fā)表評(píng)論!這樣的話,關(guān)于杰斐遜我們就會(huì)有更廣泛的信息。天知道關(guān)于真實(shí)的杰斐遜我們不缺乏一手信息呢。

      然而,對(duì)于我們這個(gè)時(shí)代來(lái)說(shuō),個(gè)人寫(xiě)作和記錄方面的真正變革在于其將如何闡釋我們勞動(dòng)大眾的生活。麥當(dāng)勞的每個(gè)油炸食品廚師都有Facebook頁(yè)面。正如我在上文所暗示的那樣,人們不僅僅是寫(xiě)得比以前多。未來(lái)的歷史學(xué)家們還將擁有數(shù)億張人們?nèi)粘I畹膱D片(單從Instagram上算)。再加上數(shù)千萬(wàn)個(gè)視頻。然后還有元數(shù)據(jù)——那些留言和圖片的GPS位置,好友和信息分享的網(wǎng)絡(luò),標(biāo)簽和話題標(biāo)簽!從更廣闊的背景來(lái)看,你們22世紀(jì)的歷史學(xué)家們將會(huì)翻出一份某個(gè)街區(qū)存檔的谷歌街景,看看研究對(duì)象都訂購(gòu)了什么有線電視服務(wù),仔細(xì)研究一下其以前的亞馬遜歷史訂單和心愿單。

      別急啊,我的當(dāng)代讀者們可能會(huì)指出。這些來(lái)源大多是商業(yè)服務(wù),受隱私政策約束,分享程度有限。一百年后,這些記錄中究竟有多少還存在呢?無(wú)論如何,你們是沒(méi)法就那么翻出所有克利夫蘭油炸食品廚師的Facebook頁(yè)面,然后根據(jù)“沙門(mén)氏菌”的字樣來(lái)進(jìn)行篩選的。

      還不行,你們還不能這么做,但你們即將能這樣做了。我22世紀(jì)的讀者們當(dāng)然會(huì)知道《2037年史蒂夫·喬布斯個(gè)人隱私消除法》,但即便是我這個(gè)時(shí)代的讀者們也應(yīng)該知道,隱私正被快速地侵蝕。甚至在這種現(xiàn)象凸顯之前,就有一個(gè)被稱(chēng)為“75年規(guī)則”的普遍原則,即大部分政府檔案將在75年之后公開(kāi)。而對(duì)于Facebook歷史留言等內(nèi)容的保存,數(shù)據(jù)就是金錢(qián),數(shù)據(jù)就是安全,而且數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)成本將繼續(xù)如墜石般下降。

      在美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局遺失了原始的登月錄像帶之后的幾十年間,數(shù)字保存已經(jīng)取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步。今天,數(shù)字檔案保管員們采用冗余(在不同位置保存文件的多個(gè)副本)和縱向遷移(將文件轉(zhuǎn)換為最新的格式以便你仍能讀?。┻@樣的保存策略。在華盛頓州檔案館的數(shù)字檔案館(我工作的地方),1.17億個(gè)數(shù)字對(duì)象以多個(gè)備份的方式保存,既有在硬盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器上的備份,也有磁盤(pán)上的備份。然而,我們的數(shù)據(jù)只是谷歌、雅虎和其他科技巨頭所獲取并保存的數(shù)據(jù)中的一小部分。而非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)檔案館已經(jīng)保存了超過(guò)100億兆字節(jié)的數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù),從過(guò)期的雅虎地球村頁(yè)面到網(wǎng)絡(luò)上數(shù)量最龐大的盜版“死之華”樂(lè)隊(duì)專(zhuān)輯收藏,應(yīng)有盡有。

      并非當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)洪流的所有內(nèi)容都會(huì)保存到下個(gè)世紀(jì),甚至大部分內(nèi)容都不能,但的確會(huì)有大量的數(shù)據(jù)保留下來(lái)。未來(lái)遠(yuǎn)非某些人在十年前所預(yù)測(cè)的那樣是“數(shù)字黑暗時(shí)代”。未來(lái)將充斥著來(lái)自我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的數(shù)據(jù)。我們的搞笑貓咪肯定會(huì)流芳百世。

      那么,對(duì)那些在我去世很久之后偶然讀到這篇博文的所有未來(lái)歷史學(xué)家們,我要說(shuō):對(duì)所有這一切我感到抱歉。我知道你們將擁有我們難以想象的篩選、精簡(jiǎn)和合并工具,用以分析我們這代人草率地創(chuàng)造出的堆積如山的“真實(shí)的第一手記述”。但我也知道,在某些日子,你們一定會(huì)對(duì)仔細(xì)研究一個(gè)文化基因的74.6萬(wàn)種變體感到厭倦。有時(shí),你們肯定會(huì)吼道:“愚蠢的死人,你的硬盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)滿了時(shí),不要只是買(mǎi)個(gè)更大的備用硬盤(pán),整理下你該死的文件吧!”你們必須花費(fèi)很多天的時(shí)間去讀某個(gè)后來(lái)成名的13歲孩子的Facebook內(nèi)容,而你們一定會(huì)感到絕望的。

      對(duì)此我很抱歉,22世紀(jì)的歷史學(xué)家們。抱歉我寫(xiě)了這么多關(guān)于別人的YouTube視頻的博文。抱歉我有那么多的Facebook更新都很空洞。對(duì)于所有我毫無(wú)意義地命名成“DSCimage987234534.jpg”和 “GrantProposal2.docx”這樣的文件,我表示抱歉。為這一切雜亂抱歉。

      1. vellum [?vel?m] n. (書(shū)寫(xiě)或裝幀用的)精制牛皮紙(或羊皮紙)

      2. Instagram:一款圖片分享應(yīng)用,允許用戶隨時(shí)隨地拍攝圖片并分享至網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

      3. 此處是指2013年8月,美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局(National Security Agency,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為NSA)向媒體承認(rèn),曾在2008至2011年間大量搜集美國(guó)公民的電子郵件及私人通訊記錄。

      4. Mary Chesnuts diary:此處指瑪麗·切斯納特(1823~1886)所著的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)日記。

      5. atypical [?e??t?p?k(?)l] adj. 非典型的

      6. George Templeton Strong:?jiǎn)讨巍ぬ蛊疹D·斯特朗 (1820~1875),律師,曾著有長(zhǎng)達(dá)2250頁(yè)的個(gè)人日記,全面展現(xiàn)出了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)時(shí)期美國(guó)社會(huì)的概況。

      7. stoic [?st???k] adj. 堅(jiān)忍的,隱忍的

      8. sift through:篩選

      9. Thomas Jefferson:托馬斯·杰斐遜(1743~1826),第三任美國(guó)總統(tǒng),《獨(dú)立宣言》的起草人之一

      10. Monticello:此處指杰斐遜親自設(shè)計(jì)建造的蒙蒂塞洛莊園。

      11. as is:按現(xiàn)狀;照原來(lái)的樣子

      12. peruse [p??ru?z] vt. 仔細(xì)觀察,仔細(xì)研究

      13. salmonella [?s?lm??nel?] n. [微]沙門(mén)氏菌

      14. 此處是指2006年曝出的美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局(NASA)弄丟人類(lèi)首次登月原始錄像一事。

      15. migration [ma??ɡre??(?)n] n. [計(jì)]遷移,轉(zhuǎn)移

      16. backup [?b?k?p] n. [計(jì)]備份;備份的數(shù)據(jù)

      17. Internet Archive:互聯(lián)網(wǎng)檔案館,一個(gè)公益性數(shù)字圖書(shū)館

      18. petabyte [?pet??ba?t] n. [計(jì)]拍字節(jié),即1015字節(jié),相當(dāng)于10億兆字節(jié)。

      19. Geocities:雅虎地球村,一個(gè)提供個(gè)人空間服務(wù)的網(wǎng)站

      20. Grateful Dead:“死之華”,美國(guó)搖滾樂(lè)團(tuán)

      21. LOLCats:2007年在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上出現(xiàn)的一系列搞笑貓咪圖片,上面配有趣味文字說(shuō)明。

      22. meme [mi?m] n. [生]文化基因

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