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骨水泥強(qiáng)化椎弓根螺釘固定治療老年退行性腰椎疾病的療效觀察
嚴(yán)小康1甘學(xué)文1聶宇2聶中華1左云周1
目的評(píng)價(jià)骨水泥強(qiáng)化椎弓根螺釘固定治療老年退行性腰椎疾病的近期臨床療效。方法 回顧性分析2011年6月~2013年5月采用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (PMMA)骨水泥強(qiáng)化椎弓根螺釘固定結(jié)合后路椎體間植入聚醚醚酮(PEEK)材質(zhì)椎間融合器治療老年退行性腰椎疾病30例。所有患者術(shù)前骨密度檢測均符合骨質(zhì)疏松診斷 (超聲骨密度值測定<—2.5)。結(jié)果 30例患者均順利完成手術(shù),術(shù)中無神經(jīng)及硬膜損傷,骨水泥無嚴(yán)重滲漏,術(shù)后復(fù)查X線、CT顯示骨水泥分布均勻。隨訪10~21個(gè)月,平均 (16±2.11)個(gè)月,神經(jīng)受壓癥狀均得到改善。VAS評(píng)分術(shù)前 (7.01±1.44)、術(shù)后6個(gè)月隨訪為 (3.00±0.57)、末次隨訪為 (2.23±1.19);JOA評(píng)分術(shù)前為 (9.98±5.64)、術(shù)后6個(gè)月隨訪為(17.99±1.41)、末次隨訪為(18.42±1.47);ODI評(píng)分術(shù)前為(0.64±0.24)、術(shù)后6個(gè)月為(0.27±0.07)、末次隨訪為 (0.22±0.09)。三項(xiàng)評(píng)分術(shù)后 6個(gè)月、末次隨訪分別與術(shù)前對比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;術(shù)后6個(gè)月和末次隨訪對比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。末次隨訪時(shí)復(fù)查X線或CT顯示椎弓根螺釘無松動(dòng),椎間融合器無下沉,椎間融合滿意,融合率為86.7%。結(jié)論使用骨水泥強(qiáng)化椎弓根螺釘能夠提高螺釘對伴有骨質(zhì)疏松的椎體的握持力,防止椎弓根螺釘松動(dòng),保證較高的椎間融合率,是治療老年退行性腰椎疾病一種安全而有效的手術(shù)方式。
骨水泥強(qiáng)化;老年退行性腰椎疾??;骨質(zhì)疏松;腰椎融合術(shù)
目前,后路腰椎椎體間融合術(shù)已經(jīng)廣泛的應(yīng)用于治療老年退行性腰椎疾病,臨床療效滿意。但對于伴有老年性骨質(zhì)疏松癥的患者,易發(fā)生椎弓根螺釘松動(dòng),椎間融合器下沉,導(dǎo)致椎間融合率下降,影響臨床療效。對此,我院于2011年6月~2013年5月采用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (PMMA)骨水泥強(qiáng)化椎弓根螺釘固定結(jié)合后路椎體間植入聚醚醚酮(PEEK)材質(zhì)椎間融合器治療老年退行性腰椎疾病30例,療效滿意,報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料
30例患者 (腰椎間盤突出癥6例,腰椎管狹窄癥7例,退行性腰椎滑脫癥12例,腰椎失穩(wěn)癥5例)中,男8例,女22例,年齡62~78歲,平均 (71.12±5.54)歲。所有患者均在術(shù)前行骨密度測定確認(rèn)符合骨質(zhì)疏松診斷(超聲骨密度值測定<—2.5)。所有患者評(píng)價(jià)心肺功能均正常,可耐受腰椎內(nèi)固定手術(shù)?;颊咴谘猜?lián)合麻醉下接受PMMA骨水泥強(qiáng)化椎弓根螺釘固定+后路椎體間植入PEEK材質(zhì)椎間融合器手術(shù)。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
俯臥位,腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉,后正中手術(shù)入路,常規(guī)暴露需要固定節(jié)段椎體的棘突、椎板、關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)及人字嵴。以腰椎人字嵴頂點(diǎn)為進(jìn)針點(diǎn),按步驟依次行椎弓根開口、開路、置入導(dǎo)針、測深,探得釘?shù)浪谋诩暗撞繄?jiān)硬,無落空感,置入定位針。C臂X光機(jī)透視確認(rèn)定位針位置及方向正確后,用直徑5.5mm的開路器進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)張釘?shù)?。調(diào)制骨水泥,當(dāng)骨水泥至面團(tuán)前期時(shí)將其灌入骨水泥推桿,以退行式向每個(gè)釘?shù)姥杆俚刈⑷爰s1.5ml骨水泥,注入時(shí)注意邊注入骨水泥邊退出骨水泥推桿,以填充整個(gè)椎弓根釘?shù)罏橐?。接著快速地置入全部椎弓根螺釘,再次C臂X光機(jī)透視觀察骨水泥在螺釘固定后在椎體內(nèi)的彌散情況。一般來說,調(diào)制一次骨水泥可一次性完成四個(gè)釘?shù)赖牟僮?,若需置?或8枚椎弓根螺釘,可分兩次調(diào)制骨水泥完成。根據(jù)病情行手術(shù)節(jié)段減壓,解除神經(jīng)壓迫,取出椎間盤髓核及終板軟骨,處理植骨床,行椎體間植骨融合后置入填滿骨粒的PEEK材質(zhì)椎間融合器。最后C臂X光機(jī)透視確認(rèn)椎間融合器位置良好。沖洗創(chuàng)口,放置引流管,逐層縫合切口,覆蓋無菌敷料。
1.3 術(shù)后處理
術(shù)后24~48小時(shí)內(nèi)拔除引流管。術(shù)后常規(guī)應(yīng)用預(yù)防性的抗感染藥物3日。術(shù)后臥床休息14日,然后在腰部支具保護(hù)下起床活動(dòng)。支具保護(hù)時(shí)間1~2個(gè)月。術(shù)后長期常規(guī)抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療 (鈣劑+維生素D+雙膦酸鹽或降鈣素)。
1.4 評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
分別于術(shù)前、術(shù)后6個(gè)月和末次隨訪時(shí)評(píng)價(jià)下列指標(biāo):視覺模擬疼痛評(píng)分 (VAS)評(píng)價(jià)疼痛癥狀的改善情況;日本矯形外科學(xué)會(huì) (JOA)腰痛評(píng)分評(píng)價(jià)神經(jīng)功能的改善情況;Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù) (ODI)評(píng)分評(píng)價(jià)功能障礙的改善情況。末次隨訪時(shí)復(fù)查X線、CT,觀察椎弓根螺釘有無松動(dòng),椎間融合器有無下沉,椎間是否融合,并計(jì)算融合率。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
數(shù)據(jù)處理采用SPSS10.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行配對 檢驗(yàn)。<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 納入樣本量分析
納入患者共30例,數(shù)據(jù)收集完整無樣本脫落,全部進(jìn)入結(jié)果分析。
2.2 手術(shù)結(jié)局分析
患者住院時(shí)間14~20天,平均 (17.52±1.14)天;全部患者手術(shù)過程平穩(wěn),術(shù)后安全返回病房;手術(shù)時(shí)間130~200分鐘,平均 (169±21.79)分鐘;出血量350~1000 ml,平均(584±81.75)ml;每側(cè)骨水泥注入量約1.5ml,30例置入椎弓根螺釘后C臂X光機(jī)透視,骨水泥無嚴(yán)重滲漏。
2.3 療效評(píng)價(jià)
對患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后6個(gè)月和末次隨訪的疼痛指數(shù)、神經(jīng)功能及日常生活功能情況分別進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)和比較,30例患者獲得了10~21個(gè)月,平均(16±2.11)個(gè)月的療效隨訪。患者術(shù)后6個(gè)月、末次隨訪的VAS、JOA、ODI評(píng)分分別與術(shù)前對比提示,較術(shù)前均有明顯好轉(zhuǎn) (<0.05),疼痛明顯減輕,神經(jīng)功能明顯恢復(fù),日常生活功能明顯改善。但相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的末次隨訪對比術(shù)后6個(gè)月,并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(>0.05)。見表1。
2.4 影像學(xué)結(jié)果
術(shù)后末次隨訪時(shí)復(fù)查X線或CT(圖1),30例患者均未出現(xiàn)椎弓根螺釘松動(dòng)和 (或)椎間融合器下沉,其中已椎間融合26例,融合率為86.7%。
表1 術(shù)前、術(shù)后6個(gè)月及末次隨訪時(shí)的指標(biāo)評(píng)分
圖1 78歲女性,術(shù)前腰椎正側(cè)位X線(a、b)、腰椎MRI T1、T2像(c、d)示L4椎體Ⅰ°前滑。術(shù)后2周復(fù)查腰椎正側(cè)位X線(e、f)示滑脫完全復(fù)位,椎間融合器位置良好,骨水泥分布均勻,無明顯滲漏。術(shù)后16月復(fù)查腰椎正側(cè)位X線(g、h)示各椎體內(nèi)骨水泥與椎體、與螺釘界面無透亮線,螺釘無松動(dòng),椎間融合器無下沉,椎間融合良好
隨著我國進(jìn)入老年化社會(huì),患有老年退行性腰椎疾病的患者日益增多,其中不少同時(shí)還伴有老年性骨質(zhì)疏松癥。目前,后路腰椎椎體間融合術(shù)是公認(rèn)的治療老年退行性腰椎疾病的一種行之有效的術(shù)式。但患者一旦合并有老年性骨質(zhì)疏松癥,其椎體骨量大量丟失,骨小梁明顯稀疏,其疏松的骨質(zhì)難以獲得對椎弓根螺釘足夠的握持力,骨質(zhì)和螺釘固定不牢靠可導(dǎo)致內(nèi)固定失敗,螺釘?shù)乃蓜?dòng)率最高達(dá)25%[1]。因此,如何提高椎弓根螺釘對骨質(zhì)的握持力成為了治療成敗的關(guān)鍵因素。
針對骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體的特性,為應(yīng)對置釘后因螺釘對骨質(zhì)疏松椎體握持力下降所帶來的內(nèi)因定失敗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),目前研究主要集中于椎弓根螺釘改造和釘?shù)缽?qiáng)化的技術(shù)上,前者有大直徑椎弓根螺釘[2-4]、可膨脹椎弓根螺釘[5,6]、長螺釘實(shí)現(xiàn)雙皮質(zhì)螺釘植入[7]、羥基磷灰石涂層椎弓根螺釘[8,9]等,后者有釘?shù)乐补菑?qiáng)化[10]及骨水泥強(qiáng)化等方法。前者并不能從根本上改變骨質(zhì)疏松椎體對螺釘握持力不足的現(xiàn)狀,只有骨水泥釘?shù)缽?qiáng)化技術(shù)通過改善骨-釘界面以增加骨對螺釘?shù)奈粘至?,才能有效地提高了椎弓根螺釘?shù)姆€(wěn)定性。骨水泥被注入釘?shù)罆r(shí),它可滲透到稀疏的骨小梁之間,形成無數(shù)的觸角,再在椎弓根螺釘擰入的壓力下,骨水泥的觸角會(huì)顯著增加并更加深入,待骨水泥固化后,骨、骨水泥、釘三者之間可最終形成統(tǒng)一的整體。椎弓根螺釘經(jīng)骨水泥強(qiáng)化后,能有效地提高脊柱的穩(wěn)定性,防止脊柱固定節(jié)段發(fā)生疲勞斷裂的情況,使骨質(zhì)疏松患者得到長久而堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的脊柱內(nèi)固定[11-13]。另外,術(shù)后還需堅(jiān)持長期而規(guī)律的抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療,本組隨訪中均未發(fā)現(xiàn)螺釘松動(dòng)的情況,可能與此也有關(guān)。
判斷骨水泥聚合至什么程度置釘,是保證骨水泥強(qiáng)化椎弓根螺釘最終強(qiáng)度的關(guān)鍵。Flahiff等[14]比較了 PMMA骨水泥的三個(gè)不同時(shí)期對強(qiáng)化作用的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)三者均有顯著強(qiáng)化作用。其中,“面團(tuán)期”作用最強(qiáng),“糨糊期”居中,硬化后最弱。從骨水泥黏度看,低黏度骨水泥注入方便,彌散性好,但滲漏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也相應(yīng)增高;高黏度骨水泥彌散偏集中,滲漏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也有所降低,但其可供操作的時(shí)間縮短,注入所需的壓力增大,增加了操作難度。故我們選擇在骨水泥調(diào)制后的“面團(tuán)前期”注入骨水泥,骨水泥強(qiáng)化效果較佳,滲漏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小。
關(guān)于骨水泥注入要注意注入方式選擇退行式注入,即邊注入骨水泥邊退出骨水泥推桿[15]。注入時(shí),以骨水泥充滿整個(gè)釘?shù)罏橐?。有研究表明骨水泥分布于整個(gè)釘?shù)罆r(shí)可獲得最高的固定強(qiáng)度[16],而當(dāng)只分布于椎弓根區(qū)域時(shí)僅能得到近60%的固定強(qiáng)度[13]。但椎弓根區(qū)域的骨水泥分布增加了骨水泥漏入椎管的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[17]。
PMMA骨水泥強(qiáng)化釘?shù)揽赡芤鸬牟l(fā)癥也應(yīng)引起足夠的重視,其包括 PMMA單體毒性、滲漏壓迫神經(jīng)組織、凝固發(fā)熱灼傷神經(jīng)組織、固定強(qiáng)度高導(dǎo)致鄰近椎體骨折、永存體內(nèi)導(dǎo)致翻修困難等[18]。在保證釘?shù)劳暾那疤嵯拢撬囵ざ纫酥袝r(shí)注入,注意充滿整個(gè)釘?shù)?,可減少發(fā)生骨水泥滲漏的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本組術(shù)后未發(fā)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)組織損傷,隨訪中亦未發(fā)現(xiàn)鄰近椎體骨折的病例。另外,關(guān)于術(shù)后翻修困難的問題,其關(guān)鍵在于骨水泥強(qiáng)化后螺釘?shù)墓潭◤?qiáng)度增加,此時(shí)螺釘是否能夠順利取出。Cho等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)螺釘?shù)男雠ぞ卦谑褂霉撬鄷r(shí)較未使用骨水泥時(shí)增加,但不影響取出,螺釘可安全完整取出,未發(fā)生骨折情況。但應(yīng)考慮到骨、骨水泥、螺釘三者已形成一整體,取出螺釘時(shí)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)骨與骨水泥之間的松動(dòng),還需要進(jìn)一步臨床驗(yàn)證。
Lim等[20]證實(shí)在保留終板完整的前提下骨密度與骨性終板的抗壓能力呈正相關(guān),椎體骨密度降低時(shí)椎間融合器切割椎體和下沉的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)增加。因此,我們選擇與骨強(qiáng)度和剛度相似的 PEEK材質(zhì)的椎間融合器,避免對椎體的切割作用,有效防止融合器下沉。隨訪中未發(fā)現(xiàn)融合器下沉的病例。
從短期療效來看,該方法可有效地緩解患有老年退行性腰椎疾病并伴有骨質(zhì)疏松患者的病痛,是一種安全性較高并且行之有效的手術(shù)方式。但本研究中存在觀察例數(shù)不多、隨訪時(shí)間不長等不足,隨著將來觀察病例不斷積累、隨訪時(shí)間不斷延長,相關(guān)經(jīng)驗(yàn)定有更深一步的總結(jié)。
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Outcome of bone cement augmented pedicle screw instrumentation for degenerative lumbar disease
Yan Xiaokang1,Gan Xuewen1,Nie Yu2,et al.1 Department Third of Orthopaedics,Second Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine,Wuhan Hubei,430079;2 Wuhan Ordnance Officer School Clinic, Wuhan,Hubei,430075,China
Objective To evaluate the clinic efficacy of bone cement augmented pedicle screw instrumentation for degenerative lumbar disease.Methods From June 2011 to May 2013,30 cases with degenerative lumbar disease undergoing polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)augmented pedicle screw instrumentation and polyetheretherketone(PEEK)material cage implanted posterior interbody were included in this study.Osteoporosis was diagnosed by ultrasound examination in all cases preoperatively(BMD parameter<—2.5).Results All the 30 cases underwent the operation successfully.There were no complications such as neural or vascular injuries or catastrophic cement leakage.The postoperative X-ray and CT scan showed that the cement distribution was symmetrical.After a follow-up of 10 to 12months[(16±2.11)months] of these 30 cases,clinical symptom caused by acute nerve compression had a significant improvement.The VAS,JOA and ODI scores improved from(7.01±1.44),(9.98±5.64)and(0.64±0.24)to(3.00±0.57),(17.99±1.41)and(0.27±0.07) at six months postoperation;to(2.23±1.19);(18.42±1.47)and(0.22±0.09)at the time of the latest follow-up.The differences between six months postoperation and preoperative were statistically significant.The differences between the latest follow-up and preoperative were also statistically significant.The differences between six months postoperation and the latest follow-up weren't statistically significant.The latest follow-up check with X-ray or CT scan showed that the pedicle screws didn't loose,the cages didn’t sink and the interbody fusion was well.The fusion rate was 86.7%.Conclusion The application of the bone cement augmented pedicle screws can improve the screws holding strength with osteoporotic vertebrae.It can also pretent pedicle screws from loosing and ensure the high interbody fusion rate.So it is a safe and effective surgery treating degenerative lumbar disease.
Bone cement augmentation;Degenerative lumbar disease;Osteoporosis;Lumbar spinal fusion surgery
R681.5
B
10.3969/j.issn.1672-5972.2014.05.019
swgk2014-04-0074
嚴(yán)小康(1982-)男,碩士,醫(yī)師。研究方向:脊柱外科。
2014-04-22)
1武漢市第二中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院骨科三病區(qū),湖北武漢430079;2武漢軍械士官學(xué)校門診部,湖北武漢430075