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      不同類型腎小球疾病患者尿液中的蠟樣管型分析

      2014-05-19 16:31:37王中全鞏姣梅
      中國現代醫(yī)生 2014年11期
      關鍵詞:尿沉渣

      王中全 鞏姣梅

      [摘要] 目的 探討不同類型的腎小球疾病患者尿液中的蠟樣管型。方法 尿沉渣離心鏡檢、計數管型數量并分類。結果 300例腎小球疾病患者中,共發(fā)現蠟樣管型42例(14.0%),其中急性感染后腎小球腎炎和腎淀粉樣變管型比例最高,分別達到了45.5%和50.0%,局灶性節(jié)段性腎小球硬化和微小病變性腎病未檢測到蠟樣管型。 結論 不同類型腎小球疾病患者中蠟樣管型的數量不同。

      [關鍵詞] 腎小球疾?。荒虺猎?;蠟樣管型

      [中圖分類號] R692.6 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2014)11-0146-03

      [Abstract] Objective To investigate the waxy casts in the urinary sediment of patients with different types of glomerular diseases. Methods Urine sediment was centrifuged and read by microscopy. Then count the number of casts and classify them. Results About 42(14.0%) of 300 cases were found the waxy casts in patients with glomerular diseases. Acute glomerulonephritis and renal amyloidosis had the highest casts, 45.5% and 50.0% respectively. Moreover, waxy casts were not found in conditions such as focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and minimal change nephropathy. Conclusion Waxy casts are different in various types of glomerular diseases.

      [Key words] Glomerular diseases; Urinary sediment; Waxy casts

      尿沉渣分析是尿液分析中重要的組成成分,對尿液干化學分析儀器診斷泌尿系統(tǒng)疾病具有重要的意義。管型(casts)為尿沉渣中有重要意義的成分,它的出現往往提示有腎實質性損害[1]。管型包括:透明管型、顆粒管型(細顆粒管型和粗顆粒管型)、脂肪管型、細胞管型(紅細胞管型、白細胞管型、上皮細胞管型)、細菌管型、真菌管型、蠟樣管型和混合管型[2]。對于透明管型、顆粒管型、脂肪管型、紅細胞管型、白細胞管型、上皮細胞管型已經有很多的文獻報道,而蠟樣管型卻鮮有報道,雖然其在19世紀后50年就已經被人類所認識[3]。本研究主要分析不同類型腎小球疾病患者尿液中的蠟樣管型,以期為今后對蠟樣管型的研究提供參考。

      1 資料與方法

      1.1一般資料

      本研究收集了2010年1月~2013年6月來自鄭州大學第二附屬醫(yī)院腎病科標本300例,年齡12~85歲,中位年齡48歲,其中男140例,女160例。除了尿沉渣鏡檢,還收集了每一個患者的尿pH值、比重和尿蛋白排泄量(g/L),同時記錄了病程,時間從第一次化驗結果表明腎功能障礙到腎活檢。

      1.2 納入與排除標準

      納入標準:①腎活檢診斷為腎小球疾病,且伴有中度到重度的管型尿;②尿沉渣檢查在進行腎穿刺活檢前幾個小時進行。排除標準:尿路感染、白帶污染、生殖器官出血、月經、肉眼血尿或腎穿刺活檢的非典型性適應證(如未明確分類的腎小球疾?。?。

      1.3 尿沉渣檢測

      指導患者用肥皂和清水清洗外生殖器,棄去晨尿,2h后收集患者中段尿進行檢測。標本處理:取10 mL尿液轉移到尿沉渣離心管,400× g離心力下離心分離10 min,離心結束后,棄去9.8 mL上清液,將底部的沉淀物0.2 mL輕柔混勻,用移液槍吸取50 μL沉渣轉移至載玻片上,覆蓋24 mm×32 mm蓋玻片,之后由幾名專家雙盲進行顯微鏡鏡檢。

      對于每個樣品的檢測,首先在低倍鏡下(10×10)對管型進行初步計數,評估患者是否可以納入研究范圍。然后,在高倍鏡下(40×10),對每個樣品計數100個管型,并進行分類。分類包括:透明管型、顆粒管型、蠟樣管型、脂肪管型、紅細胞管型、白細胞管型和上皮細胞管型等。對每個樣品中的每種管型以計數100個管型中的含量進行報道。

      蠟樣管型的鑒別要點是:其形態(tài)折斷或兩端鈍圓,缺口和銳利邊緣,橫向裂縫,高折射率和表面的外觀讓人想起融化的蠟。

      1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法

      采用SPSS 17.0 軟件包進行統(tǒng)計學分析,分類變量間比較采用χ2檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

      2 結果

      2.1 患者一般資料分析

      本研究300例患者中,男女患者分別為140例、160例,共發(fā)現蠟樣管型42例(14.0%)。其中男22例,女20例,男女之間在有無蠟樣管型上差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.423)。蛋白尿>0.15g/L的有284例(94.7%),其中有蠟樣管型的患者尿蛋白含量高于無蠟樣管型的患者。尿pH值范圍介于5.0~8.0之間,見表1。

      2.2不同類型的腎小球疾病中蠟樣管型情況

      在發(fā)現有蠟樣管型的42例標本中,急性感染后腎小球腎炎和腎淀粉樣變管型比例最高,達到了45.5%和50.0%。后面依次排列為過敏性紫癜腎小球腎炎(25.0%)、腎小球毛細血管性腎炎(25.0%)、壞死性腎小球腎炎(18.8%)、糖尿病腎病(16.7%)、IgA腎?。?5.5%)、彌漫增生性腎小球腎炎(14.7%)、特發(fā)性膜性腎?。?.9%)。而在局灶性節(jié)段性腎小球硬化和微小病變性腎病中未檢測到蠟樣管型。經SPSS17.0總體統(tǒng)計分析所有的腎小球疾病顯示,蠟樣管型在不同類型腎小球疾病間存在統(tǒng)計學差異(χ2=37.388,P=0.000),見表2。endprint

      3討論

      19世紀50年代科學家研究發(fā)現管型是尿沉渣的重要組成部分,其分類和現在的分類非常相似。蠟樣管型之所以得名,是因為它的外觀,易讓人想起融化的蠟,而在腎臟疾病中蠟樣管型的檢出頻率至今尚無文獻報道。臨床對蠟樣管型的理解只停留在教課書上,本文結果證實了蠟樣管型可能與廣泛的腎臟疾病相關聯(lián),常見的有急性腎損傷(AKI)、快速進行性腎功能衰竭或慢性腎功能不全[4]。

      據文獻報道,臨床給予呋喃苯胺酸治療后可發(fā)現透明管型[5],在狼瘡性腎炎復發(fā)患者中發(fā)現含有紅細胞或白細胞的管型,從而使其成為狼瘡性腎炎復發(fā)診斷的敏感指標[6]。有文獻證實在IgA腎病患者中如果發(fā)現透明-顆粒管型,則預后不好,從而為狼瘡性腎炎的預后增加了一項有效的指標[7]。也有報道稱,系膜增生性腎小球腎炎顆粒管型的出現與血清肌酐,血清白蛋白的升高和蛋白尿顯著相關,腎穿刺活檢可見到一些病理改變,且這些指征的出現提示腎臟預后較差[8]。有學者報道在增生性腎小球疾病中可出現更高頻率和數量的紅細胞和腎小管上皮細胞管型[9],與之相比,在非增生性腎小球疾病中,脂肪管型更多一些[10]。Nakayama等[11]在2008年發(fā)現,在IgA腎病患者中,透明管型、顆粒管型、紅細胞管型、白細胞管型和脂肪管型與腎穿刺活檢的病理分級密切相關,其增多與腎臟預后較差有關。Chawla等[12]在2008年發(fā)現,與恢復后患者相比,急性腎損傷沒有完全恢復的患者中可以檢出更多的顆粒與腎小管上皮細胞管型。Perazella等[13]在2008年發(fā)現,顆粒管型和腎小管上皮管型計數可以區(qū)分急性腎損傷是否是由腎前性原因引起的急性腎小管壞死,其具有76%的靈敏度和86%特異性,陽性似然比為5.75。Fogazzi等[14]在2012年從21個急性間質性腎炎患者中檢出6個(28.5%)含有紅細胞的管型,遠遠高于以前的文獻報道。有文獻報道在廣泛的腎臟疾病中都可以檢出紅細胞管型[15-17],其流行率為22%~55%。

      本研究基于不同類型的腎小球疾病患者,專注研究其蠟樣管型。結果顯示,在局灶節(jié)段性腎小球硬化和微小病變性腎病中無蠟樣管型,其在特發(fā)性膜性腎病中也很罕見。雖然無蠟樣管型的這三種腎小球疾病的發(fā)病機制不同,但腎穿刺活檢時均無炎性病變部位。本研究認為不同類型腎小球疾病患者中蠟樣管型的數量不同。

      [參考文獻]

      [1] Nishio S,Tsuboi N,Kurashige M,et al. A case of acute kidney injury during warfarin therapy[J]. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi,2013,55(5):966-971.

      [2] Buijsse B,Boeing H,Hirche F,et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and its genetic determinants in relation to incident type 2 diabetes:A prospective case-cohort study[J]. Eur J Epidemiol,2013,28(9):743-752.

      [3] Gutierrez E,Egido J,Rubio-Navarro A,et al. Oxidative stress,macrophage infiltration and CD163 expression are determinants of long-term renal outcome in macrohematuria-induced acute kidney injury of IgA nephropathy[J]. Nephron Clin Pract,2012,121(1-2):c42-c53.

      [4] Spinelli D,Consonni D,Garigali G,et al. Waxy casts in the urinary sediment of patients with different types of glomerular diseases:Results of a prospective study[J]. Clin Chim Acta,2013,424:47-52.

      [5] Hao N,Xiong M,Zhang JD,et al. Portable thermo-powered high-throughput visual electrochemiluminescence sensor[J]. Anal Chem,2013,85(24):11715-11719.

      [6] Dasgupta S,Eudaly J. Estrogen receptor-alpha mediates Toll-like receptor-2 agonist-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in mesangial cells[J]. Results Immunol,2012,2:196-203.

      [7] Shimizu A,Takei T,Moriyama T,et al. Clinical and pathological studies of IgA nephropathy presenting as a rapidly progressive form of glomerulonephritis[J]. Intern Med,2013, 52(22):2489-2494.

      [8] Kanaji N,Kushida Y,Bandoh S,et al. Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with Mycobacterium shimoidei pulmonary infection[J]. Am J Case Rep,2013,14:543-547.endprint

      [9] Grundmann F,Witthus M,Gobel H,et al. Monoclonal gammopathy-associated pauci-immune extracapillary-proliferative glomerulonephritis successfully treated with bortezomib[J]. Clin Kidney J,2013,6(3):327-329.

      [10] Danilewicz M.,Wagrowska-Danilewicz M. The immunoexpression of glomerular NF-kappaB in proteinuric patients with proliferative and non-proliferative glomerulopathies[J]. Pol J Pathol,2013,64(2):78-83.

      [11] Nakayama K,Ohsawa I,Maeda-Ohtani A,et al. Prediction of diagnosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy prior to renal biopsy and correlation with urinary sediment findings and prognostic grading[J]. J Clin Lab Anal,2008, 22(2):114-118.

      [12] Chawla LS,Dommu A,Berger A,et al. Urinary sediment cast scoring index for acute kidney injury:a pilot study[J]. Nephron Clin Pract,2008,110(3):c145-c150.

      [13] Perazella MA,Coca SG,Kanbay M,et al. Diagnostic value of urine microscopy for differential diagnosis of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1615-1619.

      [14] Fogazzi GB,Ferrari B,Garigali G,et al. Urinary sediment findings in acute interstitial nephritis[J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2012,60(2):330-332.

      [15] Canale M. P,Rovella V,Staffolani E,et al. Nephrotic syndrome and abdominal arterial bruits in a young hypertensive patient:A case report[J]. Arch Ital Urol Androl,2012,84(4):238-241.

      [16] Nakai K,Fujii H,Hara S,et al. Successful treatment of progressive renal injury due to granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis[J]. Clin Exp Nephrol,2011, 15(5):765-768.

      [17] D'Cruz S,Singh R,Mohan H,et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis-an unusual association:A case report and review of the literature[J]. J Med Case Rep,2010,4:125.

      (收稿日期:2013-12-05)endprint

      [9] Grundmann F,Witthus M,Gobel H,et al. Monoclonal gammopathy-associated pauci-immune extracapillary-proliferative glomerulonephritis successfully treated with bortezomib[J]. Clin Kidney J,2013,6(3):327-329.

      [10] Danilewicz M.,Wagrowska-Danilewicz M. The immunoexpression of glomerular NF-kappaB in proteinuric patients with proliferative and non-proliferative glomerulopathies[J]. Pol J Pathol,2013,64(2):78-83.

      [11] Nakayama K,Ohsawa I,Maeda-Ohtani A,et al. Prediction of diagnosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy prior to renal biopsy and correlation with urinary sediment findings and prognostic grading[J]. J Clin Lab Anal,2008, 22(2):114-118.

      [12] Chawla LS,Dommu A,Berger A,et al. Urinary sediment cast scoring index for acute kidney injury:a pilot study[J]. Nephron Clin Pract,2008,110(3):c145-c150.

      [13] Perazella MA,Coca SG,Kanbay M,et al. Diagnostic value of urine microscopy for differential diagnosis of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1615-1619.

      [14] Fogazzi GB,Ferrari B,Garigali G,et al. Urinary sediment findings in acute interstitial nephritis[J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2012,60(2):330-332.

      [15] Canale M. P,Rovella V,Staffolani E,et al. Nephrotic syndrome and abdominal arterial bruits in a young hypertensive patient:A case report[J]. Arch Ital Urol Androl,2012,84(4):238-241.

      [16] Nakai K,Fujii H,Hara S,et al. Successful treatment of progressive renal injury due to granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis[J]. Clin Exp Nephrol,2011, 15(5):765-768.

      [17] D'Cruz S,Singh R,Mohan H,et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis-an unusual association:A case report and review of the literature[J]. J Med Case Rep,2010,4:125.

      (收稿日期:2013-12-05)endprint

      [9] Grundmann F,Witthus M,Gobel H,et al. Monoclonal gammopathy-associated pauci-immune extracapillary-proliferative glomerulonephritis successfully treated with bortezomib[J]. Clin Kidney J,2013,6(3):327-329.

      [10] Danilewicz M.,Wagrowska-Danilewicz M. The immunoexpression of glomerular NF-kappaB in proteinuric patients with proliferative and non-proliferative glomerulopathies[J]. Pol J Pathol,2013,64(2):78-83.

      [11] Nakayama K,Ohsawa I,Maeda-Ohtani A,et al. Prediction of diagnosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy prior to renal biopsy and correlation with urinary sediment findings and prognostic grading[J]. J Clin Lab Anal,2008, 22(2):114-118.

      [12] Chawla LS,Dommu A,Berger A,et al. Urinary sediment cast scoring index for acute kidney injury:a pilot study[J]. Nephron Clin Pract,2008,110(3):c145-c150.

      [13] Perazella MA,Coca SG,Kanbay M,et al. Diagnostic value of urine microscopy for differential diagnosis of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1615-1619.

      [14] Fogazzi GB,Ferrari B,Garigali G,et al. Urinary sediment findings in acute interstitial nephritis[J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2012,60(2):330-332.

      [15] Canale M. P,Rovella V,Staffolani E,et al. Nephrotic syndrome and abdominal arterial bruits in a young hypertensive patient:A case report[J]. Arch Ital Urol Androl,2012,84(4):238-241.

      [16] Nakai K,Fujii H,Hara S,et al. Successful treatment of progressive renal injury due to granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis[J]. Clin Exp Nephrol,2011, 15(5):765-768.

      [17] D'Cruz S,Singh R,Mohan H,et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis-an unusual association:A case report and review of the literature[J]. J Med Case Rep,2010,4:125.

      (收稿日期:2013-12-05)endprint

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