唐麗靜 王冬艷 王霖琳
摘要 城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)用地增減掛鉤項(xiàng)目實(shí)施過程中涉及村莊合并,農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)合理布局的前提是保證村民有足夠的田間作業(yè)時(shí)間,因此合理耕作半徑的確定是城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)用地增減掛鉤項(xiàng)目實(shí)施首先需要解決的問題之一。本文在綜合考慮影響耕作半徑的自然、社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)及土地利用因素的基礎(chǔ)上,分析了影響因素與耕作半徑之間的作用機(jī)制,確定了耕作半徑的決定性因素。以沂源縣魯村鎮(zhèn)增減掛鉤項(xiàng)目區(qū)為研究對(duì)象,對(duì)其合理耕作半徑進(jìn)行測(cè)算,結(jié)果表明,該研究區(qū)合理耕作半徑為3.2 km,即與建新村距離3.2 km以內(nèi)耕地所涉及的村莊可以作為拆舊村莊向建新村合并?,F(xiàn)階段,非人力出行方式及機(jī)械化農(nóng)用工具使用比重在研究區(qū)較低,提高高速度交通工具使用比例和廣泛應(yīng)用機(jī)械化農(nóng)用工具是緩解耕作半徑限制的重要途徑。
關(guān)鍵詞 耕作半徑;影響因素;模型;城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)用地增減掛鉤
中圖分類號(hào) F301文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1002-2104(2014)06-0059-06 doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201406009
為推進(jìn)農(nóng)村建設(shè)用地整理,促進(jìn)土地節(jié)約集約利用,我國(guó)推行城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)用地增減掛鉤政策。增減掛鉤項(xiàng)目實(shí)施涉及村莊合并,項(xiàng)目實(shí)施前需對(duì)項(xiàng)目區(qū)內(nèi)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)分布進(jìn)行科學(xué)規(guī)劃。從增減掛鉤項(xiàng)目實(shí)施情況來(lái)看[1-2],農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)布局的隨意性會(huì)對(duì)村民耕作造成不便。為保證村民有足夠的田間作業(yè)時(shí)間,農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)與耕作地塊之間的距離需合理,農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)與耕作地塊的關(guān)系反映在耕作半徑上[3-18]。結(jié)合目前農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)布局相關(guān)研究,國(guó)外學(xué)者著重分析農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)分布的合理性[19-20],國(guó)內(nèi)研究大部分集中在農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)分布特征,農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)整理模式、潛力估算及布局優(yōu)化等方面[21-31],這些研究大多側(cè)重于定性分析,結(jié)合城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)用地增減掛鉤政策并且以耕作半徑為依托對(duì)項(xiàng)目區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)進(jìn)行合理布局的定量研究較少。耕作半徑是影響農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)布局的重要因素之一[32-37],合理耕作半徑的確定成為農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)布局是否合理的關(guān)鍵,因此有必要對(duì)合理耕作半徑的確定方法進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究??偨Y(jié)耕作半徑的研究進(jìn)展,以時(shí)間半徑代替耕作半徑或以緩沖區(qū)半徑代替耕作半徑的方法較多,也有學(xué)者試圖建立耕作半徑模型[32]。本文在前人研究基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建了耕作半徑模型,用以確定耕作半徑合理范圍,一方面為同類研究提供案例,同時(shí)以期為增減掛鉤項(xiàng)目區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)布局合理化提供依據(jù)。
1 耕作半徑影響因素分析
影響耕作半徑的因素很多,從目前國(guó)內(nèi)外耕作半徑的研究成果[3-8,33-34]上來(lái)看,主要有四個(gè)方面,即自然因素、社會(huì)因素、經(jīng)濟(jì)因素、土地利用因素。
自然因素中主要是地形地貌,即不同的地形地貌類型對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)耕作半徑的約束不同。如在平原地區(qū),地勢(shì)平坦,村民耕作出行較為方便,對(duì)耕作半徑的約束性較丘陵、山區(qū)小。
社會(huì)因素中主要是村民生活方式和勞動(dòng)力。村民生活方式經(jīng)歷史積淀已形成一定規(guī)律性,耕作作息時(shí)間與耕作半徑息息相關(guān)。勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量多,人均耕地面積減少,勞動(dòng)力素質(zhì)提高,能充分發(fā)揮勞動(dòng)力作用,有利于提高田間作業(yè)效率,減少田間作業(yè)時(shí)間,擴(kuò)大耕作半徑。同時(shí),道路硬化率增加,提高出行便利度,釋放耕作半徑。
影響耕作半徑的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素,則主要有農(nóng)作物種植類型、交通工具的優(yōu)劣和農(nóng)用工具機(jī)械化水平。農(nóng)作物種植類型是農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一部分,不同類型的農(nóng)作物所需的農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)方式不同。從深翻土地、播種、管理到收獲,蔬菜作物需要精耕細(xì)作,田間作業(yè)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),其次依次為果類、糧食作物、經(jīng)濟(jì)作物。以蔬菜作物為主的地區(qū),耕作半徑小,以經(jīng)濟(jì)作物為主的地區(qū),耕作半徑會(huì)增加。同時(shí),農(nóng)民出行主要是步行或者使用拖拉機(jī)、自行車、摩托車等,高速度交通工具比例高,縮短路途時(shí)間;農(nóng)用工具機(jī)械化水平高,田間作業(yè)效率提高,縮短田間作業(yè)時(shí)間,耕作半徑就大。
從土地利用的角度出發(fā),耕地規(guī)模大,耕作半徑需要適當(dāng)減小。村民經(jīng)營(yíng)耕作地塊間隔遠(yuǎn),耗費(fèi)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),耕作半徑對(duì)應(yīng)減小。
2 案例分析
2.1 研究區(qū)基本概況
沂源縣地處魯中山區(qū)腹地、泰山東部、沂蒙山區(qū)西北部邊緣,山東省淄博市的最南端,東經(jīng)117°54′-118°31′,北緯35°55′-36°23′,縣域總面積1 735.85 km2,以低山和丘陵為主,占全縣總面積的98.9%,低山坡度30°-45°,丘陵坡度10°-20°。農(nóng)用地利用以果業(yè)為主,其次為蔬菜作物、糧食作物。全縣農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力約27.3萬(wàn)人,男女比例1∶1.5,耕地總面積37 724.67 hm2,人均耕地面積0.138 hm2。近年來(lái),沂源縣采取“合作社+基地+農(nóng)戶”經(jīng)營(yíng)模式,扶持發(fā)展龍頭產(chǎn)業(yè),年增產(chǎn)值2 800萬(wàn)元,帶動(dòng)農(nóng)戶3萬(wàn)戶,實(shí)現(xiàn)增收3 600萬(wàn)元。本次研究對(duì)象為沂源縣魯村鎮(zhèn)增減掛鉤項(xiàng)目,項(xiàng)目區(qū)總面積5 781.1 hm2,其中耕地面積1 939.01 hm2,項(xiàng)目區(qū)總?cè)丝跀?shù)約2.09萬(wàn)人,項(xiàng)目實(shí)施周期為3年。
2.2 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源
本文數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源包括2012年1∶5萬(wàn)土地利用現(xiàn)狀圖,沂源縣統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒(2012)和實(shí)地調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)。實(shí)地調(diào)查采用實(shí)地走訪與發(fā)放問卷相結(jié)合的方式,發(fā)放問卷1 000份,收回問卷957份,其中有效問卷871份。問卷調(diào)查表見表2。
3 結(jié)論與政策啟示
本文通過上述研究,得到以下幾方面的認(rèn)識(shí):
(1)耕作半徑主要受自然、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)以及土地利用等四個(gè)方面因素的影響,自然因素主要受地形地貌的影響;社會(huì)因素則與村民生活方式和勞動(dòng)力有關(guān);經(jīng)濟(jì)因素主要包含農(nóng)作物類型、交通工具的優(yōu)劣及農(nóng)用工具機(jī)械化水平三個(gè)方面;在土地利用方面耕作半徑則受耕地利用規(guī)模及村民經(jīng)營(yíng)地塊間距離等因素的影響。影響耕作半徑的決定性因素為交通工具的優(yōu)劣及農(nóng)用工具機(jī)械化水平。
(2)耕作半徑主要表現(xiàn)為距離,即時(shí)間與出行速度最終決定耕作半徑的大小,因此將影響因素歸并為時(shí)間因子和速度因子,構(gòu)建耕作半徑計(jì)算模型,量化耕作半徑的大小。
(3)現(xiàn)階段,沂源縣魯村鎮(zhèn)增減掛鉤項(xiàng)目區(qū)合理耕作半徑上限為3.2 km,即項(xiàng)目區(qū)內(nèi)與建新區(qū)距離3.2 km以
內(nèi)耕地所涉及的村莊可以作為拆舊村莊將居民點(diǎn)合并到建新村統(tǒng)一建設(shè)居住。
(4)城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)用地增減掛鉤項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施要以農(nóng)民利益為前提,保證土地產(chǎn)出首先要保證足夠的田間作業(yè)時(shí)間。沂源縣地處山區(qū),自然條件在一定程度上給村民耕作出行造成局限性,因此提高高速度交通工具使用比例和廣泛應(yīng)用機(jī)械化農(nóng)用工具是緩解耕作半徑限制的重要途徑。目前,非人力出行方式及機(jī)械化農(nóng)用工具使用比重在研究區(qū)較低,加大農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施資金投入改善農(nóng)村交通等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施條件,加快土地流轉(zhuǎn),提高土地規(guī)模化經(jīng)營(yíng)水平是促進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)用地增減掛鉤政策順利實(shí)施的有效方法。
(編輯:徐天祥)
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[27]張曉平,朱道林.城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)用地增減掛鉤政策下的農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)斑塊整理模式評(píng)價(jià)[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2012,28(1):244-249.
[28]張俊峰,張安錄,董捷.基于生態(tài)位適宜度的農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)分區(qū)布局研究[J].華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2013,106(4):96-101.
[29]谷曉坤,陳百明,代兵.經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)整理驅(qū)動(dòng)力與模式:以浙江省嵊州市為例[J].自然資源學(xué)報(bào),2007,22(5):701-708.
[30]朱亮,吳炳方,張磊.三峽典型區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)格局及人居環(huán)境適宜性評(píng)價(jià)研究[J].長(zhǎng)江流域資源與環(huán)境,2011,20(3):325-331.
[31]楊慶媛,田永中,王朝科,等.西南丘陵山地區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)土地整理模式:以重慶渝北地區(qū)為例[J].地理研究,2004,23(4):469-478.
[32]陶冶,葛幼松,尹凌,等.基于GIS的農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)撤并可行性研究[J].河南科學(xué),2006,24(5):771-775.
[33]吳九興.平原地區(qū)中心村選擇的理論與實(shí)證研究:以孝感市孝南區(qū)為例[D].武漢:華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)土地管理學(xué)院,2009.
[34]角媛梅,肖篤寧,馬明國(guó).綠洲景觀中居民地空間分布特征及其影響因子分析[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2003,23(10):2092-2099.
[35]姜廣輝,張鳳榮,秦靜,等.北京山區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)分布變化及其與環(huán)境的關(guān)系[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2006,22(11):85-92.
[36]陳榮清,張鳳榮,孟媛,等.農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)整理的現(xiàn)實(shí)潛力估算[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2009,25(4):216-221.
[37]姜廣輝,張鳳榮,陳軍偉,等.基于Logistic回歸模型的北京山區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)變化的驅(qū)動(dòng)力分析[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2007,23(5):81-87.
Abstract In order to promote the rural construction land consolidation and promote land saving and intensive use, the urban and rural construction land projects are carried on in China. The merger of villages is involved in the urban and rural construction land projects process. Problems appeared during the implementation process, and the choice of resettlements is one of the problems. In order to ensure the enough field operating time, the distance between the resettlements and tillage plots should be reasonable. The premise of the rational distribution of rural settlements is ensuring the enough field operation time, so reasonable fanning radius is the key for whether the site selection is reasonable and whether the project can be executed. On the basis of previous studies, a systematic study about farming radius is made in this paper. The influencing factors of farming radius are considered. 11 factors are selected, from four aspects of nature, society, economy and land use, and the mechanism of action between the influencing factors and farming radius is studied. In order to determine the affecting factors of the farming radius, the Delphi technique and AHP method are used. By analyzing the result, the decisive factors of the fanning radius are determined. We studied the reasonable farming radius in Lucun Town of Yiyuan County in Shandong Province in this paper. We use farming radius general calculation model to calculate the reasonable farming radius. In order to make the result more accurate, a large number of investigations are made in the study area. Substituting the survey data into the model, we find that the reasonable fanning radius is 3.2 km. This result means all the rural villages which the distances from their farmland to the new center village were no more than 3.2 km can be amalgamated to the center village. At this stage,the ratio of nonhuman way to travel and mechanization agricultural tools are low in the study area.Improving the ratio of high speed transportation and widely using mechanization agricultural tools are important ways to ease the limit of farming radius.
Key words farming radius; influencing factors; computation model; the couple project of urbanrural construction land
[27]張曉平,朱道林.城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)用地增減掛鉤政策下的農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)斑塊整理模式評(píng)價(jià)[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2012,28(1):244-249.
[28]張俊峰,張安錄,董捷.基于生態(tài)位適宜度的農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)分區(qū)布局研究[J].華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2013,106(4):96-101.
[29]谷曉坤,陳百明,代兵.經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)整理驅(qū)動(dòng)力與模式:以浙江省嵊州市為例[J].自然資源學(xué)報(bào),2007,22(5):701-708.
[30]朱亮,吳炳方,張磊.三峽典型區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)格局及人居環(huán)境適宜性評(píng)價(jià)研究[J].長(zhǎng)江流域資源與環(huán)境,2011,20(3):325-331.
[31]楊慶媛,田永中,王朝科,等.西南丘陵山地區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)土地整理模式:以重慶渝北地區(qū)為例[J].地理研究,2004,23(4):469-478.
[32]陶冶,葛幼松,尹凌,等.基于GIS的農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)撤并可行性研究[J].河南科學(xué),2006,24(5):771-775.
[33]吳九興.平原地區(qū)中心村選擇的理論與實(shí)證研究:以孝感市孝南區(qū)為例[D].武漢:華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)土地管理學(xué)院,2009.
[34]角媛梅,肖篤寧,馬明國(guó).綠洲景觀中居民地空間分布特征及其影響因子分析[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2003,23(10):2092-2099.
[35]姜廣輝,張鳳榮,秦靜,等.北京山區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)分布變化及其與環(huán)境的關(guān)系[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2006,22(11):85-92.
[36]陳榮清,張鳳榮,孟媛,等.農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)整理的現(xiàn)實(shí)潛力估算[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2009,25(4):216-221.
[37]姜廣輝,張鳳榮,陳軍偉,等.基于Logistic回歸模型的北京山區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)變化的驅(qū)動(dòng)力分析[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2007,23(5):81-87.
Abstract In order to promote the rural construction land consolidation and promote land saving and intensive use, the urban and rural construction land projects are carried on in China. The merger of villages is involved in the urban and rural construction land projects process. Problems appeared during the implementation process, and the choice of resettlements is one of the problems. In order to ensure the enough field operating time, the distance between the resettlements and tillage plots should be reasonable. The premise of the rational distribution of rural settlements is ensuring the enough field operation time, so reasonable fanning radius is the key for whether the site selection is reasonable and whether the project can be executed. On the basis of previous studies, a systematic study about farming radius is made in this paper. The influencing factors of farming radius are considered. 11 factors are selected, from four aspects of nature, society, economy and land use, and the mechanism of action between the influencing factors and farming radius is studied. In order to determine the affecting factors of the farming radius, the Delphi technique and AHP method are used. By analyzing the result, the decisive factors of the fanning radius are determined. We studied the reasonable farming radius in Lucun Town of Yiyuan County in Shandong Province in this paper. We use farming radius general calculation model to calculate the reasonable farming radius. In order to make the result more accurate, a large number of investigations are made in the study area. Substituting the survey data into the model, we find that the reasonable fanning radius is 3.2 km. This result means all the rural villages which the distances from their farmland to the new center village were no more than 3.2 km can be amalgamated to the center village. At this stage,the ratio of nonhuman way to travel and mechanization agricultural tools are low in the study area.Improving the ratio of high speed transportation and widely using mechanization agricultural tools are important ways to ease the limit of farming radius.
Key words farming radius; influencing factors; computation model; the couple project of urbanrural construction land
[27]張曉平,朱道林.城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)用地增減掛鉤政策下的農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)斑塊整理模式評(píng)價(jià)[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2012,28(1):244-249.
[28]張俊峰,張安錄,董捷.基于生態(tài)位適宜度的農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)分區(qū)布局研究[J].華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2013,106(4):96-101.
[29]谷曉坤,陳百明,代兵.經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)整理驅(qū)動(dòng)力與模式:以浙江省嵊州市為例[J].自然資源學(xué)報(bào),2007,22(5):701-708.
[30]朱亮,吳炳方,張磊.三峽典型區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)格局及人居環(huán)境適宜性評(píng)價(jià)研究[J].長(zhǎng)江流域資源與環(huán)境,2011,20(3):325-331.
[31]楊慶媛,田永中,王朝科,等.西南丘陵山地區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)土地整理模式:以重慶渝北地區(qū)為例[J].地理研究,2004,23(4):469-478.
[32]陶冶,葛幼松,尹凌,等.基于GIS的農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)撤并可行性研究[J].河南科學(xué),2006,24(5):771-775.
[33]吳九興.平原地區(qū)中心村選擇的理論與實(shí)證研究:以孝感市孝南區(qū)為例[D].武漢:華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)土地管理學(xué)院,2009.
[34]角媛梅,肖篤寧,馬明國(guó).綠洲景觀中居民地空間分布特征及其影響因子分析[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2003,23(10):2092-2099.
[35]姜廣輝,張鳳榮,秦靜,等.北京山區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)分布變化及其與環(huán)境的關(guān)系[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2006,22(11):85-92.
[36]陳榮清,張鳳榮,孟媛,等.農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)整理的現(xiàn)實(shí)潛力估算[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2009,25(4):216-221.
[37]姜廣輝,張鳳榮,陳軍偉,等.基于Logistic回歸模型的北京山區(qū)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)變化的驅(qū)動(dòng)力分析[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2007,23(5):81-87.
Abstract In order to promote the rural construction land consolidation and promote land saving and intensive use, the urban and rural construction land projects are carried on in China. The merger of villages is involved in the urban and rural construction land projects process. Problems appeared during the implementation process, and the choice of resettlements is one of the problems. In order to ensure the enough field operating time, the distance between the resettlements and tillage plots should be reasonable. The premise of the rational distribution of rural settlements is ensuring the enough field operation time, so reasonable fanning radius is the key for whether the site selection is reasonable and whether the project can be executed. On the basis of previous studies, a systematic study about farming radius is made in this paper. The influencing factors of farming radius are considered. 11 factors are selected, from four aspects of nature, society, economy and land use, and the mechanism of action between the influencing factors and farming radius is studied. In order to determine the affecting factors of the farming radius, the Delphi technique and AHP method are used. By analyzing the result, the decisive factors of the fanning radius are determined. We studied the reasonable farming radius in Lucun Town of Yiyuan County in Shandong Province in this paper. We use farming radius general calculation model to calculate the reasonable farming radius. In order to make the result more accurate, a large number of investigations are made in the study area. Substituting the survey data into the model, we find that the reasonable fanning radius is 3.2 km. This result means all the rural villages which the distances from their farmland to the new center village were no more than 3.2 km can be amalgamated to the center village. At this stage,the ratio of nonhuman way to travel and mechanization agricultural tools are low in the study area.Improving the ratio of high speed transportation and widely using mechanization agricultural tools are important ways to ease the limit of farming radius.
Key words farming radius; influencing factors; computation model; the couple project of urbanrural construction land