熊國祚+++++劉輝++++李天平+++++顏亞平+++++申昕++++戴先鵬+++++鄧禮明++++畢國善++++++胡兵兵
[摘要] 目的 探討Caveolin-1對下肢缺血糖尿病大鼠缺血部位血管形成的作用及與AKT信號通路的關(guān)系。 方法 健康、雄性SD大鼠,在腹腔注射鏈脲菌素構(gòu)建的1型糖尿病大鼠模型上離斷左側(cè)股動脈及其分支,建立急性下肢缺血動物模型,14 d后用Western blot檢測Caveolin-1、AKT的表達(dá)水平;28 d后進(jìn)行CD34免疫組織化學(xué)染色和HE染色,評價血管密度。 結(jié)果 缺血組和糖尿病組與假手術(shù)組相比,Caveolin-1蛋白的表達(dá)水平明顯增加(P<0.05);且缺血組Caveolin-1蛋白含量顯著高于糖尿病組(P<0.05)。缺血組、缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組、缺血空轉(zhuǎn)染組的Caveolin-1蛋白、AKT水平均明顯高于假手術(shù)組(P<0.05);缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組與缺血組相比,Caveolin-1蛋白、AKT的表達(dá)水平明顯增多(P<0.05)。與假手術(shù)組相比,缺血組、缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組和缺血空轉(zhuǎn)染組的微血管均有一定程度增加,其中缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組的微血管密度增加尤為顯著(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 Caveolin-1過表達(dá)后對糖尿病大鼠下肢缺血部位的血管形成有明顯的促進(jìn)作用,可能與激活A(yù)KT有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] Caveolin-1;糖尿??;下肢缺血
[中圖分類號] R587.1[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A[文章編號] 1674-4721(2014)06(c)-0004-05
The effects and mechanism of Caveolin-1 on limb ischemia region of diabetic rat
XIONG Guo-zuo1 LIU Hui2 LI Tian-ping3 YAN Ya-ping1 SHEN Xin1 DAI Xian-peng1 DENG Li-ming1 BI Guo-shan1 HU Bing-bing1
1.Department of Vascular Surgery,the Second Affiliated Hospital.University of South China,Hengyang 421001,China;2.Central Hospital of Yiyang City in Hunan Province,Yiyang 413000,China;3.The Institute ofPharmacy & Pharmacology,University of South China,Hengyang 421001,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the function of Caveolin-1 on angiogenesis in lower limb ischemia region of diabetic rat and the relationship with AKT signal pathway. Methods Intraperitoneal injection of healthy,male,SD rats with streptozocin to construct type 1 diabetic rat model,then broken the left femoral artery to set up the acute lower limb ischemia animal model.After 14 days with Western blot detection Caveolin-1 and AKT expression.CD34 immunohistochemical staining and HE staining was applied to detect the vascular density in 28 days. Results The level of Caveolin-1 in diabetes group and ischemia group was obviously higher than that in sham group respectively,the level of Caveolin-1 in ischemia group was higher than that in diabetes group,with statistical difference(P<0.05).The level of Caveolin-1 and AKT in ischemia group,ischemic transfection group,ischemic idling transfected group was obviously higher than that in sham group respectively,the level of Caveolin-1 and AKT in ischemic transfection group was obviously higher than that in ischemia group respectively,with statistical difference(P<0.05).Compared with the sham operation group,microvascular had a certain degree increased in ischemia group,ischemia transfection group and ischemic idling transfected group,the microvessel density in the ischemic transfection group increased significantly(P<0.05). Conclusion The higher expression of Caveolin-1 in diabetic lower limb ischemia in rats has obvious promoting effect to its angiogenesis,this effect may be related to activation of AKT.
[Key words] Caveolin-1;Diabetes;Lower limb ischemia
糖尿病已成為嚴(yán)重危害人類健康的慢性疾病,發(fā)病率繼腫瘤、心腦血管病之后居第三位。下肢血管病變是糖尿病的主要并發(fā)癥之一,如何重建動脈血流、恢復(fù)缺血區(qū)域血液供應(yīng)是治療糖尿病下肢血管病變的重點,也是臨床醫(yī)生關(guān)注的焦點[1]。作為小凹蛋白家族中最重要的成員,Caveolin-1是一種半跨膜的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)蛋白,其很可能在糖尿病下肢缺血性疾病中起重要作用[2-3]。Caveolin-1可以通過激活蛋白激酶信號通路來促進(jìn)血管新生,改善局部缺血情況[4-5]。本研究主要探討Caveolin-1對糖尿病下肢血管病變大鼠的缺血恢復(fù)情況的影響。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗材料
1.1.1 實驗動物70只SD雄性大鼠,鼠齡10~12周,體重(300±20) g,由本校動物實驗部提供。
1.1.2 實驗儀器Bio-Rad的蛋白電泳儀及轉(zhuǎn)膜儀(PowerPacTMBasic,美國);Eppendorf的高速離心機(jī)(5804型、5804R型,德國);天能的全自動化學(xué)發(fā)光成像系統(tǒng)(Tanon-6200,上海);Olympus的顯微鏡與型顯微攝像系統(tǒng)(BX51,日本);Sartorius的電子天平(BSA223S,美國);海門其林貝爾的脫色搖床(ZD-9550,中國);Sanyo的-80℃冰箱(日本)。
1.1.3 實驗試劑pCDNA3.1(+)Caveolin-1(南華大學(xué)藥物藥理研究所贈);Mouse anti-β-actin (BM0627,武漢博士得,中國);Rabbit polyclonal to Caveolin-1(081030,華安,中國);Goat Anti Rabbit IgG(H+L)(sc-2004,Santa Cruz,美國);兔抗大鼠CD34單克隆抗體(C2386-12A,USBIO,美國);兔抗大鼠多克隆抗體AKT(9271L,CST,美國);DAB顯色試劑盒(長沙艾杰,中國);枸櫞酸(天津大茂,中國);SP-9000 HistonstainTM-Plus Kits免疫組化試劑盒(北京中杉金橋,中國);青霉素(山東魯抗,中國);枸櫞酸三鈉(天津大茂,中國);鏈脲菌素(STZ,Sigma,美國)。
1.2 實驗方法
1.2.1 1型糖尿病大鼠模型的建立按照文獻(xiàn)[6]準(zhǔn)備枸櫞酸緩沖液,然后取健康雄性SD大鼠,禁食12 h后,以50 mg/kg STZ的劑量,腹腔注射(STZ用0.1 mol/L新鮮配制枸櫞酸緩沖液稀釋配置)。3 d后檢測所有大鼠的空腹血糖,采用鼠尾采血的方法,連續(xù)14 d空腹血糖濃度>16.8 mmol/L,作為1型糖尿病大鼠模型。
1.2.2 急性下肢缺血動物模型的建立實驗分為兩部分:①正常大鼠隨機(jī)分為假手術(shù)組、缺血組、糖尿病組;②將1型糖尿病大鼠(前面實驗所建立)隨機(jī)分為假手術(shù)組、缺血組、缺血Caveolin-1轉(zhuǎn)染組(簡稱缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組)、缺血空轉(zhuǎn)染組,每組10只,術(shù)前均禁食12 h,用10%水合氯醛(3 ml/kg)進(jìn)行麻醉,然后在大鼠的左側(cè)腹股溝韌帶致膝關(guān)節(jié)間作一縱行切口,分離股動脈,各組均于近心端結(jié)扎股動脈(假手術(shù)除外),并離斷下端及其分支,腹腔注射青霉素[200 000 U/(d·kg)],持續(xù)3 d(圖1)。
圖1 股動脈離斷并結(jié)扎手術(shù)
A.切開皮膚與皮下組織;B.暴露股動脈;C.離斷股動脈分支并結(jié)扎;D.離斷股動脈并結(jié)扎
1.2.3 Caveolin-1質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染方法及鑒定取兩份相同體積無血清培養(yǎng)基,將提取好的質(zhì)粒和lipofectamineTM2000(Invitrogen,美國)分別稀釋于其中(質(zhì)量比為1∶3),在室溫中靜置4 min后將兩者混合均勻,并靜置20 min。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)染組血糖穩(wěn)定14 d后,通過尾靜脈注入配好的轉(zhuǎn)染試劑;空轉(zhuǎn)染組注射同等劑量不含Caveolin-1質(zhì)粒的脂質(zhì)體溶液。14 d后處死一半大鼠并收集腓腸肌肉組織用于Western blot檢測各組Caveolin-1的表達(dá),觀察其轉(zhuǎn)染情況。
1.2.4 Western blot檢測腓腸肌肉組織中Caveolin-1和AKT的表達(dá)取-80℃凍存的腓腸肌肌肉組織,提取組織總蛋白,并用BCA法測蛋白濃度;然后將總蛋白樣品40 μg與10 μl上樣緩沖液混勻后,于100℃沸水中煮10 min使蛋白變性,于-20℃保存?zhèn)溆?。電泳分離:用10%聚丙烯凝膠分離蛋白,濃縮電壓為70 V,時間約為30 min,分離電壓為120 V,時間約為60 min;轉(zhuǎn)膜:350 mA,3 h;5%的脫脂奶粉中37℃封閉1 h;TBST液沖洗15 min×3次后;加入1∶500比例稀釋的一抗,4℃孵育過夜;TBST液沖洗15 min×3次后;加入1∶1000比例稀釋的二抗,37℃恒溫孵育45 min,再用TBST洗膜15 min×4次;顯影。
1.2.5 腓腸肌肌肉組織的病理檢測術(shù)后第28天處死各組余下的大鼠,取左側(cè)腓腸肌肌肉標(biāo)本,并剝離周圍的肌腱和脂肪組織,進(jìn)行HE染色和CD34蛋白免疫組化[7]實驗。所得切片用顯微鏡攝像,得到不同倍數(shù)的照片(40、100、200)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 16.0軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析,計量資料以x±s表示,采用單因素方差分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 3組Western blot檢測Caveolin-1表達(dá)的比較
正常大鼠的缺血組和糖尿病組與假手術(shù)組相比,Caveolin-1蛋白的表達(dá)水平明顯增加(P<0.05);且缺血組Caveolin-1蛋白含量顯著高于糖尿病組(P<0.05)(圖2)。
圖2 3組Western blot檢測Caveolin-1表達(dá)的比較(n=3)
與假手術(shù)組比較,*P<0.05
2.2 4組Western blot檢測Caveolin-1表達(dá)及AKT表達(dá)的比較
缺血組、缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組、缺血空轉(zhuǎn)染組的Caveolin-1蛋白水平均明顯高于假手術(shù)組(P<0.05);缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組與缺血組相比,Caveolin-1蛋白的表達(dá)水平明顯增多(P<0.05)(圖3)。缺血組、缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組、缺血空轉(zhuǎn)染組的AKT表達(dá)水平均明顯高于假手術(shù)組(P<0.05);缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組的AKT表達(dá)較缺血組明顯增多(P<0.05)(圖4)。
圖3 4組Western blot檢測Caveolin-1表達(dá)的比較(n=4)
與假手術(shù)組比較,*P<0.05、**P<0.05;與缺血組比較,**P<0.05
圖4 4組Western blot檢測AKT表達(dá)的比較(n=4)
與假手術(shù)組比較,*P<0.05、**P<0.05;與缺血組比較,**P<0.05
2.3 腓腸肌肌肉組織HE染色觀察微血管/肌纖維束的比值(微血管數(shù)/肌纖維束數(shù))
術(shù)后28 d取各組余下小鼠的左側(cè)腓腸肌肌肉組織進(jìn)行HE染色,觀察肌肉組織中微血管/肌纖維束比值(微血管數(shù)/肌纖維束數(shù)),與假手術(shù)組相比,缺血組、缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組和缺血空轉(zhuǎn)染組腓腸肌肌肉組織中的微血管/肌纖維束比值明顯增大(P<0.05);缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組的微血管/肌纖維束比值顯著高于缺血組(P<0.05);缺血組與缺血空轉(zhuǎn)染組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(圖5、圖6)。
圖5 各組腓腸肌肌肉組織HE染色(100×)
A.假手術(shù)組;B.缺血組;C.缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組;D.缺血空轉(zhuǎn)染組
圖6 HE染色檢測各組肌肉組織中微血管/肌纖維束比值(n=4)
與假手術(shù)組比較,*P<0.05、**P<0.05;與缺血組比較,**P<0.05
2.4 CD34免疫組化染色檢測腓腸肌肌肉組織中微血管密度(MVD)
S-P染色法檢測各組腓腸肌肌肉組織中CD34的表達(dá)情況,缺血組、缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組和缺血空轉(zhuǎn)染組棕褐色顆粒增加,CD34的表達(dá)增多,與假手術(shù)組相比,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組比缺血組增加明顯(P<0.05);缺血組與缺血空轉(zhuǎn)染組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(圖7、圖8)。
圖7 CD34免疫組織化學(xué)染色觀察腓腸肌肉組織內(nèi)微血管情況(200×)
A.假手術(shù)組;B.缺血組;C.缺血轉(zhuǎn)染組;D.缺血空轉(zhuǎn)染組
3 討論
目前世界各國糖尿病的患病率均呈急劇上升趨勢,據(jù)報道,到2025年為止全世界糖尿病患者有望超過3億[8],由糖尿病周圍血管病變引發(fā)的糖尿病足潰瘍與壞疽,是糖尿病患者致死、致殘的重要原因之一[9-10],因此尋找新的治療方法,提高患者生活質(zhì)量和存活率已經(jīng)迫在眉睫。Caveolin-1是形成小凹的主要蛋白成分,高表達(dá)于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中,其在血管新生中的作用越來越受到人們的重視,但是Caveolin-1在血管形成中的具體功能仍存在較大爭議,有文獻(xiàn)報道,高糖引起糖尿病血管病變可能與其誘導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞上Caveolin-1的表達(dá)有關(guān),在沒有合并糖尿病的缺血組織中Caveolin-1具有明顯的促血管生成作用[11-13],可見Caveolin-1在糖尿病患者血管病變過程中的具體作用存在很大爭議,還有待進(jìn)一步考究,推測在高血糖狀況下只有Caveolin-1的表達(dá)水平達(dá)到一定程度才能促進(jìn)缺血組織中的血管形成。
本實驗通過建立糖尿病大鼠下肢急性缺血大鼠模型,在術(shù)后用Western blot檢測各組腓腸肌肌肉組織中Caveolin-1的表達(dá)情況,結(jié)果顯示,與假手術(shù)組相比,缺血組和糖尿病組Caveolin-1蛋白的表達(dá)水平顯著增加,但糖尿病組Caveolin-1蛋白的表達(dá)水平升高沒有缺血組明顯,提示正常大鼠下肢缺血時腓腸肌肌肉組織能夠通過上調(diào)Caveolin-1蛋白的表達(dá)水平來緩解缺血,但是糖尿病大鼠一旦出現(xiàn)同樣的癥狀,其通過上調(diào)Caveolin-1來自我恢復(fù)的能力則明顯下降,具體分子機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步討論。本研究還通過在正常大鼠尾靜脈注射轉(zhuǎn)染Caveolin-1來觀察其缺血部位的血管形成,HE染色和CD34免疫組織化學(xué)染色結(jié)果證實,高表達(dá)的Caveolin-1可促進(jìn)缺血部位的血管形成。
AKT又稱蛋白激酶B,是絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶家族成員,也是磷脂酰肌醇激酶(PI3K)的下游靶蛋白之一,可參與調(diào)節(jié)多種生命活動,與其直接磷酸化多種細(xì)胞因子密切相關(guān)[13]。眾多研究證實,通過上調(diào)PI3K/AKT通路可使多種重要生長因子發(fā)揮促血管生成的生物學(xué)功能[6,14-18]。有文獻(xiàn)報道,在表皮成纖維細(xì)胞中Caveolin-1能增強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)錄生長因子β誘導(dǎo)的PI3K-AKT信號通路,轉(zhuǎn)染Caveolin-1腺病毒可以促進(jìn)AKT磷酸化[4]。AKT活化后又可以激活下游的一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)等[19]。Matthews等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)在IGF-1的誘導(dǎo)下,來源于Caveolin-1缺陷小鼠的胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞內(nèi)AKT的磷酸化水平明顯低于未缺陷小鼠,因此Caveolin-1可以通過調(diào)節(jié)AKT/NO的生成而介導(dǎo)血管形成,改善缺血部位的血液供應(yīng),那么高濃度的Caveolin-1在糖尿病下肢缺血肌肉組織的促血管生成作用是否也與激活A(yù)KT信號通路有關(guān)?本研究圖3、圖4所示,AKT的表達(dá)水平與Caveolin-1蛋白水平呈正比,可見Caveolin-1在糖尿病下肢缺血動物模型中對血管生成的促進(jìn)作用可能與其激活A(yù)KT信號通路有關(guān)。
綜上所述,Caveolin-1在糖尿病大鼠下肢缺血部位過表達(dá)時具有促進(jìn)血管生成的作用,其機(jī)制可能與上調(diào)AKT蛋白表達(dá)有關(guān),這為研究和治療糖尿病下肢血管病變提供了新的思路和方法。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
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(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文編輯:李亞聰)
[10]Pinzur MS,Slovenkai MP,Trepman E,et al.Guidelines for diabetic foot care:recommendations endorsed by the diabetes committee of the american orthopaedic foot and ankle society[J].Foot Ankle Int,2005,26(1):113-119.
[11]桂新春,劉宗漢,劉江華,等.葡萄糖對血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞小凹蛋白1和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子表達(dá)的影響[J].中國動脈硬化雜志,2004,12(1):38-42.
[12]Navarro A,Anand-Apte B,Parat MO.A role for caveolae in cell migration[J].FASEB J,2004,18(15):1801-1811.
[13]Sheng S,Qiao M,Pardee AB.Metastasis and AKT activation[J].J Cell Physiol,2009,21,8(3):451-454.
[14]Mehta VB,Besner GE.HB-EGF promotes angiogenesis in endothelial cells via PI3-kinase and MAPK signaling pathways[J].Growth Factors,2007,25(4):253-263.
[15]Bagli E,Stefaniotou M,Morbidelli L,et al.Luteolin inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis:inhibition of endothelial cell survival and proliferation by targeting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity[J].Cancer Res,2004,64(21):7936-7946.
[16]張珊珊,羅勇,武磊.PI3K/AKT通路在電針促進(jìn)局灶腦缺血再灌注大鼠腦內(nèi)血管再生中的作用[J].第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)學(xué)報,2010,32(23):2488-2491.
[17]Gadau S,Emanueli C,Van Linthout S,et al.Benfotiamine accelerates the healing of ischaemic diabetic limbs in mice through protein kinase B/Akt-mediated potentiation of angiogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis[J].Diabetologia,2006,49(2):405-420.
[18]Papapetropoulos A,Gareia-Cardena G,Madri JA,et al.Nitric oxide produetion contributes to the angiogenic properties of vaseular endothelial growth feator in human endothelial cells[J].J Clin Invest,1997,100(12):3131-3139.
[19]Egom EE,Mohamed TM,Mamas MA,et al.Activation of Pak1/Akt/eNOS signaling following sphingosine-1-phosphate release as part of a mechanism protecting cardiomyocytes against ischemic cell injury[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2011,301(4):1487-1495.
[20]Matthews LC,Taggart MJ,Westwood M.Modulation of caveolin-1 expression can affect signalling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway and cellular proliferation in response to insulin-like growth factor 1[J].Endocinology,2008,149(10):5199-5208.
(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文編輯:李亞聰)
[10]Pinzur MS,Slovenkai MP,Trepman E,et al.Guidelines for diabetic foot care:recommendations endorsed by the diabetes committee of the american orthopaedic foot and ankle society[J].Foot Ankle Int,2005,26(1):113-119.
[11]桂新春,劉宗漢,劉江華,等.葡萄糖對血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞小凹蛋白1和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子表達(dá)的影響[J].中國動脈硬化雜志,2004,12(1):38-42.
[12]Navarro A,Anand-Apte B,Parat MO.A role for caveolae in cell migration[J].FASEB J,2004,18(15):1801-1811.
[13]Sheng S,Qiao M,Pardee AB.Metastasis and AKT activation[J].J Cell Physiol,2009,21,8(3):451-454.
[14]Mehta VB,Besner GE.HB-EGF promotes angiogenesis in endothelial cells via PI3-kinase and MAPK signaling pathways[J].Growth Factors,2007,25(4):253-263.
[15]Bagli E,Stefaniotou M,Morbidelli L,et al.Luteolin inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis:inhibition of endothelial cell survival and proliferation by targeting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity[J].Cancer Res,2004,64(21):7936-7946.
[16]張珊珊,羅勇,武磊.PI3K/AKT通路在電針促進(jìn)局灶腦缺血再灌注大鼠腦內(nèi)血管再生中的作用[J].第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)學(xué)報,2010,32(23):2488-2491.
[17]Gadau S,Emanueli C,Van Linthout S,et al.Benfotiamine accelerates the healing of ischaemic diabetic limbs in mice through protein kinase B/Akt-mediated potentiation of angiogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis[J].Diabetologia,2006,49(2):405-420.
[18]Papapetropoulos A,Gareia-Cardena G,Madri JA,et al.Nitric oxide produetion contributes to the angiogenic properties of vaseular endothelial growth feator in human endothelial cells[J].J Clin Invest,1997,100(12):3131-3139.
[19]Egom EE,Mohamed TM,Mamas MA,et al.Activation of Pak1/Akt/eNOS signaling following sphingosine-1-phosphate release as part of a mechanism protecting cardiomyocytes against ischemic cell injury[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2011,301(4):1487-1495.
[20]Matthews LC,Taggart MJ,Westwood M.Modulation of caveolin-1 expression can affect signalling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway and cellular proliferation in response to insulin-like growth factor 1[J].Endocinology,2008,149(10):5199-5208.
(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文編輯:李亞聰)