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      人類輔助生殖技術(shù)中禁欲時(shí)間的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展

      2014-09-12 22:07:38吳竺刁英
      中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2014年18期

      吳竺++++++刁英

      [摘要] 禁欲時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短對(duì)精液質(zhì)量會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響已成為共識(shí),多數(shù)認(rèn)為隨著禁欲時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),精子的活率、活力、前向運(yùn)動(dòng)精子百分率降低,精液量、密度及總精子數(shù)增加,但具體機(jī)制不詳;也有認(rèn)為可能與精子核蛋白轉(zhuǎn)型、精子頂體酶活性及DNA碎片有關(guān)。宮腔內(nèi)人工受精時(shí)禁欲時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短與妊娠率呈負(fù)相關(guān),而禁欲時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短對(duì)體外受精-胚胎移植治療的實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)、臨床結(jié)局是否有影響,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外研究甚少。

      [關(guān)鍵詞] 輔助生殖技術(shù);禁欲時(shí)間;精子優(yōu)選技術(shù)

      [中圖分類號(hào)] R713.7[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A[文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2014)06(c)-0191-03

      Research progress of abstinence time in human assisted reproductive technology

      WU Zhu DIAO Ying▲

      Reproductive Medical Center,the First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College in Guizhou Province,Zunyi563003,China

      [Abstract] It is a consensus that the length of abstinence time will have an impact on semen quality.Most of the literature suggests that with prolonged abstinence time,sperm motility,vitality,the forward movement of sperm will reduce,semen volume,sperm density and total sperm count will increase.Specific mechanism is unknown.Some literatures suggests that it is related to sperm nucleoprotein transition,sperm acrosome activity and DNA fragmentation.Studies have shown that the length of abstinence time was negatively correlated with pregnancy in IUI,but whether it will affect laboratory parameters and clinical outcomes in IVF-ET,little research can available at present.

      [Key words] Assisted reproductive technology;Abstinence time;Sperm selection technique

      人類輔助生殖技術(shù)(assisted reproductive technique,ART)是指用醫(yī)學(xué)的方法對(duì)配子、合子及胚胎進(jìn)行操作以達(dá)到使女方受孕目的的一門技術(shù),包括人工受精、體外受精-胚胎移植(in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer,IVF-ET)及其衍生技術(shù)。眾所周知,胚胎質(zhì)量是決定不孕患者能否通過ART成功受孕的主要因素之一,而精子和卵子的質(zhì)量又決定了胚胎的質(zhì)量,其中,卵子質(zhì)量對(duì)胚胎的影響已獲得共識(shí),但精子質(zhì)量對(duì)胚胎的影響尚未引起足夠重視。近年來隨著男科學(xué)的不斷發(fā)展,精子對(duì)胚胎質(zhì)量的影響正逐漸被臨床醫(yī)生所認(rèn)識(shí),如何獲得優(yōu)質(zhì)精子,也成為生殖領(lǐng)域研究人員不斷探索的問題。研究表明,禁欲時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短對(duì)精液質(zhì)量有不同程度的影響,雖然WHO建議精液質(zhì)量分析的禁欲時(shí)間為2~7 d[1],但在ART治療中,究竟禁欲多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間更有利于提高胚胎的質(zhì)量,從而對(duì)治療結(jié)局更有益,尚無定論。在ART治療中,許多患者精神極度緊張,常常發(fā)生手術(shù)當(dāng)日取精困難或取出精液質(zhì)量明顯下降等情況,若能明確不同禁欲時(shí)間采集精液對(duì)ART治療的影響如何,就可以提前對(duì)患者進(jìn)行心理干預(yù),以減輕患者的精神緊張,從而有利于ART治療。本文就ART中禁欲時(shí)間的相關(guān)研究作簡(jiǎn)要綜述。

      1 不同禁欲時(shí)間對(duì)精液質(zhì)量的影響

      不同禁欲時(shí)間精子的密度、活力、活率、精液量、精子總數(shù)不同,各家報(bào)道結(jié)論不一。Gao等[2]認(rèn)為禁欲時(shí)間愈長(zhǎng),一次排出的精液其精子活動(dòng)率及前向運(yùn)動(dòng)精子的百分率越低,而精液量、精子總數(shù)、活動(dòng)精子總數(shù)及前向運(yùn)動(dòng)精子總數(shù)等越高。Pellestor等[3]對(duì)禁欲時(shí)間為1~18 d的精液進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著禁欲時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),精液體積和精子濃度與總精子計(jì)數(shù)顯著增加,活動(dòng)精子總數(shù)和正常形態(tài)率明顯下降。Levitas等[4]在禁欲時(shí)間對(duì)精液質(zhì)量的影響中發(fā)現(xiàn),精液正常組與少精組表現(xiàn)略有不同,隨著禁欲時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)(0~14 d),正常精液組精液量、精子密度、精子總數(shù)及活動(dòng)精子總數(shù)都明顯增多,但精子活率在禁欲7 d前逐漸上升,7 d后明顯下降,精子正常形態(tài)率10 d內(nèi)無明顯變化。少精組隨著禁欲時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)精液量增加,精子總數(shù)在禁欲0~4 d時(shí)呈上升趨勢(shì),但第5天趨于平穩(wěn),到禁欲11~14 d時(shí)又急劇下降?;顒?dòng)精子總數(shù)禁欲1~4 d升高,5 d后開始下降。精子正常形態(tài)率禁欲0~2 d較高,之后下降。特別是精子密度,在禁欲1 d后達(dá)最高峰,之后開始下降,至禁欲5 d后趨于平穩(wěn)。Raziel等[5]在一項(xiàng)前瞻性隊(duì)列研究中,對(duì)50例非梗阻性精子缺乏癥男性患者測(cè)定不同禁欲時(shí)間內(nèi)收集的精子數(shù)量、精子活動(dòng)力、總精子計(jì)數(shù),結(jié)果顯示,精子計(jì)數(shù)、總活動(dòng)精子數(shù)的增加隨著禁欲時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但是精子活動(dòng)力差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,說明精子活力隨著禁欲時(shí)間的變化可以保持在一個(gè)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的狀況。Carlsen等[6]認(rèn)為禁欲時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短不改變精子活力與正常形態(tài)精子百分率,但影響精液量和精子密度,隨著禁欲時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),精液量與精子密度增加。高榜華等[7]對(duì)50例正常男性研究卻發(fā)現(xiàn)精液量與禁欲時(shí)間沒有關(guān)系。禁欲時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短對(duì)精液質(zhì)量會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響已成為共識(shí),但具體影響如何仍有較大爭(zhēng)議。隨禁欲時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),男性患者的精液量、精子密度逐漸增加,而前向運(yùn)動(dòng)精子率、精子活率、正常形態(tài)率則隨禁欲時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)逐漸下降,支持Gao及Pellestor的觀點(diǎn)。

      2 禁欲時(shí)間對(duì)精液質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生影響的可能機(jī)制

      禁欲時(shí)間對(duì)精液質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生影響的原因很多。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),禁欲時(shí)間對(duì)核蛋白轉(zhuǎn)型有影響,核蛋白轉(zhuǎn)型障礙可影響精子核染色質(zhì)的正常凝聚和穩(wěn)定性,核染色質(zhì)易受損傷或造成精子頭部形態(tài)異常,形成畸形精子,使精子受精能力下降,即使受精后,也會(huì)使胚胎發(fā)育異常造成流產(chǎn)[8]。在核蛋白組型轉(zhuǎn)換半定量值正常患者中,禁欲時(shí)間過短(<3 d)對(duì)精子核蛋白組型轉(zhuǎn)換半定量值有影響;在核蛋白組型轉(zhuǎn)換半定量值異?;颊咧?,禁欲時(shí)間過長(zhǎng)(>7 d)對(duì)精子核蛋白組型轉(zhuǎn)換半定量值也有影響,所以建議人工受精時(shí)盡量要選擇禁欲時(shí)間3~7 d[9]。

      Blackwell等[10]認(rèn)為禁欲時(shí)間與精子頂體酶活性有關(guān)。精子頂體酶活性是判斷精子生育力的一種很有價(jià)值的方法[11]。頂體酶活性能反映精子的受精潛力。禁欲1~5 d時(shí),頂體酶活性是穩(wěn)定的,而禁欲10 d時(shí)頂體酶活性明顯下降,與禁欲1 d頂體酶活性比較差異顯著(P<0.05),說明禁欲時(shí)間對(duì)頂體酶活性有一定影響[12]。另外,Gosálvez等[13]認(rèn)為,通過縮短禁欲時(shí)間和精子洗滌,可以減少精子DNA碎片量,而精子DNA碎片含量高會(huì)影響精子受精能力、受精后原核形成、胚胎著床及子代健康,且能較直觀地反映患者的精子質(zhì)量[14-16]。筆者認(rèn)為理論上,延長(zhǎng)禁欲時(shí)間會(huì)使精子更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間暴露于活性氧中,而高活性氧水平可能導(dǎo)致精子DNA損傷,從而影響精液質(zhì)量,但禁欲時(shí)間對(duì)精液質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生影響的確切機(jī)制到底如何尚不確定。

      endprint

      3 ART與禁欲時(shí)間

      目前國(guó)內(nèi)外研究較多的是禁欲時(shí)間與未經(jīng)精子優(yōu)選技術(shù)處理過的精液質(zhì)量的關(guān)系,而不同禁欲時(shí)間采集的精液經(jīng)精子優(yōu)選技術(shù)處理后,對(duì)IVF-ET的實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)及臨床結(jié)局是否有影響,禁欲多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間采集精子對(duì)IVF-ET最合適,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外研究甚少。

      ART中精液均需優(yōu)選技術(shù)處理,目的有兩個(gè),一是通過恰當(dāng)?shù)奶幚矸椒ǖ玫絻?yōu)質(zhì)的精子;二是盡可能去除精漿中所含的前列腺素、死精子、白細(xì)胞、精子獲能抑制因子及一些雜質(zhì)碎片等有害成分,從而提高精子獲能及受精能力[17]。那么,禁欲時(shí)間是否對(duì)宮腔內(nèi)人工受精(intrauterine insemination,IUI)的精液質(zhì)量及其結(jié)局有影響呢?楊帆等[18]對(duì)142份行人工授精的精液分析認(rèn)為,對(duì)于同一個(gè)體禁欲3~7 d與禁欲2 d的精子相比,禁欲2 d做IUI精液質(zhì)量不受影響。Jurema等[19]對(duì)男方精液質(zhì)量正常者進(jìn)行IUI時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)禁欲時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短與妊娠率呈負(fù)相關(guān):當(dāng)禁欲時(shí)間≤3 d時(shí),妊娠率最高(14%);禁欲時(shí)間為4~10 d,其妊娠率為10%;禁欲時(shí)間≥10 d,妊娠率為3%;而>14 d者無1例妊娠。Marshburn等[20]認(rèn)為HCG注射日前禁欲≤2 d行IUI妊娠率最高,之后隨禁欲時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),妊娠率降低。國(guó)內(nèi)李醫(yī)等[21]報(bào)道,精子密度大的弱精子癥患者,禁欲時(shí)間縮短后做IUI,妊娠成功率提高,支持上述觀點(diǎn)。理論上,延長(zhǎng)禁欲時(shí)間會(huì)增加精子暴露于活性氧的時(shí)間,體內(nèi)高活性氧水平導(dǎo)致精子DNA損傷,加快精子凋亡速度,從而對(duì)精子功能與妊娠結(jié)局有不利影響[22-24],但目前禁欲時(shí)間對(duì)精子DNA損傷的具體機(jī)制如何尚未可知[25]。

      不同于自然同房懷孕時(shí)精子要依靠自身能力穿過女性生殖道,到達(dá)輸卵管壺腹部完成受精,IVF受精時(shí)是直接將精卵混合在一起,精子濃度較高,且IVF治療中精液都經(jīng)過優(yōu)選技術(shù)處理,而處理后的精液質(zhì)量較處理前均會(huì)有較大提高,故在IVF周期中,當(dāng)精子的各項(xiàng)質(zhì)量指標(biāo)及其功能低于正常值時(shí),通過精子優(yōu)選技術(shù)處理,在大多數(shù)情況下可以完成受精過程[26],即IVF治療中對(duì)精子質(zhì)量的要求沒有自然受孕時(shí)高。那么,IVF治療時(shí)是否還需要嚴(yán)格禁欲2~7 d呢?翟丹梅等[27]的研究認(rèn)為,禁欲時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短不影響體外受精后的受精率和卵裂率,禁欲6~7 d的男性精液經(jīng)優(yōu)化處理后用于IVF-ET,其種植率和臨床妊娠率較其他禁欲時(shí)間(≤3 d組、4~5 d組和>7 d組)低,而原因不詳。雖然禁欲時(shí)間不同精液質(zhì)量有所不同,但經(jīng)精子優(yōu)選技術(shù)處理后可較大程度地提高精子獲能與受精能力,只要前向運(yùn)動(dòng)精子總數(shù)能滿足需要,對(duì)體外受精的結(jié)局可能無太大影響。

      綜上所述,禁欲時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短對(duì)精子質(zhì)量有明顯影響。

      [參考文獻(xiàn)]

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      [2]Gao J,Gao ES,Yang Q,et al.Semen quality in a residential geographic and age representative sample of healthy Chinese men[J].Hum Reprod,2007,22(2):477-484.

      [3]Pellestor F,Girardet A,Andreo B.Effect of long abstinence periods on human sperm quality[J].Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud,1994,39(5):278-282.

      [4]Levitas E,Lunenfeld E,Weiss N,et al.Relationship between the duration of sexual abstinence and semen quality:analysis of 9489 semen samples[J].Fertil Steril,2005,83(6):1680-1686.

      [5]Raziel A,F(xiàn)riedler S,Schachter M,et al.Influence of a short or long abstinence period on semen parameters in the ejaculate of patients with nonobstructive azoospermia[J].Fertil Steril,2001,76(3):485-490.

      [6]Carlsen E,Petersen JH,Andersson AM,et al.Effects of ejaculatory frequency and season on variations in semen quality[J].Fertil Steril,2004,82(2):358-366.

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      [8]Wu JY,Ribar TJ,Cummings DE,et al.Spermiogenesis and exchange of basic nuclear protein are impaired in male germ cells lacking Camk4[J].Nat Genet,2000,25(4):448-452.

      [9]楊光,卞廷松,徐福松,等.禁欲時(shí)間對(duì)男性不育癥患者精子核蛋白組型轉(zhuǎn)換半定量檢測(cè)值的影響[J].中國(guó)實(shí)用醫(yī)藥,2008,3(6):14-15.

      [10]Blackwell JM,Zaneveld LJ.Effect of abstinence on sperm acrosin,hypoosmotic swelling,and other semen variables[J].Fertil Steril,1992,58(4):798-802.

      [11]Howes L,Jones R.Interactions between zona pellucida glycoprotein and sperm proacrosin/acrosin during fertilization[J].J Reprod Immunol,2002,53(1-2):181-182.

      [12]劉睿智,董乃屹,高元奇,等.禁欲時(shí)間對(duì)人精子頂體酶活性精子密度和精子數(shù)的影響[J].中國(guó)婦幼保健,2005,20(1):3306-3307.

      [13]Gosálvez J,González-Martínez M,López-Fernández C,et al.Shorter abstinence decreases sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation in ejaculate[J].Fertil Steril,2011,96(5):1083-1086.

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      [14]Smit M,Dohle GR,Hop WC,et al.Clinical correlates of the biological variation of sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men attending an andrology outpatient clinic[J].Inter J Androl,2007,30(1):48-55.

      [15]Shamsi MB,Kumar R,Dada R.Evaluation of nuclear DNA damage in huaman spermatozoa in men opting for assisted reproduction[J].Indian J Med Res,2008,127(2):115-123.

      [16]Zini A,Sigman M.Are tests of sperm DNA damage clinically useful?pros and cons[J].J Androl,2009,30(3):219-229.

      [17]黃荷鳳.現(xiàn)代輔助生殖技術(shù)[M].北京:人民軍醫(yī)出版社,2003:201-202.

      [18]楊帆,施祖美,王曉敏,等.禁欲2天對(duì)于精子質(zhì)量的影響[J].中國(guó)男科學(xué)雜志,2004,18(3):29-31.

      [19]Jurema MW,Vieira AD,Bankowski B,et al.Effect of ejaculatory abstinence period on the pregnancy rate after intrauterine insemination[J].Fertil Steril,2005,84(3):678-681.

      [20]Marshburn PB,Alanis M,Matthews ML,et al.A shorted period of ejaculatory abstinence before intrauterine insemination is associated with higher pregnancy rates[J].Fertil Steril,2010,93(1):286-288.

      [21]李醫(yī),杜興琴.縮短禁欲時(shí)間治療弱精子的探討[J].中國(guó)實(shí)用醫(yī)學(xué),2011,4(6):242-243.

      [22]Williams AC,F(xiàn)ord WC.Relationship between reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation in human sperm suspensions and their association with sperm function[J].Fertil Steril,2005,83(4):929-936.

      [23]Gallegos G,Ramos B,Santiso R,et al.Sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men with genitourinary infection by Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma[J].Fertil Steril,2008,90(2):328-334.

      [24]戴汝琳,劉睿智.影響精子DNA損傷因素研究進(jìn)展[J].生殖與避孕,2009,29(6):358-359.

      [25]Desai NR,Mahfouz R,Sharma R,et al.Reactive oxygen specices levels are independent of sperm concentration,motility,and abstinence in a normal,healthy,proven fertile man:a longitudinal study[J].Fertil Steri,2010,94(4):1541-1543.

      [26]顧斌,鄭愛燕,丁潔,等.精子質(zhì)量和功能參數(shù)與IVF受精率和優(yōu)胚率的關(guān)系探討[J].中國(guó)婦幼保健,2011,26(1):881-884.

      [27]翟丹梅,李柳銘,覃愛平,等.不同禁欲時(shí)間對(duì)體外受精-胚胎移植結(jié)局的影響[J].檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)與臨床,2012,9(13):1583-1586.

      (收稿日期:2014-03-17本文編輯:李亞聰)

      endprint

      [14]Smit M,Dohle GR,Hop WC,et al.Clinical correlates of the biological variation of sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men attending an andrology outpatient clinic[J].Inter J Androl,2007,30(1):48-55.

      [15]Shamsi MB,Kumar R,Dada R.Evaluation of nuclear DNA damage in huaman spermatozoa in men opting for assisted reproduction[J].Indian J Med Res,2008,127(2):115-123.

      [16]Zini A,Sigman M.Are tests of sperm DNA damage clinically useful?pros and cons[J].J Androl,2009,30(3):219-229.

      [17]黃荷鳳.現(xiàn)代輔助生殖技術(shù)[M].北京:人民軍醫(yī)出版社,2003:201-202.

      [18]楊帆,施祖美,王曉敏,等.禁欲2天對(duì)于精子質(zhì)量的影響[J].中國(guó)男科學(xué)雜志,2004,18(3):29-31.

      [19]Jurema MW,Vieira AD,Bankowski B,et al.Effect of ejaculatory abstinence period on the pregnancy rate after intrauterine insemination[J].Fertil Steril,2005,84(3):678-681.

      [20]Marshburn PB,Alanis M,Matthews ML,et al.A shorted period of ejaculatory abstinence before intrauterine insemination is associated with higher pregnancy rates[J].Fertil Steril,2010,93(1):286-288.

      [21]李醫(yī),杜興琴.縮短禁欲時(shí)間治療弱精子的探討[J].中國(guó)實(shí)用醫(yī)學(xué),2011,4(6):242-243.

      [22]Williams AC,F(xiàn)ord WC.Relationship between reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation in human sperm suspensions and their association with sperm function[J].Fertil Steril,2005,83(4):929-936.

      [23]Gallegos G,Ramos B,Santiso R,et al.Sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men with genitourinary infection by Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma[J].Fertil Steril,2008,90(2):328-334.

      [24]戴汝琳,劉睿智.影響精子DNA損傷因素研究進(jìn)展[J].生殖與避孕,2009,29(6):358-359.

      [25]Desai NR,Mahfouz R,Sharma R,et al.Reactive oxygen specices levels are independent of sperm concentration,motility,and abstinence in a normal,healthy,proven fertile man:a longitudinal study[J].Fertil Steri,2010,94(4):1541-1543.

      [26]顧斌,鄭愛燕,丁潔,等.精子質(zhì)量和功能參數(shù)與IVF受精率和優(yōu)胚率的關(guān)系探討[J].中國(guó)婦幼保健,2011,26(1):881-884.

      [27]翟丹梅,李柳銘,覃愛平,等.不同禁欲時(shí)間對(duì)體外受精-胚胎移植結(jié)局的影響[J].檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)與臨床,2012,9(13):1583-1586.

      (收稿日期:2014-03-17本文編輯:李亞聰)

      endprint

      [14]Smit M,Dohle GR,Hop WC,et al.Clinical correlates of the biological variation of sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men attending an andrology outpatient clinic[J].Inter J Androl,2007,30(1):48-55.

      [15]Shamsi MB,Kumar R,Dada R.Evaluation of nuclear DNA damage in huaman spermatozoa in men opting for assisted reproduction[J].Indian J Med Res,2008,127(2):115-123.

      [16]Zini A,Sigman M.Are tests of sperm DNA damage clinically useful?pros and cons[J].J Androl,2009,30(3):219-229.

      [17]黃荷鳳.現(xiàn)代輔助生殖技術(shù)[M].北京:人民軍醫(yī)出版社,2003:201-202.

      [18]楊帆,施祖美,王曉敏,等.禁欲2天對(duì)于精子質(zhì)量的影響[J].中國(guó)男科學(xué)雜志,2004,18(3):29-31.

      [19]Jurema MW,Vieira AD,Bankowski B,et al.Effect of ejaculatory abstinence period on the pregnancy rate after intrauterine insemination[J].Fertil Steril,2005,84(3):678-681.

      [20]Marshburn PB,Alanis M,Matthews ML,et al.A shorted period of ejaculatory abstinence before intrauterine insemination is associated with higher pregnancy rates[J].Fertil Steril,2010,93(1):286-288.

      [21]李醫(yī),杜興琴.縮短禁欲時(shí)間治療弱精子的探討[J].中國(guó)實(shí)用醫(yī)學(xué),2011,4(6):242-243.

      [22]Williams AC,F(xiàn)ord WC.Relationship between reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation in human sperm suspensions and their association with sperm function[J].Fertil Steril,2005,83(4):929-936.

      [23]Gallegos G,Ramos B,Santiso R,et al.Sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men with genitourinary infection by Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma[J].Fertil Steril,2008,90(2):328-334.

      [24]戴汝琳,劉睿智.影響精子DNA損傷因素研究進(jìn)展[J].生殖與避孕,2009,29(6):358-359.

      [25]Desai NR,Mahfouz R,Sharma R,et al.Reactive oxygen specices levels are independent of sperm concentration,motility,and abstinence in a normal,healthy,proven fertile man:a longitudinal study[J].Fertil Steri,2010,94(4):1541-1543.

      [26]顧斌,鄭愛燕,丁潔,等.精子質(zhì)量和功能參數(shù)與IVF受精率和優(yōu)胚率的關(guān)系探討[J].中國(guó)婦幼保健,2011,26(1):881-884.

      [27]翟丹梅,李柳銘,覃愛平,等.不同禁欲時(shí)間對(duì)體外受精-胚胎移植結(jié)局的影響[J].檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)與臨床,2012,9(13):1583-1586.

      (收稿日期:2014-03-17本文編輯:李亞聰)

      endprint

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