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      DGLA及ETA合成的多基因植物表達載體的構建

      2014-09-22 11:10孫覓真李新征周佳佳等
      山東農業(yè)科學 2014年7期
      關鍵詞:不飽和特異性學報

      孫覓真 李新征 周佳佳等

      摘要:Δ8去飽和酶和Δ9鏈延長酶是二高-γ-亞麻酸(DGLA)和二十碳四烯酸(ETA)合成的關鍵酶。本研究利用大豆種子特異性啟動子替換35S啟動子構建了新的多基因輔助載體PAUX-2,并在此基礎上構建了包含來自小眼蟲藻的Δ8去飽和酶基因和來自球等鞭金藻的Δ9鏈延長酶基因的植物表達載體pCambia2300-Δ8Δ9。為進一步利用轉基因技術研究這些基因在植物中的表達提供了條件。

      關鍵詞:超長鏈多不飽和脂肪酸;Δ8去飽和酶基因;Δ9鏈延長酶基因;種子特異性啟動子;表達載體

      中圖分類號:S188+.1∶Q784文獻標識號:A文章編號:1001-4942(2014)07-0001-06

      AbstractThe Δ8 desaturase (Δ8Des) and Δ9 elongase (Δ9Elo) are the key enzymes for the synthesis of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA). In the research, a new assistant expression vector, PAUX-2, was constructed through replacing the 35S promoter with a soybean seed-specific promoter BCSP952. Then a plant expression vector, pCambia2300-Δ8Δ9, simultaneously containing Δ8Des gene from Euglena gracilis and Δ9Elo gene from Isochrysis galbana, was constructed, which provided essential tool to study the expression of these exogenous genes in plants.

      Key wordsVery-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs); Δ8 desaturase gene; Δ9 elongase gene; Seed-specific promoter; Expression vector

      超長鏈多不飽和脂肪酸(very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,VLCPUFAs),通常指含有20個碳原子以上及4~6個順式不飽和雙鍵的直鏈脂肪酸[1]。根據甲基端第一個雙鍵碳原子的位置,VLCPUFAs可以分為2類,首個雙鍵出現在第3個碳原子位置的稱為ω3系列VLCPUFAs,比如二十碳三烯酸(ETrA, 20∶3Δ11,14,17)和二十碳四烯酸(ETA, 20∶4Δ8,11,14,17);而首個雙鍵出現在第6個碳原子處的稱為ω6系列VLCPUFAs,比如二十碳二烯酸(EDA, 20∶2Δ11,14)和二高-γ-亞麻酸(DGLA, 20∶3Δ8,11,14)。研究表明VLCPUFAs對于人體營養(yǎng)健康、植物的抗逆生長等都具有重要的意義。比如,DGLA是生物合成前列腺素E1的前體,其自身也具有抑制血栓素A2的活性作用,能有效抑制人體血小板聚集反應和分裂素的分泌,發(fā)揮抗動脈粥樣硬化的效應[2]。許多資料報道服用DGLA可以調節(jié)生物體內脂肪酸的代謝[3]。ETA是中樞神經系統和視網膜的重要結構脂成分,在嬰兒的腦組織和視網膜內高度聚集[4]。因此適量攝取VLCPUFAs對于人體健康十分重要。

      目前VLCPUFAs主要來自深海魚類,但受到魚類資源限制和海洋污染的影響,難以保障其供應[5]。由于缺少相應的酶基因,高等植物(比如油料作物)一般不能合成20個碳以上的VLCPUFAs,只能合成油酸(OA, 18∶1Δ9)、亞油酸(LA,18∶2Δ9,12)、亞麻酸(ALA, 18∶3Δ9,12,15)。然而一些低等生物,比如真菌、藻類等,卻具有合成VLCPUFAs的關鍵酶基因,能夠合成VLCPUFAs。比如,Qi等在球等鞭金藻中克隆到一個Δ9鏈延長酶基因(Δ9Elo),該酶具有很高的催化活性,轉化LA和ALA的效率均達到45%以上[6]。Wallis等從小眼蟲藻克隆到一個Δ8脫氫酶基因(Δ8Des),并在釀酒酵母中進行了功能驗證[7]。Δ9Elo、Δ8Des基因是合成DGLA和ETA的關鍵酶基因。LA或者ALA在Δ9Elo的作用下分別生成EDA及ETrA等中間產物,EDA及ETrA又在Δ8Des的作用下生成DGLA及ETA,這條合成途徑首先由Qi等[5]發(fā)現,被稱為“Δ8途徑”(圖1)。

      3結論與討論

      DGLA、ETA等VLCPUFAs對人體的健康具有重要作用。目前VLCPUFAs主要來自深海魚類,但由于環(huán)境污染、過度捕撈造成海洋野生魚類資源日益減少,已經不能滿足迅速增長的市場需求[11],因此開發(fā)一種安全經濟、可持續(xù)生產VLCPUFAs的替代途徑勢在必行。由于某些高等植物(尤其是油料作物)中含油量較高,并且含有亞油酸、亞麻酸等生成VLCPUFAs的底物,因此可以采用油料作物作為生物反應器生產DGLA、ETA等VLCPUFAs。

      目前利用多基因轉化技術將VLCPUFAs代謝途徑整合到高等植物中生產VLCPUFAs的研究逐漸成為熱點。經過轉基因能合成EPA和DHA的棉花、油菜等已經陸續(xù)獲得[12]。為在植物中重組DGLA、ETA的合成代謝途徑,本研究通過構建輔助表達載體PAUX-2,替換35S啟動子為大豆種子特異性啟動子BCSP952后,將從球等鞭金藻、小眼蟲藻中克隆到的Δ9Elo、Δ8Des基因串聯在一起,形成串聯的獨立基因表達盒,獲得了包含這兩個基因串聯表達盒的輔助表達載體PAUX-2-Δ8Δ9。并進一步獲得了植物表達載體pCambia2300-Δ8Δ9。該載體只整合了VLCPUFAs合成的“Δ8途徑”的前2個基因,載體相對較小,更容易轉化;另外,該載體轉入目標植物如棉花(種子中同時含有LA和ALA)中后,預期可以用于研究將LA轉化成EDA進而合成DGLA,也可同時用于研究將ALA轉化成ETrA進而生成ETA。該載體的構建為研究Δ9Elo、Δ8Des基因在植物種子中的表達提供了基礎,但能否實現預期的功能以及相應環(huán)節(jié)催化效率的高低有待進一步的研究加以驗證。

      參考文獻:

      [1]Abbadi A,Domergue F,Bauer J,et al. Biosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic oilseeds: constraints on their accumulation [J]. Plant Cell, 2004, 16(10): 2734-2748.

      [2]Hamberg M. Biosysnthesis of prostaglandin E1 by human seminal vesicles [J]. Lipids, 1976, 3(11): 249-250.

      [3]Hassal C H,Kirtland S J. Dihomo- γ -linolenic acid reverses hypertension induced in rats by diets rich in saturated fat [J]. Lipids, 1984, 9(19): 699-703.

      [4]Arbuckle L D,Innis S M. Docoahexaenoic acid in developing brain and retina of piglets fed high or low α-linolenate formula with and without fish oil [J]. Lipids, 1992, 27(2): 89-93.

      [5]Qi B,Fraser T,Mugford S,et al. Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants [J]. Nat.Biotechnol., 2004, 22 (6): 739-745.

      [6]Qi B,Beaudoin F,Fraser T,et al. Identification of a cDNA encoding a novel C18-Δ9 polyunsaturated fatty acid-specific elongating,activity from the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-producing microalga, Isochrysis galbana [J]. FEBS Lett., 2002, 510 (3): 159-165.

      [7]Wallis J G,Browse J . The Δ 8-desaturase of Euglena gracilis: An alternate pathway for synthesis of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids[J]. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1999, 365(2): 307-316.

      [8]Kinney A J,Hall S E,Taylor D C,et al. Production of fatty acid components of meadowfoam oil in somatic soybean embryos[J]. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 2004, 124 (1): 243-251.

      [9]財音青格樂,李明春,蔡易,等. 大豆種子特異性啟動子的克隆及序列分析[J]. 作物學報,2005, 31(1): 11-17.

      [10]Sun Q,Liu J,Qi B,et al. Creation and validation of a widely applicable multiple gene transfer vector system for stable transformation in plant [J]. Plant. Mol. Biochem., 2013, 83 (4/5): 391-404.

      [11]Lu C,Napier J A,Clemente T E,et al. New frontiers in oilseed biotechnology: meeting the global demand for vegetable oils for food, feed,biofuel, and industrial applications[J]. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 2011, 22(2): 252-259.

      [12]劉江,馬燕斌,孫全喜.超長鏈多不飽和脂肪酸在棉花中的異源合成[J]. 作物學報,2014, 40(1): 86-92.山 東 農 業(yè) 科 學2014,46(7):7~10Shandong Agricultural Sciences

      參考文獻:

      [1]Abbadi A,Domergue F,Bauer J,et al. Biosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic oilseeds: constraints on their accumulation [J]. Plant Cell, 2004, 16(10): 2734-2748.

      [2]Hamberg M. Biosysnthesis of prostaglandin E1 by human seminal vesicles [J]. Lipids, 1976, 3(11): 249-250.

      [3]Hassal C H,Kirtland S J. Dihomo- γ -linolenic acid reverses hypertension induced in rats by diets rich in saturated fat [J]. Lipids, 1984, 9(19): 699-703.

      [4]Arbuckle L D,Innis S M. Docoahexaenoic acid in developing brain and retina of piglets fed high or low α-linolenate formula with and without fish oil [J]. Lipids, 1992, 27(2): 89-93.

      [5]Qi B,Fraser T,Mugford S,et al. Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants [J]. Nat.Biotechnol., 2004, 22 (6): 739-745.

      [6]Qi B,Beaudoin F,Fraser T,et al. Identification of a cDNA encoding a novel C18-Δ9 polyunsaturated fatty acid-specific elongating,activity from the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-producing microalga, Isochrysis galbana [J]. FEBS Lett., 2002, 510 (3): 159-165.

      [7]Wallis J G,Browse J . The Δ 8-desaturase of Euglena gracilis: An alternate pathway for synthesis of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids[J]. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1999, 365(2): 307-316.

      [8]Kinney A J,Hall S E,Taylor D C,et al. Production of fatty acid components of meadowfoam oil in somatic soybean embryos[J]. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 2004, 124 (1): 243-251.

      [9]財音青格樂,李明春,蔡易,等. 大豆種子特異性啟動子的克隆及序列分析[J]. 作物學報,2005, 31(1): 11-17.

      [10]Sun Q,Liu J,Qi B,et al. Creation and validation of a widely applicable multiple gene transfer vector system for stable transformation in plant [J]. Plant. Mol. Biochem., 2013, 83 (4/5): 391-404.

      [11]Lu C,Napier J A,Clemente T E,et al. New frontiers in oilseed biotechnology: meeting the global demand for vegetable oils for food, feed,biofuel, and industrial applications[J]. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 2011, 22(2): 252-259.

      [12]劉江,馬燕斌,孫全喜.超長鏈多不飽和脂肪酸在棉花中的異源合成[J]. 作物學報,2014, 40(1): 86-92.山 東 農 業(yè) 科 學2014,46(7):7~10Shandong Agricultural Sciences

      參考文獻:

      [1]Abbadi A,Domergue F,Bauer J,et al. Biosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic oilseeds: constraints on their accumulation [J]. Plant Cell, 2004, 16(10): 2734-2748.

      [2]Hamberg M. Biosysnthesis of prostaglandin E1 by human seminal vesicles [J]. Lipids, 1976, 3(11): 249-250.

      [3]Hassal C H,Kirtland S J. Dihomo- γ -linolenic acid reverses hypertension induced in rats by diets rich in saturated fat [J]. Lipids, 1984, 9(19): 699-703.

      [4]Arbuckle L D,Innis S M. Docoahexaenoic acid in developing brain and retina of piglets fed high or low α-linolenate formula with and without fish oil [J]. Lipids, 1992, 27(2): 89-93.

      [5]Qi B,Fraser T,Mugford S,et al. Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants [J]. Nat.Biotechnol., 2004, 22 (6): 739-745.

      [6]Qi B,Beaudoin F,Fraser T,et al. Identification of a cDNA encoding a novel C18-Δ9 polyunsaturated fatty acid-specific elongating,activity from the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-producing microalga, Isochrysis galbana [J]. FEBS Lett., 2002, 510 (3): 159-165.

      [7]Wallis J G,Browse J . The Δ 8-desaturase of Euglena gracilis: An alternate pathway for synthesis of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids[J]. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1999, 365(2): 307-316.

      [8]Kinney A J,Hall S E,Taylor D C,et al. Production of fatty acid components of meadowfoam oil in somatic soybean embryos[J]. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 2004, 124 (1): 243-251.

      [9]財音青格樂,李明春,蔡易,等. 大豆種子特異性啟動子的克隆及序列分析[J]. 作物學報,2005, 31(1): 11-17.

      [10]Sun Q,Liu J,Qi B,et al. Creation and validation of a widely applicable multiple gene transfer vector system for stable transformation in plant [J]. Plant. Mol. Biochem., 2013, 83 (4/5): 391-404.

      [11]Lu C,Napier J A,Clemente T E,et al. New frontiers in oilseed biotechnology: meeting the global demand for vegetable oils for food, feed,biofuel, and industrial applications[J]. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 2011, 22(2): 252-259.

      [12]劉江,馬燕斌,孫全喜.超長鏈多不飽和脂肪酸在棉花中的異源合成[J]. 作物學報,2014, 40(1): 86-92.山 東 農 業(yè) 科 學2014,46(7):7~10Shandong Agricultural Sciences

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