王春民 劉強 李建 徐波 米凱 程娟
摘要建立了二甲基甲酰胺(N,Ndimethyl formamide,DMF)職業(yè)接觸者血紅蛋白中N甲基氨甲酰加合物超高效液相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用(UPLC/MS/MS)快速檢測方法。準確稱取0.1 g 血紅蛋白樣品置于15 mL離心管中,加入40 μmol/L 3甲基異丁基海因(3methy5isobutylhydantion,MIH)內(nèi)標溶液250 μL,再加入HCl醋酸(2∶1, V/V)溶液4.75 mL,振蕩混勻3 min。將試管置于沸水浴中加熱降解1 h,取出冷卻。混勻后取200 μL到96孔板,加入600 μL1%甲酸乙腈溶液,混勻。控制真空泵壓力,使樣品在2~4 min流出。將凈化后樣品混勻轉(zhuǎn)移到樣品瓶,用UPLC/MS/MS檢測N甲基氨甲酰加合物的降解產(chǎn)物3甲基異丙基乙內(nèi)酸脲(3Methyl5isopropylhydantoin, MVH)。質(zhì)譜采集方式為多反應(yīng)監(jiān)測模式,內(nèi)標法定量。結(jié)果表明,MVH濃度在0.01~1.0 μmol/L范圍內(nèi)線性關(guān)系良好,相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.999。空白人群血紅蛋白MVH加標回收率為97.3%,相對標準偏差為1.7%,血紅蛋白中MVH檢出限為0.01 μmol/g。本方法能很好地應(yīng)用于二甲基甲酰胺職業(yè)接觸者血紅蛋白中新型生物標志物N甲基氨甲酰加合物的快速、準確測定。
關(guān)鍵詞超高效液相色譜質(zhì)譜; 二甲基甲酰胺; N甲基氨甲酰加合物; 3甲基異丙基乙內(nèi)酸脲; 生物標志物
1引言
N,N二甲基甲酰胺(N,Ndimethyl formamide, DMF),簡稱二甲基甲酰胺,是一種透明液體,能與水及大部分有機溶劑互溶,因其具有很強的溶解能力,又被稱為“萬能有機溶劑”,它是化學(xué)反應(yīng)的常用溶劑\[1\]。作業(yè)場所DMF主要經(jīng)呼吸道及皮膚進入機體,對肺臟、肝臟及腎臟等器官造成損害,嚴重者可導(dǎo)致死亡\[2,3\]。DMF已經(jīng)成為我國工業(yè)中毒中常見的毒物之一。開展DMF生物標志物研究,尤其是接觸標志物研究,對于預(yù)防和控制作業(yè)場所DMF中毒,保護勞動者的健康具有重要意義。近年來,越來越多的研究表明,DMF體內(nèi)代謝產(chǎn)物異氰酸甲酯(Methylisocyanate,MIC)與血紅蛋白相互作用形成的加合物N甲基氨甲酰加合物(Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct)可作為反映DMF職業(yè)暴露水平的生物標志物\[4~9\]。由于人體血液紅細胞更新時間長達4個月,加合物一旦形成,在較長的時間內(nèi)可維持相對穩(wěn)定的水平。目前,關(guān)于血液中N甲基氨甲酰加合物的檢測,可通過埃德曼降解法,將加合物降解為3甲基異丙基乙內(nèi)酸脲(3Methyl5isopropylhydantoin,MVH),運用氣相色譜質(zhì)譜法、氣相色譜法進行測定\[9,10\]。超高效液相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用技術(shù)應(yīng)用于二甲基甲酰胺職業(yè)接觸者血紅蛋白中新型生物標志物N甲基氨甲酰加合物檢測尚未有報道,本研究建立了DMF新型生物標志物N甲基氨甲酰加合物的測定方法,具有快速、高通量等優(yōu)點。DMF職業(yè)暴露人群血紅蛋白經(jīng)埃德曼降解后生成MVH,用96孔板快速凈化,超高效液相色譜質(zhì)譜檢測,以3甲基異丁基海因(3Methy5isobutylhydantion,MIH)為內(nèi)標進行定量分析。DMF體內(nèi)代謝及N甲基氨甲酰加合物埃德曼降解成MVH過程如圖1所示。
[TS(]圖1N,N二甲基甲酰胺代謝并降解成3甲基異丙基乙內(nèi)酸脲
Fig.1Schemesfor the metabolization and degradation of N,Ndimethyl formamide (DMF) to 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MVH)[HT5][TS)]
2實驗部分
2.1儀器與試劑
UPLCQuattro Micro超高效液相色譜三重四級桿質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀(美國Waters公司);Multi Reax振蕩器(德國 Heidolph公司);HHS型電熱恒溫水浴鍋(上海博訊實業(yè)有限公司醫(yī)療設(shè)備廠);V700真空泵,V855真空控制系統(tǒng)(瑞士Buchi公司);Ostro 25 mg 96孔提取板,2 mL 96孔收集板,聚丙烯96孔板蓋墊,96孔板真空提取裝置(美國Waters公司)。
HCl(優(yōu)級純)、冰醋酸(分析純)、甲酸(色譜純)、乙腈(色譜純)、MVH標準品(湖南化工研究院提供)、MIH標準品(湖南化工研究院提供),實驗用水為超純水。
2.2血紅蛋白制備
用肝素抗凝的采血管收集血樣5 mL,離心15 min,棄去血漿;用生理鹽水洗紅細胞兩次,然后用1 mL蒸餾水在超聲狀態(tài)下裂解紅細胞;緩慢加入15 mL預(yù)冷丙酮溶液(含有2% HCl);沉降蛋白離心5 min,棄去上清液,再用15 mL上述丙酮溶液清洗3次,最后用15 mL乙酸乙酯清洗,剩余物以氮氣吹干。樣品采集后及時處理成血紅蛋白備用。
2.3樣品處理
準確稱取約0.1 g 血紅蛋白置于15 mL離心管中,加入40 μmol/L MIH內(nèi)標溶液250 μL,再加入鹽酸醋酸(2∶1, V/V)溶液4.75 mL,振蕩混勻3 min。將試管置于沸水浴中加熱降解1 h(反應(yīng)過程可能會產(chǎn)生氣泡,小心操作),取出冷卻?;靹蚝笕?00 μL到96孔板,加入600 μL 1%甲酸乙腈溶液,混勻??刂普婵毡脡毫?,使樣品在2~4 min流出。將凈化后樣品混勻轉(zhuǎn)移到樣品瓶中待測。
2.4標準溶液配制
2.5色譜質(zhì)譜條件
ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色譜柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm);流動相為0.1%甲酸(A)和乙腈(B),流速0.25 mL/min,柱溫35 ℃。采用梯度洗脫:0~3 min,90%~10% A;3~3.2 min,10% A;3.2~3.5 min,10%~90% A;3.5~4.0 min,90% A。進樣量5 μL。
采用ES+電噴霧電離源模式,毛細管電壓3.5 kV;萃取錐孔電壓3.0 V;源溫度120 ℃;脫溶劑溫度380 ℃;脫溶劑氣流速800 L/h;四極桿低(高)端分辨率13.0;檢測方式為多反應(yīng)監(jiān)測掃描模式(MRM)。
3結(jié)果與討論
3.1前處理過程
氣相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用法檢測時樣品前處理過程采用酸降解、調(diào)節(jié)酸度、乙酸乙酯提取靜置過夜、氮吹、定容等多個步驟,方法耗時長,前處理復(fù)雜\[10\]。為快速進行血紅蛋白中MVH檢測,前處理方法必須簡單有效。用96孔板進行實驗,將待測樣品取樣后加入內(nèi)標并進行酸降解,取200 μL降解液到96孔板,加入600 μL 1%甲酸乙腈混勻后減壓過板,收集濾出液并轉(zhuǎn)移到樣品瓶中待測。此法步驟少,可同時處理96個樣品,提高了樣品通量,符合快速檢測要求。
DMF在人體內(nèi)經(jīng)過代謝形成中間產(chǎn)物,此時血紅蛋白必須通過埃德曼降解法產(chǎn)生MVH,即沸水浴酸降解為必要步驟。比較酸降解后溶液和進一步調(diào)節(jié)pH值后, 溶液用96孔板處理,峰面積差異不大,但是經(jīng)過酸度調(diào)節(jié)的樣品過板后會析出沉淀,易堵住進樣針和流路系統(tǒng),故酸降解后不調(diào)節(jié)酸度較好。在此情況下,上樣200 μL到96孔板,比較加入600 μL 1%甲酸乙腈和600 μL 5%氨化甲醇的降解效果,結(jié)果顯示,
3.296孔板與固相萃取柱的比較
采用HLB固相萃取柱處理經(jīng)埃德曼降解后的樣品,洗脫液直接進入LC/MS/MS分析,并與經(jīng)96孔板處理樣品比較,樣品圖譜無明顯差異。但檢測大量樣品時,過HLB固相萃取柱步驟復(fù)雜、耗時長、通量小、成本高,故選擇96孔板進行樣品凈化。
3.3基質(zhì)效應(yīng)和內(nèi)標法
降解后的血紅蛋白基質(zhì)復(fù)雜,經(jīng)過凈化去除磷脂蛋白等雜質(zhì),但進樣后有離子抑制效應(yīng),且目標物降低顯著。在相同條件下,連續(xù)進樣(n=6),比較同濃度標準溶液與在空白人群基質(zhì)加標并前處理的溶液。同樣濃度不同基質(zhì)的離子抑制情況如圖2所示,離子抑制效應(yīng)使得外標法不能準確定量,應(yīng)選擇內(nèi)標法。由于MVH由MIC與纈氨酸合成,MIH由MIC與異亮氨酸合成,兩者結(jié)構(gòu)類似,物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)接近,符合內(nèi)標物的選擇條件,故選擇MIH作為MVH內(nèi)標。
3.7樣品測定
采集某企業(yè)DMF職業(yè)暴露人群血液樣品441份,將血液樣品按照2.2節(jié)及時制備成符合要求的血紅蛋白,備用。將血紅蛋白按照本法用96孔板前處理并以超高效液相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀檢測,結(jié)果表明,對照人群血紅蛋白樣品中MVH均未檢出。職業(yè)暴露人群根據(jù)崗位不同,在DMF中暴露程度不同,血紅蛋白中MVH含量在0.01~0.18 μmol/g范圍內(nèi),結(jié)果分布情況如圖4所示。空白對照人群和DMF職業(yè)暴露人群新型生物標志物N甲基氨甲酰加合物降解產(chǎn)物MVH檢測對比如圖5所示。
4結(jié)論
通過96孔板凈化,超高效液相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用技術(shù)快速檢測DMF職業(yè)暴露人群血紅蛋白中新型生物標志物,取樣后前處理只需2 h左右,單個進樣運行只需4 min。與已報道的方法相比,本方法方便快速,通量高,在進行大批量樣品分析時,能準確及時檢測,可以節(jié)省大量時間和人力財力。 本方法能準確、快速測定DMF職業(yè)接觸者血紅蛋白中新型生物標志物N甲基氨甲酰加合物。
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10WANG ChunMin, LIU Qiang, LI Jian, YAO JianHua, MI Kai, XU Bo, HUANG Lu. Industrial Health and Occupational Diseases, 2011, 37(6): 381-383
王春民, 劉 強, 李 建, 姚建華, 米 凱, 徐 波, 黃 路. 工業(yè)衛(wèi)生與職業(yè)病, 2011, 37(6): 381-383
AbstractA rapid analytical method was developed for the determination of Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct in Hemoglobin of workers exposed to N,Ndimethylformamide by ultra high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). About 0.1 g of hemoglobin sample, 40 μmol/L of 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MIH) as the internal standard and 4.75 mL of HClacetic acid (2∶1, V/V) were added in the centrifuge tube, and mixed for 3 min. Then the tube was heated in boiling water bath for 1h. After cooling down, 200 μL of the mixture and 600 μL of formic acidacetonitrile (1%) were added into 96well extract plate. The vacuum pump pressure was controlled to make the sample collection elute within 2-4 min. The purified collection was transferred into the sample vial, and 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MVH) as degration product of Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct was quantified by UPLC/MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) by internal standard method. A good linear relationship was obtained in the MVH concentration range of 0.01-1.0 μmol/L with the correlation coefficient of 0.999. The recovery of added MVH in the blank sample was 97.3% and the relative standard deviation was 1.7%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01 μmol/g. This method was proved to be fast and efficient.
KeywordsUltra high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry; N,NDimethylformamide; NMethylcarbamoyl adduct; 3Methyl5isopropylhydantoin; Biomarker
10WANG ChunMin, LIU Qiang, LI Jian, YAO JianHua, MI Kai, XU Bo, HUANG Lu. Industrial Health and Occupational Diseases, 2011, 37(6): 381-383
王春民, 劉 強, 李 建, 姚建華, 米 凱, 徐 波, 黃 路. 工業(yè)衛(wèi)生與職業(yè)病, 2011, 37(6): 381-383
AbstractA rapid analytical method was developed for the determination of Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct in Hemoglobin of workers exposed to N,Ndimethylformamide by ultra high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). About 0.1 g of hemoglobin sample, 40 μmol/L of 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MIH) as the internal standard and 4.75 mL of HClacetic acid (2∶1, V/V) were added in the centrifuge tube, and mixed for 3 min. Then the tube was heated in boiling water bath for 1h. After cooling down, 200 μL of the mixture and 600 μL of formic acidacetonitrile (1%) were added into 96well extract plate. The vacuum pump pressure was controlled to make the sample collection elute within 2-4 min. The purified collection was transferred into the sample vial, and 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MVH) as degration product of Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct was quantified by UPLC/MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) by internal standard method. A good linear relationship was obtained in the MVH concentration range of 0.01-1.0 μmol/L with the correlation coefficient of 0.999. The recovery of added MVH in the blank sample was 97.3% and the relative standard deviation was 1.7%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01 μmol/g. This method was proved to be fast and efficient.
KeywordsUltra high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry; N,NDimethylformamide; NMethylcarbamoyl adduct; 3Methyl5isopropylhydantoin; Biomarker
10WANG ChunMin, LIU Qiang, LI Jian, YAO JianHua, MI Kai, XU Bo, HUANG Lu. Industrial Health and Occupational Diseases, 2011, 37(6): 381-383
王春民, 劉 強, 李 建, 姚建華, 米 凱, 徐 波, 黃 路. 工業(yè)衛(wèi)生與職業(yè)病, 2011, 37(6): 381-383
AbstractA rapid analytical method was developed for the determination of Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct in Hemoglobin of workers exposed to N,Ndimethylformamide by ultra high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). About 0.1 g of hemoglobin sample, 40 μmol/L of 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MIH) as the internal standard and 4.75 mL of HClacetic acid (2∶1, V/V) were added in the centrifuge tube, and mixed for 3 min. Then the tube was heated in boiling water bath for 1h. After cooling down, 200 μL of the mixture and 600 μL of formic acidacetonitrile (1%) were added into 96well extract plate. The vacuum pump pressure was controlled to make the sample collection elute within 2-4 min. The purified collection was transferred into the sample vial, and 3methyl5isopropylhydantoin (MVH) as degration product of Nmethylcarbamoyl adduct was quantified by UPLC/MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) by internal standard method. A good linear relationship was obtained in the MVH concentration range of 0.01-1.0 μmol/L with the correlation coefficient of 0.999. The recovery of added MVH in the blank sample was 97.3% and the relative standard deviation was 1.7%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01 μmol/g. This method was proved to be fast and efficient.
KeywordsUltra high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry; N,NDimethylformamide; NMethylcarbamoyl adduct; 3Methyl5isopropylhydantoin; Biomarker