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      污染土壤中主要石油降解基因AlkB和Nah定量檢測方法的建立和應(yīng)用

      2014-09-26 21:26劉慶龍唐景春萬曉彤
      分析化學(xué) 2014年9期
      關(guān)鍵詞:質(zhì)粒引物定量

      劉慶龍 唐景春 萬曉彤

      摘要[SS]建立了SYBR Green I實時熒光定量聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(Real imeqPCR)檢測油田污染土壤中烷烴降解基因AlkB和萘降解基因Nah的方法。比對相關(guān)降解石油菌株的GenBank序列,設(shè)計合成針對烷烴和萘降解基因擴(kuò)增引物AlkBf/AlkBr和Nahf/Nahr。將純化的常規(guī)PCR膠回收產(chǎn)物與pEASY1載體連接,轉(zhuǎn)化到感受態(tài)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)。提取并梯度稀釋陽性克隆質(zhì)粒,構(gòu)建Real imeqPCR標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測定曲線。25 μL擴(kuò)增體系最佳反應(yīng)條件: 前后引物終濃度為0.2 μmol/L,12.5 μL 2×ransStart op Green qPCR SuperMix,AlkB和Nah基因最適退火溫度分別為50 ℃和57 ℃。Real imeqPCR技術(shù)顯示出很高的靈敏性和重復(fù)性,比傳統(tǒng)PCR技術(shù)靈敏度高100倍。對采集于某油田3個功能區(qū)的1土壤樣品中AlkB定量檢測顯示,石油污染嚴(yán)重的采油區(qū)含有最高的AlkB拷貝數(shù),污染較輕的生活區(qū)AlkB拷貝數(shù)最少;Nah基因分布均勻。

      關(guān)鍵詞[SS]石油烴降解基因; 熒光; 聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng); SYBR Green I; 烷烴降解基因; 萘降解基因

      1引言

      石油污染是世界性公害之一,全世界每年排入到環(huán)境中的石油污染物約為8×106 t。我國每年約有6×105 t原油匯入環(huán)境,造成3.3×106 hm2的土壤面積受到石油污染\[1,2\]。石油污染物主要為烷烴和芳香烴,具有很強(qiáng)的生物毒性和環(huán)境破壞性\[3~5\]。烷烴單加氧酶和芳香烴末端雙加氧酶分別由烷烴和芳香烴降解基因編碼,是微生物代謝石油組分的主要酶系。運用分子生物技術(shù)實時定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(Real imeqPCR)對石油降解基因的定量分析可以反映微生物修復(fù)石油污染土壤的潛力\[6,7\]。

      目前,運用熒光探針和熒光引物的定量PCR檢測石油降解基因技術(shù)雖然特異性高,但操作復(fù)雜、成本高。Real imeqPCR技術(shù)利用熒光信號積累對未知模板進(jìn)行定量分析,具有高效率、高通量、高敏感性、易操作等優(yōu)點,在治理油田污染土壤中具有重要應(yīng)用價值[8~10]。

      針對石油組分復(fù)雜性,本研究采用SYBR Green I熒光染料Real imeqPCR技術(shù),建立一種對油田污染土壤中烷烴降解基因AlkB及萘降解基因Nah的綜合檢測,確定最佳的引物和SYBR Green I濃度反應(yīng)體系及最適的PCR升溫程序。同時,對建立的Real imeqPCR技術(shù)的靈敏性和重復(fù)性進(jìn)行檢驗,并應(yīng)用于某油田土壤中烷烴和萘降解基因的定量測定,對在環(huán)境中追蹤石油污染物及評價生物降解潛力具有重要意義。

      2實驗部分

      2.1儀器與試劑

      CX96實時熒光定量 PCR 儀(美國 BioRad公司);C5000梯度型 PCR 儀(英國echne公司);Genova微量核酸蛋白質(zhì)分析儀(英國Jenway公司)。

      土壤細(xì)菌基因組DNA提取試劑盒(美國Zymo Research公司);離心柱型質(zhì)粒小提試劑盒(美國Omega公司);凝膠回收試劑盒(美國Axygen公司);熒光定量PCR試劑盒、pEASY1 克隆試劑盒、rans1感受態(tài)細(xì)胞(北京全式金生物技術(shù)有限公司)。

      2.2實驗方法

      2.2.1土壤樣品的采集土壤樣品采集于某油田采油區(qū)(S1~S5)、生活區(qū)(S6~S9)、石油加工運輸區(qū)(S10~S1) 1個代表性的點位。采用無菌鏟采集0~20 cm耕層土樣,裝到盛有冰袋的采樣

      2.2.2引物的設(shè)計和合成應(yīng)用Primer express 軟件,分別設(shè)計擴(kuò)增降解烷烴和芳香烴土壤微生物基因保守區(qū)的引物AlkBf/AlkBr和Nahf/Nahr。引物序列、擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物片段長度、理論PCR退火溫度見表1。2.3DNA的提取及降解基因陽性模板制備

      土壤微生物總DNA的提取按試劑盒操作,1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測。AlkB和Nah特異性PCR,升溫程序為:9 ℃預(yù)變性 min;9 ℃ 變性20 s,退火溫度為表1中各引物的理論PCR退火溫度,保持30 s,72 ℃保持2 min,設(shè)35個循環(huán);72 ℃延伸7 min。擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物的特異性經(jīng)1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測。目的基因經(jīng)膠回收試劑盒回收,克隆于pEASY1載體,轉(zhuǎn)化到rans1感受態(tài)細(xì)胞。經(jīng)藍(lán)白斑篩選的白色菌落,搖菌培養(yǎng),提取質(zhì)粒進(jìn)行酶切和M13/M13R引物測序。

      2.實時熒光定量PCR技術(shù)對降解石油烴基因測定

      2..1反應(yīng)條件優(yōu)化

      用微量核酸蛋白質(zhì)分析儀測定質(zhì)粒DNA拷貝數(shù)和純度\[13\]。將已知濃度的質(zhì)粒依次進(jìn)行9次10倍梯度稀釋,作為定量PCR的陽性模板。

      為得到最佳引物和熒光染料濃度及引物退火溫度,在25 μL反應(yīng)體系中分別設(shè)計3個引物終濃度0.08、0.2和0. μmol/L,10、12.5和15 μL的2×ransStart op Green qPCR SuperMix,AlkBf/AlkBr引物退火溫度設(shè)兩組對照分別為7和50 ℃,Nahf/Nahr引物退火溫度分別設(shè)為55和57 ℃,加1 μL梯度稀釋的重組質(zhì)粒模板,0.5 μL Passive Reference Dye,dd2O補(bǔ)足到25 μL,同時設(shè)立無DNA陰性控制。反應(yīng)條件為:9 ℃預(yù)變性30 s;9 ℃ 變性5 s, 引物退火保持15 s,72 ℃延伸10 s,共設(shè)0個循環(huán)。每一循環(huán)延伸后讀取熒光信號,設(shè)定熔解曲線程序。

      3結(jié)果與討論

      3.1AlkB和Nah降解基因特異性擴(kuò)增

      AlkB和Nah降解基因的PCR產(chǎn)物凝膠電泳圖(圖1)顯示出很高的特異性,說明設(shè)計的引物和反應(yīng)條件適合AlkB和Nah降解基因的定量檢測。

      3.2反應(yīng)體系的優(yōu)化

      引物終濃度為0.08和0. μmol/L時, AlkB基因熔解曲線如圖2所示, 縱坐標(biāo)為熒光強(qiáng)度對溫度的負(fù)導(dǎo)數(shù)。在7 ℃時均出現(xiàn)引物二聚體的干擾,說明濃度過高[S(]圖2不同引物濃度熔解曲線引物終濃度設(shè)為0.2 μmol/L,當(dāng)引物AlkBf/AlkBr退火溫度設(shè)定為7 ℃時,如圖3a,出現(xiàn)多條熔解雜峰,產(chǎn)生假陽性產(chǎn)物;當(dāng)退火溫度設(shè)為50 ℃時熔解峰單一,如圖3b,顯示出很高的特異性,說明50 ℃為AlkB降解基因擴(kuò)增最佳的退火溫度。AlkB降解基因的熔解溫度M由83 ℃變?yōu)? ℃,

      這與模板濃度的梯度增加有關(guān)。從Nah降解基因的熔解峰上(圖3c)可以得出引物Nahf/Nahr的最佳退火溫度為57℃,沒有引物二聚體的產(chǎn)生,特異性最高。

      經(jīng)過多次重復(fù)實驗,加入12.5 μL 2×ransStart op Green qPCR SuperMix時,循環(huán)閾值(Ct)最低、本底反應(yīng)最小。相應(yīng)體系中最佳引物終濃度為0.2 μmol/L, 引物AlkBf/AlkBr和Nahf/Nahr最佳退火溫度分別為50 ℃和57 ℃。

      [S(]圖3(a)引物AlkBf/AlkBr退火溫度為7 ℃的熔解曲線;(b)引物AlkBf/AlkBr退火溫度為50 ℃的熔解曲線;(c)引物Nahf/Nahr退火溫度為57 ℃時的熔解曲線

      3.5靈敏性檢驗

      SYBR Green I熒光定量PCR檢測到的最低AlkB和Nah基因模板質(zhì)粒拷貝數(shù)分別為1.8和3.59拷貝/μL。將上述梯度稀釋的AlkB和Nah基因模板質(zhì)粒進(jìn)行普通PCR 特異性擴(kuò)增,1.5%的瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢驗\[1\],其能觀察到清晰條帶的AlkB和Nah基因最低模板質(zhì)??截悢?shù)分別為1.8×102和 3.59×102拷貝, 說明Real imeqPCR比普通PCR的靈敏性高100倍。

      3.6對油田土壤中降解基因的測定

      某油田AlkB和Nah定量結(jié)果(表2)顯示,土壤中AlkB降解基因含量平均值從高到低依次為采油區(qū)1.83×107拷貝/g,石油加工運輸區(qū)8.75×106拷貝/g,生活區(qū)8.68×106拷貝/g。采油區(qū)土壤石油污染最嚴(yán)重,AlkB含量也最高;烷烴濃度較低生活區(qū)土壤中AlkB含量最低。土壤中Nah降解基因含量分布相對均勻,采油區(qū)、石油加工運輸區(qū)和生活區(qū)中均具有很高的Nah降解基因含量,分別為.62×107、6.22×107和.52×107拷貝/g??傮w上Nah降解基因含量比AlkB高約0.5~1個數(shù)量級。Ahn等\[15\]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Nah降解基因編碼的末端雙加氧酶是將芳香烴代謝為兒茶酚的主要酶系,對萘、菲、芘及BEX均具有降解作用,而AlkB降解基因編碼的末端單加氧酶降解對象大都為中短鏈的烷烴(C6~C15)\[16~21\]。

      結(jié)論

      利用的SYBR Green I熒光染料結(jié)合目的DNA的Real imeqPCR技術(shù)定量檢測烷烴降解基因AlkB及萘降解基因Nah,建立了一種油田污染土壤中降解基因檢測手段。對反應(yīng)體系中引物和SYBR Green I熒光濃度及引物最佳退火溫度條件進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,本方法具有很高的靈敏度和重復(fù)性。同時,本方法對某油田不同功能區(qū)石油污染土壤降解基因的定量檢測揭示了油田土壤的污染程度及土壤微生物降解石油烴的潛能,對油田污染土壤的治理和監(jiān)測具有重要意義。

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      9Nlvak , ruu M, ruu J. Sci. otal. Environ., 2012, 26: 351-358

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      11Powell S M, erguson S , Bowman J P, Snape I. Microbial. Ecol., 2006, 52(3): 523-532

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      1ZAO Li, CUI BaoAn, CEN ongYing, WEI ZhanYong, ZENG LanLan, L XiaoLi, JIA YanYan, ZAO XuYong. Chin. J. Biot., 2008, 2(7): 119-115

      趙 麗, 崔保安, 陳紅英, 魏戰(zhàn)勇, 鄭蘭蘭, 呂曉麗, 賈艷艷, 趙緒永. 生物工程學(xué)報, 2008, 2(7): 119-115

      15Ahn Y, Sanseverino J, Sayler G S. Biodegradation, 1999, 10(2): 19-157

      16Stapleton R D, Sayler G S. Environ. Sci. echnol., 2000, 3(10): 1991-1999

      17Giebler J, Wick L Y, Schloter M, arms , Chatzinotas A. Appl. Environ. Microb., 2013, 79(9): 3129-3132

      18Wasmund K, Burns K A, Kurtboke D I, Bourne D G. Appl. Environ. Microb., 2009, 75(23): 7391-7398

      19PérezdeMora A, Schulz S, Schloter M. Meth. Mol. Biol., 2010, 599: 59-68

      20Paisse S, Duran R, Coulon , GoiUrriza M. Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 2011, 92(): 835-8

      21Kloos K, Munch J C, Schloter M. J. Microbiol. Meth., 2006, 66(3): 86-96

      AbstractSYBR Green I Real imeqPCR method was developed to quantify the numbers of copyies of AlkB (alkanes degradation gene) and Nah (naphthalene dioxygenase degradation gene) functional degradation gene corresponding to alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons degradation. wo pairs of primers AlkBf/AlkBr and Nahf/Nahr were designed for AlkB and Nah amplification respectively, according to the nucleotide sequences of related degradation microorganisms published in GenBank. he purified recovery products of traditional PCR were combined with pEASY1 vectors and transformed in competent cells to amplify. he recombinant plasmids were extracted and used as positive templates to create standard curve through gradient dilution. he conditions for the real time PCR were as the follows: the final concentration of forward and reverse primers were 0.2 μmol/L, 2×ransStart op Green qPCR SuperMix, and the annealing temperatures of AlkB and Nah PCR were 50 ℃ and 57 ℃, respectively. he method showed a sensitivity of 100 times higher than that of the traditional PCR method and good repeatability. he numbers of copies of AlkB in three functional regions of an oilfield indicated that oil producing zone with serious oil pollution had the highest AlkB copy numbers, and residential zone with lighter oil pollution had the lowest AlkB copy numbers. Nah degradation gene distribution was more uniform.

      Keywordsydrocarbon degrading genes; luorescent; Polymerase chain reaction; SYBR Green I; Alkanes monoxygenase degradation ; Naphthalene dioxygenase degradation

      9Nlvak , ruu M, ruu J. Sci. otal. Environ., 2012, 26: 351-358

      10Bustin S A, Benes V, Garson J A, ellemans J, uggett J, Kubista M, Mueller R, Nolan , Pfaffl M W, Shipley G L. Clin. Chem., 2009, 55(): 611-622

      11Powell S M, erguson S , Bowman J P, Snape I. Microbial. Ecol., 2006, 52(3): 523-532

      12Park J W, Crowley D E. Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 2006, 72(6): 1322-1329

      13WEN LiBin, E KongWang, YANG anChun, GUO RongLi, ZONG JunMing, ZONG ShuLin. Acta Agric. BorealiSin., 2009, 2(): 31-35

      溫立斌, 何孔旺, 楊漢春, 郭容利, 周俊明, 鐘書霖. 華北農(nóng)學(xué)報, 2009, 2(): 31-35

      1ZAO Li, CUI BaoAn, CEN ongYing, WEI ZhanYong, ZENG LanLan, L XiaoLi, JIA YanYan, ZAO XuYong. Chin. J. Biot., 2008, 2(7): 119-115

      趙 麗, 崔保安, 陳紅英, 魏戰(zhàn)勇, 鄭蘭蘭, 呂曉麗, 賈艷艷, 趙緒永. 生物工程學(xué)報, 2008, 2(7): 119-115

      15Ahn Y, Sanseverino J, Sayler G S. Biodegradation, 1999, 10(2): 19-157

      16Stapleton R D, Sayler G S. Environ. Sci. echnol., 2000, 3(10): 1991-1999

      17Giebler J, Wick L Y, Schloter M, arms , Chatzinotas A. Appl. Environ. Microb., 2013, 79(9): 3129-3132

      18Wasmund K, Burns K A, Kurtboke D I, Bourne D G. Appl. Environ. Microb., 2009, 75(23): 7391-7398

      19PérezdeMora A, Schulz S, Schloter M. Meth. Mol. Biol., 2010, 599: 59-68

      20Paisse S, Duran R, Coulon , GoiUrriza M. Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 2011, 92(): 835-8

      21Kloos K, Munch J C, Schloter M. J. Microbiol. Meth., 2006, 66(3): 86-96

      AbstractSYBR Green I Real imeqPCR method was developed to quantify the numbers of copyies of AlkB (alkanes degradation gene) and Nah (naphthalene dioxygenase degradation gene) functional degradation gene corresponding to alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons degradation. wo pairs of primers AlkBf/AlkBr and Nahf/Nahr were designed for AlkB and Nah amplification respectively, according to the nucleotide sequences of related degradation microorganisms published in GenBank. he purified recovery products of traditional PCR were combined with pEASY1 vectors and transformed in competent cells to amplify. he recombinant plasmids were extracted and used as positive templates to create standard curve through gradient dilution. he conditions for the real time PCR were as the follows: the final concentration of forward and reverse primers were 0.2 μmol/L, 2×ransStart op Green qPCR SuperMix, and the annealing temperatures of AlkB and Nah PCR were 50 ℃ and 57 ℃, respectively. he method showed a sensitivity of 100 times higher than that of the traditional PCR method and good repeatability. he numbers of copies of AlkB in three functional regions of an oilfield indicated that oil producing zone with serious oil pollution had the highest AlkB copy numbers, and residential zone with lighter oil pollution had the lowest AlkB copy numbers. Nah degradation gene distribution was more uniform.

      Keywordsydrocarbon degrading genes; luorescent; Polymerase chain reaction; SYBR Green I; Alkanes monoxygenase degradation ; Naphthalene dioxygenase degradation

      9Nlvak , ruu M, ruu J. Sci. otal. Environ., 2012, 26: 351-358

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      AbstractSYBR Green I Real imeqPCR method was developed to quantify the numbers of copyies of AlkB (alkanes degradation gene) and Nah (naphthalene dioxygenase degradation gene) functional degradation gene corresponding to alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons degradation. wo pairs of primers AlkBf/AlkBr and Nahf/Nahr were designed for AlkB and Nah amplification respectively, according to the nucleotide sequences of related degradation microorganisms published in GenBank. he purified recovery products of traditional PCR were combined with pEASY1 vectors and transformed in competent cells to amplify. he recombinant plasmids were extracted and used as positive templates to create standard curve through gradient dilution. he conditions for the real time PCR were as the follows: the final concentration of forward and reverse primers were 0.2 μmol/L, 2×ransStart op Green qPCR SuperMix, and the annealing temperatures of AlkB and Nah PCR were 50 ℃ and 57 ℃, respectively. he method showed a sensitivity of 100 times higher than that of the traditional PCR method and good repeatability. he numbers of copies of AlkB in three functional regions of an oilfield indicated that oil producing zone with serious oil pollution had the highest AlkB copy numbers, and residential zone with lighter oil pollution had the lowest AlkB copy numbers. Nah degradation gene distribution was more uniform.

      Keywordsydrocarbon degrading genes; luorescent; Polymerase chain reaction; SYBR Green I; Alkanes monoxygenase degradation ; Naphthalene dioxygenase degradation

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