范莎莎等
摘 要 為了早期發(fā)現(xiàn)并監(jiān)測肝癌,通過ELISA法檢測肝癌組與正常組血清IL17細胞因子水平,運用ROC統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析比較其與AFP診斷肝癌的診斷效能,logistic回歸獲得IL17和AFP兩者聯(lián)合診斷的模型預(yù)測肝癌.結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)肝癌組的IL17質(zhì)量濃度(5.76±2.35 ng/L)較對照組(2.98±2.53 ng/L)明顯增高(P*<0.001),ROC分析IL17和AFP預(yù)測肝癌的曲線下面積(AUC)分別為0.820和0.884,兩者對診斷均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義.通過Logistic 逐步回歸得出的AFP和IL17回歸模型PRE,預(yù)測肝癌的ROC曲線下面積為0.963,診斷的敏感度(87.5%)、特異度(82.1%)較兩指標單獨診斷時明顯提高.因此本研究獲得的診斷模型可以用于臨床對肝癌的聯(lián)合診斷.
關(guān)鍵詞 肝癌;IL17;logistic 回歸;受試者診斷特征曲線;甲胎蛋白
中圖分類號 R7357文獻標識碼 A文章編號 10002537(2014)03001905
肝細胞癌(Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCC)是最常見的肝原發(fā)惡性腫瘤, 因為發(fā)病率較高、發(fā)現(xiàn)困難、治療方法少等原因,在導(dǎo)致人類死亡的各種疾病中位居前列[1].目前,原發(fā)性肝細胞癌在全球范圍內(nèi)致死率位列第五位,而在一些非洲和亞洲國家,原發(fā)性肝細胞癌在腫瘤性死因中已經(jīng)位居首位[23].肝癌早期轉(zhuǎn)移和術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)是肝癌患者生存率低的主要原因.目前有效的肝癌診斷標志物寥寥無幾,當前的檢測技術(shù)仍然不能及時發(fā)現(xiàn)和有效檢測早期階段的肝癌[45].
超聲和AFP檢測是最常用的篩查肝癌方法,然而超聲檢測依賴于醫(yī)師的專業(yè)知識和設(shè)備實際靈敏度,難以對腫塊的良惡性予以評估和診斷.AFP被認為是用于篩查和早期診斷肝癌最實用且可行的方法,40%~60%HCC患者的AFP值增高,然而還有很大一部分肝癌患者其AFP值沒有增高[67],因此AFP用作唯一的工具來診斷肝癌仍然存在較大的漏診率[89].
IL17具有促腫瘤生長、轉(zhuǎn)移的作用.動物實驗研究表明IL17具有促進多種腫瘤生長的作用,這些腫瘤包括纖維肉瘤、結(jié)腸癌、皮膚癌、非小細胞肺癌等[1012].研究認為IL17能通過聚集血管內(nèi)皮細胞而促進腫瘤血管的形成,也能促進成纖維細胞產(chǎn)生血管內(nèi)皮生長因子、前列腺素、趨化因子、巨噬細胞炎性蛋白2,轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子的產(chǎn)生促進腫瘤細胞的粘附和運動,為腫瘤血管的形成和癌細胞播散提供條件[1213].
基于以上IL17與腫瘤和肝癌的各種相關(guān)報道,結(jié)合已有的AFP的臨床價值,檢測IL17在肝癌血清中的表達情況及評估與AFP的相關(guān)性顯得非常有意義,這樣更有利于系統(tǒng)地分析和檢驗二者的檢驗效能,以便更好地對其進行利用.
1 方法
1.1 實驗分組
篩選2013年9月和2013年12月在湖南省人民醫(yī)院就診的肝癌病人和健康體檢者,其中肝癌患者入組條件為:未經(jīng)過任何治療,經(jīng)病理或者臨床診斷為肝癌的患者.共有84名受試者參與,并分為以下兩組:健康對照組,包括32名,年齡范圍為21~72歲(平均年齡43±15歲);肝癌組共52名,男45例,女7例,年齡范圍為27~80歲(平均年齡54±12歲),各組人員在入院后進行相應(yīng)治療之前,完成CT、超聲、血生化常規(guī)、血清AFP檢測,各組實驗對象資料見表1.
1.2 標本收集
用真空采血針取患者晨起空腹3 mL靜脈全血,4 ℃ 4 000 r/min離心10 min,提取離心后的血清.血清保存在-80 ℃,保存至同批測定.
1.3 酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實驗(ELISA)
酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實驗(Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Assay)檢測人血清IL17質(zhì)量濃度.使用人IL17酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試劑盒( CSBE14917H, Cusabio Biotech),檢測濃度下限(LLD)為7.8 ng/L.批內(nèi)精密度(化驗內(nèi)精度)CV%<8%,批間精密度(檢測精度之間)CV%<10%.Biotech 酶標儀檢測各樣本孔吸光值.Curve Expert 1.4軟件計算和繪制ELISIA標準品曲線,并計算各孔的質(zhì)量濃度.
1.4 應(yīng)用Roche電化學(xué)發(fā)光法測定血清AFP質(zhì)量濃度
按試劑盒說明書處理樣本后,吸取10 μL標本與生物素化抗AFP單克隆抗體和釘標記的抗AFP抗體混勻,加入鏈霉親合素包被的微粒,反應(yīng)混合液吸到測量池中,微粒通過磁鐵吸附到電極上,電極加電壓后產(chǎn)生化學(xué)發(fā)光,通過光電倍增管進行測定.檢測結(jié)果由Elecsys軟件自動測出.
1.5 軟件分析
應(yīng)用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析.應(yīng)用受試者診斷特征曲線(receiver operator characteristic curve ROC)評估指標的預(yù)測效能,得到曲線下面積(Area Under the Curve, AUC).最大約登指數(shù)計算臨界值(Cutoff points),約登指數(shù)(Youden index)=敏感度+特異度-1.各組均值比較,兩獨立樣本t檢驗.logistic逐步回歸分析.所有結(jié)果以雙尾檢驗P<0.05認為有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異.Medcalc軟件繪制ROC曲線.
2 結(jié)果
2.1 正常組與肝癌組血清IL17的質(zhì)量濃度
圖1 正常組與肝癌組血清IL17質(zhì)量濃度
Fig.1 Serum levels of IL17 in HCC group and control group
結(jié)果顯示IL17在肝癌組中質(zhì)量濃度明顯高于正常組,分別為5.76±2.35 ng/L和2.98±2.53 ng/L(P*<0.001),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義.兩獨立樣本t檢驗.見圖1.
2.2 血清IL17診斷肝癌組與正常組的效能分析
以IL17的血清質(zhì)量濃度為變量做ROC曲線,檢測其作為肝癌血清診斷標志物的可能性,結(jié)果顯示IL17和AFP分別單獨作為標志物對肝癌與正常組進行區(qū)分時,其曲線下面積AUC分別為0820 (P<0.001)和0.884 (P<0.001),見圖2和表2,二者作為血清標志物均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義.IL17診斷的特異度較AFP低,但敏感性較AFP增加.選擇截斷點IL17為2.455 ng/L時,敏感度為67.3%,特異度為87.5%.當AFP為32.4 μg/L截斷點時約登指數(shù)最大,其敏感度為61.5%,特異度為100%,如表3.若選擇以20 μg/L的診斷指標為截斷點,其敏感度為61.5%,特異度為90.6%.
3 討論
原發(fā)性肝癌的早期診斷對提高患者的5年生存率以及生存質(zhì)量十分重要.在中國,AFP目前仍然被作為篩查和早期診斷肝癌的主要指標,主要由于其應(yīng)用的方便和指標具備一定的特異性,肝癌患者約60%血清中的AFP較正常人增高[14],但是AFP的敏感度和特異度對于臨床診斷來說還遠遠不夠,即使聯(lián)合已有的指標DCP或AFPL3時,診斷肝癌患者的敏感度也僅為78.3%[1415].因此,尋找更加敏感和特異的肝癌診斷指標有著非常重要的臨床意義,也是目前肝癌研究的重點方向.
本研究應(yīng)用了受試者診斷特征曲線分析,判斷指標的潛在診斷價值.在AUC>0.5的情況下,AUC越接近于1,說明診斷效果越好.通過ROC分析,結(jié)果顯示肝癌患者IL17血清質(zhì)量濃度為2.455 ng/L臨界點時,其曲線下面積(AUC=0.820)有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義.目前關(guān)于IL17與肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移的報道在國內(nèi)外還非常少,僅有IL17增高與肝癌復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān)的類似研究,當IL17大于0.9 ng/L時,肝癌患者術(shù)后的復(fù)發(fā)概率增高,遠期生存質(zhì)量較差,預(yù)測肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的敏感度為63.3%,特異度為91.1%[16].另外也有報道178例肝癌患者,腫瘤內(nèi)IL17質(zhì)量濃度與肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)及生存相關(guān),是預(yù)后的不良因素,認為IL17質(zhì)量濃度與腫瘤的微血管密度正相關(guān),可能的機制為IL17能夠促進血管生成,導(dǎo)致腫瘤進展[17].
Logistic回歸分析是一類數(shù)據(jù)挖掘技術(shù),可以從大量的醫(yī)學(xué)信息和臨床數(shù)據(jù)中提取有用的信息和知識,建立某種疾病的診斷或治療模型.臨床醫(yī)生進行診斷時如果利用計算機輔助診斷的logistic回歸模型,其準確率可得到提高.本研究構(gòu)建的IL17和AFP的logistic回歸模型其診斷肝癌的效能較IL17和AFP均增高,該模型在國內(nèi)外的文獻中還未見報道.
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝癌血清中IL17質(zhì)量濃度較正常組增高,因此IL17可作為診斷肝癌的標志物,其敏感度較AFP高.同時獲得了IL17和AFP兩指標聯(lián)合診斷的logistic回歸模型,其ROC的曲線下面積AUC(0964)較兩指標單獨診斷的曲線下面積均高,且敏感度和特異度都提高.本研究還有待于進一步擴大樣本,驗證其logistic回歸診斷模型的診斷效能.
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[14] BERTINO G, ARDIRI A, MALAGUARNERA M, et al. Hepatocellualar carcinoma serum markers[J]. Semin Oncol, 2012,39(4):410433.
[15] YAMAMOTO K, IMAMURA H, MATSUYAMA Y, et al. AFP, AFPL3, DCP, and GP73 as markers for monitoring treatment response and recurrence and as surrogate markers of clinicopathological variables of HCC[J]. J Gastroenterol, 2010,45(12):12721282.
[16] 劉立國.術(shù)前血清中細胞因子含量與肝癌切除術(shù)后預(yù)后相關(guān)性探討[D].北京:北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院, 2012.
[17] 李寶華,何蓓暉,潘高輝. 白細胞介素17在原發(fā)性肝癌中的表達及意義[J]. 中國衛(wèi)生檢驗雜志, 2012(10):24052406,2409.
(編輯 王 健)
[7] CHEAH Y L, CHOW P K H. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an appraisal of current controversies[J]. Liver Cancer, 2012,1(34):183189.
[8] BRAILLON A. Is the American association for the study of liver diseases recommendation for hepatocellular carcinoma screening a culdesac?[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2013,19(21):33693370.
[9] DANIELE B, BENCIVENGA A, MEGNA A S, et al. Alphafetoprotein and ultrasonography screening for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Gastroenterology, 2004,127(5 Suppl 1):S108S112.
[10] ZIPPRICH A, GARCIATSAO G, ROGOWSKI S, et al. Prognostic indicators of survival in patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis[J]. Liver Int, 2012,32(9):14071414.
[11] ACCOLLA R S, LOMBARDO L, ABDALLAH R, et al. Boosting the MHC Class IIrestricted tumor antigen presentation to CD4+ T helper cells: a critical issue for triggering protective immunity and reorienting the tumor microenvironment toward an antitumor state[J]. Front Oncol, 2014,4:32.
[12] RAN Q, HAO P, XIAO Y, et al. CRIF1 interacting with CDK2 regulates bone marrow microenvironmentinduced G0/G1 arrest of leukemia cells[J]. PLoS One, 2014,9(2):e85328.
[13] MIYAHARA Y, ODUNSI K, CHEN W, et al. Generation and regulation of human CD4+ IL17producing T cells in ovarian cancer[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2008,105(40):1550515510.
[14] BERTINO G, ARDIRI A, MALAGUARNERA M, et al. Hepatocellualar carcinoma serum markers[J]. Semin Oncol, 2012,39(4):410433.
[15] YAMAMOTO K, IMAMURA H, MATSUYAMA Y, et al. AFP, AFPL3, DCP, and GP73 as markers for monitoring treatment response and recurrence and as surrogate markers of clinicopathological variables of HCC[J]. J Gastroenterol, 2010,45(12):12721282.
[16] 劉立國.術(shù)前血清中細胞因子含量與肝癌切除術(shù)后預(yù)后相關(guān)性探討[D].北京:北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院, 2012.
[17] 李寶華,何蓓暉,潘高輝. 白細胞介素17在原發(fā)性肝癌中的表達及意義[J]. 中國衛(wèi)生檢驗雜志, 2012(10):24052406,2409.
(編輯 王 健)
[7] CHEAH Y L, CHOW P K H. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an appraisal of current controversies[J]. Liver Cancer, 2012,1(34):183189.
[8] BRAILLON A. Is the American association for the study of liver diseases recommendation for hepatocellular carcinoma screening a culdesac?[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2013,19(21):33693370.
[9] DANIELE B, BENCIVENGA A, MEGNA A S, et al. Alphafetoprotein and ultrasonography screening for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Gastroenterology, 2004,127(5 Suppl 1):S108S112.
[10] ZIPPRICH A, GARCIATSAO G, ROGOWSKI S, et al. Prognostic indicators of survival in patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis[J]. Liver Int, 2012,32(9):14071414.
[11] ACCOLLA R S, LOMBARDO L, ABDALLAH R, et al. Boosting the MHC Class IIrestricted tumor antigen presentation to CD4+ T helper cells: a critical issue for triggering protective immunity and reorienting the tumor microenvironment toward an antitumor state[J]. Front Oncol, 2014,4:32.
[12] RAN Q, HAO P, XIAO Y, et al. CRIF1 interacting with CDK2 regulates bone marrow microenvironmentinduced G0/G1 arrest of leukemia cells[J]. PLoS One, 2014,9(2):e85328.
[13] MIYAHARA Y, ODUNSI K, CHEN W, et al. Generation and regulation of human CD4+ IL17producing T cells in ovarian cancer[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2008,105(40):1550515510.
[14] BERTINO G, ARDIRI A, MALAGUARNERA M, et al. Hepatocellualar carcinoma serum markers[J]. Semin Oncol, 2012,39(4):410433.
[15] YAMAMOTO K, IMAMURA H, MATSUYAMA Y, et al. AFP, AFPL3, DCP, and GP73 as markers for monitoring treatment response and recurrence and as surrogate markers of clinicopathological variables of HCC[J]. J Gastroenterol, 2010,45(12):12721282.
[16] 劉立國.術(shù)前血清中細胞因子含量與肝癌切除術(shù)后預(yù)后相關(guān)性探討[D].北京:北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院, 2012.
[17] 李寶華,何蓓暉,潘高輝. 白細胞介素17在原發(fā)性肝癌中的表達及意義[J]. 中國衛(wèi)生檢驗雜志, 2012(10):24052406,2409.
(編輯 王 ?。?