何 巍 李敬華 童元元 趙英凱 高宏杰 王俊文 張 黎
(中國(guó)中醫(yī)科學(xué)院中醫(yī)藥信息研究所,北京,100700)
1996年WHO在意大利米蘭會(huì)議上確立并推廣針灸的適應(yīng)證為64種[1],極大促進(jìn)和推動(dòng)了針灸臨床研究在國(guó)際的發(fā)展,近年來國(guó)外針灸臨床試驗(yàn)研究發(fā)展迅速[2],為了了解這些國(guó)家在近年來開展的臨床試驗(yàn)的樣本量規(guī)模以及其中大樣本量(500例以上)針灸臨床試驗(yàn)研究的情況,我們對(duì)MEDLINE和EMBASE數(shù)據(jù)庫1996—2012年(檢索時(shí)間2013年4月)收錄的外文文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了情報(bào)監(jiān)測(cè),對(duì)研究的現(xiàn)狀與趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行了分析,總結(jié)如下。
本研究共納入1 373篇文獻(xiàn),其中臨床試驗(yàn)的樣本量在100例以下的研究占大多數(shù),為1 044項(xiàng);500例以上的臨床試驗(yàn)研究共48項(xiàng),其中1 000例以上的臨床試驗(yàn)研究為25項(xiàng)。
本研究針對(duì)近年來國(guó)外48項(xiàng)大樣本(大于500例)針灸臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行研究總結(jié),得出以下數(shù)據(jù)。
2.1 文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表時(shí)間 自2002年開始,連續(xù)每年都有大樣本臨床試驗(yàn)研究的文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表,其中2010年達(dá)到頂峰,當(dāng)年共有13篇文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表在醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上。
表1 樣本量總體分布情況
表2 文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表時(shí)間
2.2 文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表國(guó)家 德國(guó)發(fā)表的最多,為21篇;其次是美國(guó)8篇;澳大利亞4篇;丹麥、韓國(guó)、日本、瑞典各2篇;奧地利、荷蘭、加拿大、挪威、西班牙、希臘、新加坡和英國(guó)各1篇。
2.3 文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表機(jī)構(gòu) 大部分研究機(jī)構(gòu)只發(fā)表過一篇文獻(xiàn),但也出現(xiàn)了發(fā)文量超過1篇的機(jī)構(gòu)。
表3 文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表機(jī)構(gòu)
2.4 研究類型概況
表4 研究類型概況
3.1 德國(guó) 見表5。
3.2 美國(guó) 見表6。
3.3 澳大利亞 見表7。
3.4 其他國(guó)家 見表8。
表5 德國(guó)研究概況
表6 美國(guó)研究概況
表7 澳大利亞研究概況
表8 其他國(guó)家研究概況
國(guó)外大樣本針灸臨床試驗(yàn)研究在近十五年來有總體增多的趨勢(shì),尤其是在2010年,出現(xiàn)了13個(gè)大樣本研究成果。而從發(fā)表國(guó)家來看,德國(guó)和美國(guó)是開展大型針灸臨床試驗(yàn)研究的重點(diǎn)國(guó)家,澳大利亞、日韓以及歐洲一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家則緊隨其后,此外,加拿大和新加坡也在近幾年也開始了大型針灸臨床試驗(yàn)的研究。
研究顯示,2010年之前的臨床試驗(yàn)研究多是針對(duì)疾病療效開展的,而從2010年開始,則集中出現(xiàn)了不少關(guān)于流行病學(xué)調(diào)查研究,這表明,針灸在世界范圍內(nèi)開展的臨床試驗(yàn)研究已經(jīng)積累了相當(dāng)數(shù)量的病例,可以開展大樣本的流行病學(xué)方面的研究,另一方面,也顯示出國(guó)外尤其是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)于針灸療法更深入的關(guān)注,比如在安全性、衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)等方面。
對(duì)于療效觀察研究,涉及的病種多樣,而試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果則絕大多數(shù)證明了針刺的有效性,這不但為針灸療效評(píng)價(jià)提供越來越多的大樣本研究證據(jù),同時(shí)對(duì)于針灸在世界醫(yī)學(xué)界的地位也起到了鞏固作用,為今后在世界范圍內(nèi)的進(jìn)一步推廣起到了重要作用。我國(guó)的科研人員也應(yīng)該對(duì)一些國(guó)家有效之外的試驗(yàn)結(jié)論加以重視,例如有個(gè)別試驗(yàn)認(rèn)為療效不確定或需要謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待以及針刺與假針刺對(duì)照無差異等。
德國(guó)的研究值得關(guān)注,近年來出現(xiàn)了幾項(xiàng)多中心超大樣本的臨床試驗(yàn)研究,其中既包括了有關(guān)頭痛等疾病的臨床療效觀察,還包括醫(yī)生的信念、使用率、不良反應(yīng)、衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)效益等方面的調(diào)查研究;此外還出現(xiàn)了關(guān)于辨證論治方面的大型研究,例如:他們認(rèn)為偏頭痛和緊張性頭痛的中醫(yī)辨證分型是不一樣的[10]。這些研究充分反應(yīng)出德國(guó)對(duì)于針灸療法的深入研究的愿望。
總之,近十幾年來國(guó)外機(jī)構(gòu)在針灸臨床試驗(yàn)方面投入的科研力度如此之大,不能不說明針灸在國(guó)外越來越受到重視,這對(duì)于今后針灸療效逐步被國(guó)際社會(huì)認(rèn)可起到了十分重要的作用,同時(shí)也為國(guó)際間的科研交流與合作提供了更多的機(jī)會(huì)。今后需要加大對(duì)國(guó)外大樣本量針灸臨床試驗(yàn)研究的監(jiān)測(cè)力度,發(fā)現(xiàn)針灸在國(guó)外的新動(dòng)態(tài),為我國(guó)的對(duì)外合作提供決策支持,并為科研人員提供有價(jià)值的科研情報(bào)服務(wù)。
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