黃國勇++張敏++秦波
摘要區(qū)域貧困是世界各國貧困問題的新特征,在我國農(nóng)村貧困現(xiàn)象主要表現(xiàn)在連片特困區(qū)的形成和發(fā)展,尤其是邊疆地區(qū)農(nóng)村貧困在地理和人口的分布上更加突出,就其產(chǎn)生的維度而言主要體現(xiàn)在社會發(fā)展落后與地理條件惡劣兩大方面,邊疆地區(qū)特別是與外界接壤區(qū)域社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)、人口等背景尤其復(fù)雜,使得邊疆農(nóng)村社會發(fā)展、地理條件與貧困發(fā)生的理論研究和我國當(dāng)前統(tǒng)籌區(qū)域發(fā)展、城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展的時代特征密切相連。當(dāng)前中外研究區(qū)域農(nóng)村貧困的文獻(xiàn)較多,從內(nèi)容角度來看更多的是割裂區(qū)域社會發(fā)展與地理條件之間的聯(lián)系,從研究方法上看主要偏重于整體定量分析,本文通過2006-2012年新疆邊境貧困縣社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和自然地理條件的面板數(shù)據(jù),采取面板分位數(shù)條件回歸方法研究社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和自然地理因素如何影響邊境縣市農(nóng)民收入水平和農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生,研究結(jié)果顯示:①模型整體分析表明,一線居民守邊、農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值比重等社會發(fā)展因素對農(nóng)民增收和減貧都有顯著作用,教育年限、扶貧資金因素顯著減緩農(nóng)村的貧困。平均海拔、人均林地和礦產(chǎn)資源等地理條件因素顯著影響農(nóng)民收入和農(nóng)村貧困,但作用方向不完全一致。②不同分位數(shù)點(diǎn)回歸分析表明,不同分位數(shù)點(diǎn)各因素作用的力度不同,譬如扶貧資金在0.75,0.9高分位點(diǎn)對貧困程度較深的地區(qū)對貧困減少的作用更大,以及在經(jīng)濟(jì)相對發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)減貧效應(yīng)更顯著。③從社會發(fā)展和地理條件兩大維度結(jié)合上分析,社會發(fā)展可以一定程度上降低甚至消除區(qū)域不利地理條件的貧困效應(yīng)。為此本文提出邊疆農(nóng)村的脫貧工作要因地制宜和有針對性,避免盲目性和一刀切,從而跳出“扶貧陷阱”的怪圈。
關(guān)鍵詞貧困;社會發(fā)展;地理條件;分位數(shù)回歸;邊境貧困縣
中圖分類號F127.8文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2014)12-0138-09doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.12.019
人類社會發(fā)展過程中,貧困問題始終相伴,各國政府從理論與實踐上進(jìn)行了艱苦探索,2002年消除貧困被聯(lián)合國制定為人類“千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)”之一。而廣義上的環(huán)境概念包括自然與社會環(huán)境:即人們生產(chǎn)資料和勞動對象的自然條件如土地、氣候、水資源和生物等,以及人類社會發(fā)展所需要的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化關(guān)系的總和,由此,納爾遜、納克斯等學(xué)者從自然資源稟賦與貧困發(fā)生相關(guān)性上進(jìn)行了研究。但是,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家仍然把研究貧困的視角焦聚在某個地區(qū)社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)的政策與戰(zhàn)略上,重點(diǎn)分析資本、人口、制度、政策等社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。后來,發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)提出了財產(chǎn)獲得途徑理論:證實了自然環(huán)境、資源分布、地理區(qū)位也是貧困發(fā)生的影響因素。這時,有學(xué)者提出了“地理環(huán)境決定論”,顯然這種簡單地把一個國家、地區(qū)居民的性格特點(diǎn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)水平甚至社會地位都?xì)w結(jié)于該地區(qū)地理、氣候條件的觀點(diǎn)同樣也不科學(xué)。然而現(xiàn)實中也不能無視地理環(huán)境和貧困問題的聯(lián)系,國務(wù)院扶貧辦在《中國農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)綱要(2001-2010年)》中期報告中指出:我國當(dāng)前貧困地理呈點(diǎn)(17.8萬個貧困村)、片(特性貧困片)以及線(邊境貧困線)并存的局面,中、西“兩片”中的革命老區(qū)、民族地區(qū)、邊境地區(qū)以及貧困山區(qū)等,貧困居民高度集中。當(dāng)前,我國正大力、全面建設(shè)小康社會,和諧、富裕的社會主義新農(nóng)村是其重要的內(nèi)容,人與自然、人與社會的和諧發(fā)展關(guān)鍵就是要改變重點(diǎn)區(qū)域農(nóng)村、農(nóng)民的貧困現(xiàn)狀,這對于統(tǒng)籌我國區(qū)域發(fā)展、城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展具有重大的社會意義。
1分析框架1.1文獻(xiàn)回顧
貧困發(fā)生的自然地理環(huán)境分析最早出現(xiàn)在上世紀(jì)50年代,早期的空間經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家哈里斯與繆爾達(dá)爾就指出落后發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的貧困和地理位置有一定聯(lián)系[1]。后來學(xué)者在融合發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)地理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)上提出了空間貧困理論[2],同時,相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)通過實證分析證明了農(nóng)村貧困家庭收入增長過程中“地理資本”因素的影響是顯著的[3]。西方學(xué)者還通過世界上不同類型國家來驗證貧困的自然地理因素,既有發(fā)達(dá)國家如美國,也包括發(fā)展中國家像印度、斯里蘭卡等,研究結(jié)果都表明自然地理環(huán)境惡劣導(dǎo)致了各國貧困人口分布集中的空間貧困陷阱[4]。
黃國勇等:社會發(fā)展、地理條件與邊疆農(nóng)村貧困中國人口·資源與環(huán)境2014年第12期當(dāng)前我國學(xué)術(shù)界研究邊境貧困社會發(fā)展、地理條件因素的文獻(xiàn)相對較少,邊境地區(qū)農(nóng)村的貧困發(fā)生,社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與惡劣的地理條件的共同作用是區(qū)域貧困的重要因素[5],通過西北地區(qū)貧困區(qū)域分布、人口分布狀況與地理環(huán)境的脆弱度、脆弱帶比較分析:表明西部地區(qū)農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生與環(huán)境的脆弱之間有著互為因果的聯(lián)系[6]。通過分析甘肅2000-2006年51個貧困縣面板數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn):甘肅農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生地理條件因素不可忽視,同時,政府可以通過合理綜合運(yùn)用社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)扶貧策略來舒緩貧困[7]。
綜上所述,不僅要從宏觀層面上探討我國欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)農(nóng)村貧困問題,還要從微觀角度,對貧困地區(qū)的自然地理、物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)、人口素質(zhì)以及社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展策略實證分析。
1.2邊境縣市人口收入水平和貧困發(fā)生的影響因素
①地理氣候條件,包括縣域平均海拔、無霜期以及受災(zāi)面積比重三個因素[8],平均海拔基本不變,屬于基本地理條件,對于縣域的氣候等有著重要的影響,無霜期是重要的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件,其長短直接決定了農(nóng)作物的生長期,自然災(zāi)害在邊境縣市農(nóng)民的生產(chǎn)和生活中有很大的影響,特別是農(nóng)民的收入水平,很多農(nóng)戶因為自然災(zāi)害重新返貧。②資源條件,包括水資源、土地資源、旅游資源、礦產(chǎn)資源等。其中,水資源包括年降水量和畝平均用水量,在新疆干旱區(qū)水資源是既是重要的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)資料,也是農(nóng)民生活資料,即意味著農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量,也意味著農(nóng)民生活質(zhì)量。土地資源包括人均耕地面積、人均林地面積、人均草地面積以及年減少耕地面積四個方面,土地資源的構(gòu)成是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成比例的重要依據(jù),因地制宜是當(dāng)?shù)卣娃r(nóng)戶發(fā)展規(guī)模農(nóng)業(yè)、特色農(nóng)業(yè)以及農(nóng)業(yè)合作化經(jīng)營的基本條件[9]。有學(xué)者研究認(rèn)為土地的細(xì)分加速了土地退化,進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致貧困的發(fā)生[10]。旅游資源和礦產(chǎn)資源是新疆重要的特色資源,作為邊境縣市農(nóng)民重要的勞動對象,是農(nóng)民勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移以及增收的重要途徑[11]。③區(qū)位和交通條件, 包括距離最近城市距離、縣域公路密度兩個因素[12],區(qū)位條件連接著市場,是農(nóng)民出售剩余農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品獲得收入的渠道,交通條件即連接市場,也接通教育、衛(wèi)生、社會信息等,能大大降低農(nóng)民獲得財富的機(jī)會成本。④人口素質(zhì),包括少數(shù)民族人口比重、農(nóng)民人均教育年限。世界貧困狀況具有從地理分布到人口分布的特點(diǎn),我國民族自治地區(qū)貧困人口占全國人口的比重從2004年的46.6%上升到2008年的52.5%,上升近6個百分點(diǎn)。少數(shù)民族人口在語言、教育水平上相對落后,嚴(yán)重影響了其脫貧進(jìn)程。⑤經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,包括農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值比重以及糧食種植比重兩個因素[13],農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值比重是邊境縣市產(chǎn)業(yè)分布結(jié)構(gòu)的重要指標(biāo),即可用來衡量當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平,也一定程度上反映了當(dāng)?shù)厝丝诘慕?jīng)濟(jì)狀況。人均糧食占有量是邊境縣市農(nóng)業(yè)種植構(gòu)成的指標(biāo),糧食作物和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物種植的比例反映了邊境縣市農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的水平。⑥社會政策,包括農(nóng)村人均扶貧資金和一線守邊人口比重兩個因素,隨著國家對農(nóng)村貧困問題的日益重視,各級政府機(jī)構(gòu)的扶貧資金進(jìn)一步加大,扶貧模式也不斷變化[14]。同時,當(dāng)前我國農(nóng)村貧困分布狀況呈現(xiàn)“縣城—遠(yuǎn)郊區(qū)—偏遠(yuǎn)區(qū)”的特征,邊境縣市偏遠(yuǎn)區(qū)一線相當(dāng)比重居民在生產(chǎn)的同時,還有守邊的社會責(zé)任。⑦基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,包括通電、通電話村比重以及自來水受益比重三個因素。電力設(shè)施、通訊設(shè)施在農(nóng)村居民的生產(chǎn)生活中扮演著生活資料,同時也是工業(yè)、三產(chǎn)業(yè)不可缺少的勞動資料,自來水受益的比重對于改善農(nóng)村生活設(shè)施,增強(qiáng)農(nóng)民身體素質(zhì)有重要的促進(jìn)作用。
2數(shù)據(jù)和模型構(gòu)建2.1數(shù)據(jù)的來源與變量解釋
本文數(shù)據(jù)來自國家發(fā)改委 “以工代賑” 援疆扶貧項目2013年調(diào)研資料,是一個總數(shù)為117個樣本的平衡面板,資料來源還包括歷年《新疆統(tǒng)計年鑒》、《新疆調(diào)查年鑒》,自治區(qū)政府扶貧辦。運(yùn)用的軟件為Stata10與Eviews6.0。
本文被解釋變量借鑒曲瑋的方法[7],選取邊境縣市農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生率與人均純收入指標(biāo)來描述,農(nóng)民人均純收入通過新疆農(nóng)村消費(fèi)品價格指數(shù)調(diào)整為2006年基準(zhǔn)價,為了消除指標(biāo)的不平穩(wěn)性取常用對數(shù),貧困發(fā)生率為邊境農(nóng)村農(nóng)民人均純收入水平低于平均收入線人口的古典概率。自變量確定依據(jù)上述分析選取了代表自然地理環(huán)境因素的13個變量以及社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展因素的9個變量,2012年因變量與自變量的特征描敘見表1。
2.2模型構(gòu)建
根據(jù)文章理論框架分析,建立如下面板理論模型:
人均林地變量在最小二乘法回歸中影響顯著,同時方向為正向,說明了林業(yè)收入能夠有效增加邊境農(nóng)民收入水平, 分位數(shù)回歸參數(shù)值先升后降,表明邊境縣低收入農(nóng)民比高收入農(nóng)民更依靠林業(yè)進(jìn)行增收。減少耕地變量對邊境縣農(nóng)民收入在兩種模型回歸分析下都有負(fù)向影響,在低分位數(shù)0.1、0.25時影響顯著,在分位數(shù)0.75水平時下降跳開,系數(shù)絕對值水平呈波狀變化,說明了邊境縣低收入農(nóng)民受到生態(tài)惡化的影響更大。
OLS整體回歸分析中,礦產(chǎn)資源變量對邊境縣農(nóng)民收入有著負(fù)向的顯著影響,同時,分位數(shù)回歸分析也表明礦產(chǎn)資源對當(dāng)前邊境縣農(nóng)民收入影響為負(fù),在高分位點(diǎn)0.5、0.75以及0.9下影響顯著,符號為負(fù),參數(shù)值變化趨勢為不斷下降,這表明資源開發(fā)是一把雙刃劍,一方面對邊境縣低收入農(nóng)民的收入影響不顯著,即增收效果不明顯,另一方面,對高收入斷農(nóng)民收入的影響為負(fù)向顯著,而且越是高收入端影響越大。邊境縣生態(tài)地理條件本身就惡劣,雖然資源開發(fā)會增加一部分農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)收入,反過來其對農(nóng)業(yè)其他資源也產(chǎn)生長期的負(fù)面影響,從分位數(shù)回歸參數(shù)值分析上看,對那些收入較高、也已脫貧農(nóng)民的影響更大,顯然資源盲目開發(fā)可能會出現(xiàn)得不償失的局面。
公路密度變量對邊境縣市農(nóng)民人均收入影響正向顯著,而且,分位數(shù)回歸分析表明,自變量參數(shù)值呈兩端高中間低變化趨勢,在0.75分位點(diǎn)時影響顯著,方向為正,說明邊境縣市農(nóng)村收入較高群體受交通狀況改善的影響更大,這就可能會出現(xiàn)越是貧困的地區(qū),交通越落后,經(jīng)濟(jì)相對較好的地區(qū)交通設(shè)施改善的越快的現(xiàn)象。
在社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展自變量因素中,一線居民守邊比重、農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值比重、糧食種植比重、通電行政村比重、通電話村比重5個變量對農(nóng)民收入有顯著的影響。一線居民守邊比重在OLS回歸分析中顯著而方向為負(fù),雖然在分位數(shù)回歸分析中不顯著,同時,隨著條件分布的分位數(shù)水平增加,參數(shù)的絕對值不斷增加,表明邊境縣市農(nóng)民的守邊影響農(nóng)民收入的增長,尤其是影響收入較高農(nóng)民的增收。
農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值比重因素對平均收入水平的OLS回歸分析中影響顯著,但為負(fù)方向,表明邊境縣市產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)中農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值過大,農(nóng)民增產(chǎn)不增收的現(xiàn)象仍存在。糧食種植比重在兩種模型回歸分析中都顯著,而且方向都為正向,從分位數(shù)回歸分析中可看出,回歸系數(shù)先升后降,糧食種植比重的變化對條件分布低、高端水平影響較小,中端水平影響較大,表明種植結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整對中等規(guī)模的農(nóng)戶收入增加影響顯著,規(guī)模小了效果不明顯,農(nóng)業(yè)又是勞動密集型產(chǎn)業(yè),規(guī)模大了規(guī)模效益反而降低。
邊境縣市農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)變量都對農(nóng)民收入影響顯著,通電行政村比重變量在分位數(shù)回歸中系數(shù)變化趨勢也呈∩形,在0.5分位數(shù)達(dá)到峰值,表明電力設(shè)施對中等收入農(nóng)民的增收促進(jìn)作用要大于兩端收入水平的農(nóng)民。可能中等收入農(nóng)民會有更多的愿望和資金利用電力設(shè)施從事農(nóng)業(yè)或其他方面的生產(chǎn)。通電話村比重變量在分位數(shù)回歸中影響顯著,同時考察參數(shù)的變化可看出,在0.1分位數(shù)為峰值,通訊設(shè)施的完善對那些低收入農(nóng)民影響更大。
3.2.2農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生率影響因素分析
相較于上述農(nóng)民收入影響因素分析,平均海拔因素對邊境縣農(nóng)民人均收入與貧困發(fā)生影響顯著,并且方向為負(fù)。顯然,海撥高度作為整體地理條件,決定了邊境縣市氣候、降水、地形地貌、生產(chǎn)資源條件等其他自然地理狀況,進(jìn)而影響區(qū)域社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。
降水量因素對收入水平的影響不明顯,但正向顯著影響邊境縣農(nóng)民貧困率,從符號上看為負(fù),方向上為正向,分位數(shù)回歸分析參數(shù)值整體下降,表明了邊境縣越貧困的地區(qū)受降水影響越大,其農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)主要還是依靠降水灌溉。同時,單靠降水灌溉的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)還是非常脆弱的,這也解釋了降水量因素并不顯著影響農(nóng)民收入水平卻影響農(nóng)村貧困。同時,分位數(shù)回歸顯示可用水量因素不顯著影響邊境縣農(nóng)村的貧困發(fā)生率,可能是當(dāng)前邊境縣農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)灌溉基礎(chǔ)發(fā)展水平很低,實施的區(qū)域還有待普及,分位數(shù)回歸參數(shù)值變化上逐漸增加,顯然邊境縣農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)設(shè)施建設(shè)的正向顯著影響還未表現(xiàn)出來。
人均耕地因素在兩種模型分析中都影響顯著邊境縣農(nóng)村貧困率發(fā)生,而且,作用的方向為負(fù)向,這和人均林地因素對邊境縣農(nóng)村貧困影響結(jié)果方向上相反,人均耕地因素并不顯著影響農(nóng)民收入水平,這里考慮邊境貧困縣市具體地理條件,邊境縣貧困人口大都分布在高海拔山區(qū),其在人均耕地資源上不具備比較優(yōu)勢,農(nóng)村居民收入成分可能主要通過林業(yè)收入,同時,從分位數(shù)回歸分析上看,參數(shù)值在0.5分位點(diǎn)最大,兩端呈下降趨勢,表明人均林地面積能整體上降低邊境縣農(nóng)村貧困率的發(fā)生。
旅游資源因素對邊境農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生的影響不明顯,分位數(shù)回歸分析參數(shù)值的符號正負(fù)變化,在高分位點(diǎn)0.9處影響顯著,中、低分位點(diǎn)影響不顯著,這說明了邊境縣貧困率高的區(qū)域旅游資源開發(fā)的減貧效應(yīng)不明顯。分位數(shù)回歸分析表明礦產(chǎn)資源因素農(nóng)村減貧效應(yīng)顯著,而且方向為正向,分位數(shù)回歸在0.5和0.75中、高分位點(diǎn)影響顯著,這說明了邊境縣農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)相對較好區(qū)域農(nóng)村受礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)的影響較大,越是貧困較深區(qū)域農(nóng)村資源開發(fā)減貧作用并不明顯,顯然資源開發(fā)比較有利于礦產(chǎn)資源較豐富、農(nóng)村社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展相對較好的地區(qū)??偟膩碚f礦產(chǎn)資源因素不顯著影響邊境縣農(nóng)民收入,但又能正向顯著影響農(nóng)村貧困狀況,分析結(jié)果并不矛盾,顯然政府可以運(yùn)用轉(zhuǎn)移支付手段降低農(nóng)村貧困。
在分位數(shù)回歸分析中,城市距離區(qū)位因素在低分位點(diǎn)0.1處顯著影響邊境縣農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生率,而且方向為正向,這表明了邊境縣農(nóng)村貧困較深區(qū)域的居民地理區(qū)位離城市越遠(yuǎn),同時,這些地區(qū)也是地形地貌條件、生產(chǎn)、交通、通訊等設(shè)施落后的地區(qū),政府可以通過適當(dāng)?shù)牡乩韰^(qū)位改善,增加農(nóng)民收入,降低農(nóng)村貧困。
社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展因素中農(nóng)民受教育年限、一線居民守邊比重、農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值比重、糧食種植比重、人均扶貧資金、通電、通電話村比重等7個變量對農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生率影響顯著,人均受教育年限對農(nóng)民收入增長不顯著,但對農(nóng)村貧困減少的影響在0.75分位數(shù)處正方向顯著,同時,分位數(shù)回歸的系數(shù)逐漸增大,表明教育對農(nóng)村貧困減少的促進(jìn)作用正逐漸明顯。一線居民守邊比重對農(nóng)民收入增長負(fù)相關(guān)顯著,但對農(nóng)村貧困率的降低在0.9分位數(shù)處正向顯著,而且,分位數(shù)回歸系數(shù)呈遞減趨勢,表明邊境縣市穩(wěn)定對農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)較富裕地區(qū)貧困減少影響更大。
農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值比重對農(nóng)民收入的增長是負(fù)相關(guān),但對農(nóng)村貧困率減少的作用仍是正向顯著的,這表明邊境縣市農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)收入仍是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),增收效果雖不明顯,但對農(nóng)民脫離基本貧困的作用仍不可替代。糧食種植比重對農(nóng)民增收、農(nóng)村貧困的減少都有正向顯著影響,分位數(shù)回歸系數(shù)也顯示,在條件分布高端大于平均值,表明在貧困程度深的地區(qū),優(yōu)化農(nóng)業(yè)種植結(jié)構(gòu)對農(nóng)村貧困減少作用大于貧困程度較低的區(qū)域。
農(nóng)村人均扶貧資金對農(nóng)村貧困減少的分位數(shù)回歸系數(shù)呈正負(fù)波動,在0.5,0.75以及0.9分位點(diǎn)顯著,同時表明扶貧資金在高分位數(shù)處即貧困程度較深的地區(qū)對貧困減少的作用更大。
通電行政村比重變量在分位數(shù)回歸分析中對農(nóng)村貧困減少顯著為正,在0.1分位點(diǎn)低于平均值,在中、高分位點(diǎn)高于平均值,且被解釋變量值逐漸增加,表明通電對于貧困程度深的地區(qū)促進(jìn)作用大于貧困相對較低的區(qū)域。通電話村比重對農(nóng)民收入和農(nóng)村貧困減少都有顯著的正向影響,分位數(shù)回歸系數(shù)整體趨勢為∪形特征,表明通訊設(shè)施的完善對于貧困程度兩端的區(qū)域影響更大,加強(qiáng)對農(nóng)村貧困程度高地區(qū)的通訊建設(shè)投入是降低邊境縣市貧困發(fā)生率的有效途徑。
4討論與政策含義
本文以新疆17個邊境縣市為例,運(yùn)用OLS與分位數(shù)回歸實證分析了社會發(fā)展與地理條件對邊疆農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生的影響,討論與政策含義如下:
(1)一定生產(chǎn)力基礎(chǔ)和社會背景下,自然地理條件對農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生仍具有不可消除的影響。平均海拔顯著負(fù)向影響邊境縣農(nóng)民人均收入水平和農(nóng)村貧困率,人均林地變量和礦產(chǎn)資源變量從不同方向顯著影響邊境縣農(nóng)民收入水平和貧困發(fā)生率,其中,人均林地因素正向顯著影響邊境縣農(nóng)民人均收入和貧困發(fā)生率。礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)則負(fù)向顯著影響邊境縣農(nóng)民人均收入,而正向顯著影響農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生率。
(2)本文以農(nóng)民收入作為研究農(nóng)村貧困的媒介,以自然地理環(huán)境對農(nóng)民收入變化的影響進(jìn)一步考察貧困發(fā)生的自然地理環(huán)境因素,發(fā)現(xiàn)惡劣地理條件對農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生作用不是一個簡單的邏輯過程,用水量因素、耕地減少因素以及公路密度因素顯著影響邊境縣人均收入而對貧困發(fā)生率影響不明顯,地理條件因素中,降水量因素、人均耕地因素和城市距離地理區(qū)位因素只顯著影響邊境縣農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生率。
(3)研究自然地理環(huán)境的貧困效應(yīng)不能脫離一定的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展背景,無霜期變量、受災(zāi)耕地比重變量并不顯著影響邊境縣農(nóng)民人均收入和農(nóng)村貧困率,并非這兩個因素對被解釋變量就沒有一點(diǎn)負(fù)向作用,只能是生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展和相關(guān)制度的完善使得某些自然地理環(huán)境因素的貧困效應(yīng)不明顯了。
而且,社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展政策的增收減貧機(jī)制是在特定的自然地理環(huán)境下進(jìn)行的,農(nóng)民受教育年限、人均扶貧資金不能顯著增加農(nóng)民收入,但是能減緩農(nóng)村的貧困,一線居民守邊、農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值比重、糧食種植比重、通電、通電話村比重等因素對農(nóng)民增收和減貧都有顯著作用,雖然社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)相關(guān)政策主觀上都具有增收減貧的目的,但分位數(shù)回歸分析顯示:不同條件分布分位數(shù)水平下,自然地理條件的作用方向和力度都是不同的,譬如降水量因素顯著的影響貧困程度高的區(qū)域,那些經(jīng)濟(jì)相對發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)減貧效應(yīng)更顯著。社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)政策在不同條件分布下的方向和效果也不同,譬如扶貧資金在高分位數(shù)處對貧困減少的作用更大。貧困的結(jié)局都相似,發(fā)生的原因各不同,這就要求我國貧困地區(qū)社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展政策的制定、實施要因地制宜和有針對性。
(編輯:劉呈慶)
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[6]程寶良,高麗.西部脆弱環(huán)境分布與貧困關(guān)系的研究[J].環(huán)境科學(xué)與技術(shù),2009,32(2):198-202.[Cheng Baoliang,Gao Li.The Western Fragile Environment Distribution and Poor Relations Research[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,32(2):198-202.]
[7]曲瑋,涂勤,牛叔文.自然地理環(huán)境的貧困效應(yīng)檢驗:自然地理條件對農(nóng)村貧困影響的實證分析[J].中國農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,32(2):86-95.[Qu Wei,Tu Qin,Niu Shuwen.Poor Effect Test of Natural Geographical Environment:An Empirical Analysis of the Natural Geographical Conditions of Rural Poverty[J].Chinas Rural Economy,2012,32(2):86-95.]
[8]周宏飛,張捷斌.新疆的水資源可利用量及其承載能力分析[J].干旱區(qū)地理,2005,28(6):746-757.[Zhou Hongfei,Zhang Jiebin.Analysis on the Volume of Available Water Resources and Its Carrying Capacity in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(6):756-757.]
[9]宋周鶯,劉衛(wèi)東.西部地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化路徑分析[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2013,23(10):31-37.[Song Zhouying,Liu Weidong. A Study on Industry Structure Optimization of Western China under Emissionreduction[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,23(10):31-37.]
[10]韓崢.脆弱性與農(nóng)村貧困[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題,2004,10(1):103-110.[Han Zhen.Vulnerability and Rural Poverty[J].Agricultural Economic Problems,2004,10(1):103-110.]
[11]Xu Min,Ye Baisheng,Zhao Qiudong.Estimation of Water Balance in the Source Region of the Yellow River Based on GRACE Satellite Data[J].Journal of Arid Land,2013,5(3):384-395.
[12]陳全功.空間貧困理論視角下民族地區(qū)扶貧問題[J].中南民族大學(xué)學(xué)報,2011,3(1):56-63.[Chen Quangong. Space Poverty Theory Perspective of the Poverty Alleviation in Ethnic Minority Areas[J].Journal of Central South University for Nationalities,2011,3(1):56-63.]
[13]章元,許慶.農(nóng)業(yè)增長對降低農(nóng)村貧困真的更重要嗎?[J].金融研究,2011,23(6):109-121.[Zhang Yuan,Xu Qing.Is Agricultural Growth Really More Important to Reduce Rural Poverty? [J].Finance Research, 2011, 23(6): 109-121.]
[14]高夢滔,姚洋.農(nóng)戶收入差距的微觀基礎(chǔ): 物質(zhì)資本還是人力資本?[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2006,14(12):25-34.[Gao Mengtao,Yao Yang.Which Is the Main Reason for Income Inequality in Rural China:Physical Assets or Human Capital? [J].Economic Research,2006,14(12):25-34.]
Poor Effect Test of Natural Geographical Environment in Arid Areas
HUANG Guoyong1,2ZHANG Min1QIN Bo3
(1. School of Economy and Trade,Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830052, China;
2. Department of Economy and Management,Bengbu College, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China;
3. Development and Reform Commission of Xinjiang, Urumqi Xinjiang 830042, China)
AbstractThe new feature on poverty around the world is regional poverty. The main phenomenon of rural poverty in China is the formation and development of the continuous extremely poor area. In less developed areas, especially in border areas of the countryside, there are lots of poor areas where a large number of people live. In terms of its dimensions,less low level of social development and bad geographical condition is the two mainly reason which have led to the rural poverty of frontier. In the border areas, especially those border areas neighbouring with the outside world, has complicated backgrounds such as society, economy, population, which make it more necessary to connect the research of poverty theory with characteristics of the times in which all of regions and urban and rural areas can gain development as a whole. Now there are lots of research literatures on regional rural poverty in the current China and overseas. From the content perspective, most of the researches on poverty severed the connection between the regional social development and geographical conditions, and also mainly focused on the overall quantitative analysis in research methods. In this article, with panel data of social and economic development and natural geographical conditions through 2006-2012 in Xinjiang border counties, we analyzes the social, economic development and natural geographical factors on how to affect the rural income level and poverty occurrence ratio by the quantile regression, and the results shows that:① Model analysis shows that social development factors such as the proportion of residents protecting the border, agricultural output value proportion, etc, has a significant effect to increase farmers income and poverty reduction, other factors such as years of education and poverty alleviation fund can also significantly reduce rural poverty. Geography factors such as average altitude, per capita forest land and mineral resources significantly affect farmers income and rural poverty in different impact directions. ② Quantile regression analysis of conditional probability shows that the effects of various factors are different at different points in quantile regression. For example, in 0.75, 0.9 quantiles, poverty alleviation fund has a more positive effect on poverty reduction in those areas severe poverty. Meanwhile, the exploitation of mineral resources for poverty reduction is more beneficial in those relatively developed areas. ③ Based on the combination of two dimensions of social development and geological conditions, to a certain extent, social development can reduce or even eliminate the poverty effects of adverse geographical condition. For this purpose, it is necessary for the poverty alleviation work in the rural areas of the border to adjust measures according to local conditions and make more targeted measures, avoid blindness and one size fits all and avoid the strange circle of ‘poverty trap.
Key wordspoverty; social development; natural geographical environment; quantile regression; the border counties
[6]程寶良,高麗.西部脆弱環(huán)境分布與貧困關(guān)系的研究[J].環(huán)境科學(xué)與技術(shù),2009,32(2):198-202.[Cheng Baoliang,Gao Li.The Western Fragile Environment Distribution and Poor Relations Research[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,32(2):198-202.]
[7]曲瑋,涂勤,牛叔文.自然地理環(huán)境的貧困效應(yīng)檢驗:自然地理條件對農(nóng)村貧困影響的實證分析[J].中國農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,32(2):86-95.[Qu Wei,Tu Qin,Niu Shuwen.Poor Effect Test of Natural Geographical Environment:An Empirical Analysis of the Natural Geographical Conditions of Rural Poverty[J].Chinas Rural Economy,2012,32(2):86-95.]
[8]周宏飛,張捷斌.新疆的水資源可利用量及其承載能力分析[J].干旱區(qū)地理,2005,28(6):746-757.[Zhou Hongfei,Zhang Jiebin.Analysis on the Volume of Available Water Resources and Its Carrying Capacity in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(6):756-757.]
[9]宋周鶯,劉衛(wèi)東.西部地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化路徑分析[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2013,23(10):31-37.[Song Zhouying,Liu Weidong. A Study on Industry Structure Optimization of Western China under Emissionreduction[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,23(10):31-37.]
[10]韓崢.脆弱性與農(nóng)村貧困[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題,2004,10(1):103-110.[Han Zhen.Vulnerability and Rural Poverty[J].Agricultural Economic Problems,2004,10(1):103-110.]
[11]Xu Min,Ye Baisheng,Zhao Qiudong.Estimation of Water Balance in the Source Region of the Yellow River Based on GRACE Satellite Data[J].Journal of Arid Land,2013,5(3):384-395.
[12]陳全功.空間貧困理論視角下民族地區(qū)扶貧問題[J].中南民族大學(xué)學(xué)報,2011,3(1):56-63.[Chen Quangong. Space Poverty Theory Perspective of the Poverty Alleviation in Ethnic Minority Areas[J].Journal of Central South University for Nationalities,2011,3(1):56-63.]
[13]章元,許慶.農(nóng)業(yè)增長對降低農(nóng)村貧困真的更重要嗎?[J].金融研究,2011,23(6):109-121.[Zhang Yuan,Xu Qing.Is Agricultural Growth Really More Important to Reduce Rural Poverty? [J].Finance Research, 2011, 23(6): 109-121.]
[14]高夢滔,姚洋.農(nóng)戶收入差距的微觀基礎(chǔ): 物質(zhì)資本還是人力資本?[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2006,14(12):25-34.[Gao Mengtao,Yao Yang.Which Is the Main Reason for Income Inequality in Rural China:Physical Assets or Human Capital? [J].Economic Research,2006,14(12):25-34.]
Poor Effect Test of Natural Geographical Environment in Arid Areas
HUANG Guoyong1,2ZHANG Min1QIN Bo3
(1. School of Economy and Trade,Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830052, China;
2. Department of Economy and Management,Bengbu College, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China;
3. Development and Reform Commission of Xinjiang, Urumqi Xinjiang 830042, China)
AbstractThe new feature on poverty around the world is regional poverty. The main phenomenon of rural poverty in China is the formation and development of the continuous extremely poor area. In less developed areas, especially in border areas of the countryside, there are lots of poor areas where a large number of people live. In terms of its dimensions,less low level of social development and bad geographical condition is the two mainly reason which have led to the rural poverty of frontier. In the border areas, especially those border areas neighbouring with the outside world, has complicated backgrounds such as society, economy, population, which make it more necessary to connect the research of poverty theory with characteristics of the times in which all of regions and urban and rural areas can gain development as a whole. Now there are lots of research literatures on regional rural poverty in the current China and overseas. From the content perspective, most of the researches on poverty severed the connection between the regional social development and geographical conditions, and also mainly focused on the overall quantitative analysis in research methods. In this article, with panel data of social and economic development and natural geographical conditions through 2006-2012 in Xinjiang border counties, we analyzes the social, economic development and natural geographical factors on how to affect the rural income level and poverty occurrence ratio by the quantile regression, and the results shows that:① Model analysis shows that social development factors such as the proportion of residents protecting the border, agricultural output value proportion, etc, has a significant effect to increase farmers income and poverty reduction, other factors such as years of education and poverty alleviation fund can also significantly reduce rural poverty. Geography factors such as average altitude, per capita forest land and mineral resources significantly affect farmers income and rural poverty in different impact directions. ② Quantile regression analysis of conditional probability shows that the effects of various factors are different at different points in quantile regression. For example, in 0.75, 0.9 quantiles, poverty alleviation fund has a more positive effect on poverty reduction in those areas severe poverty. Meanwhile, the exploitation of mineral resources for poverty reduction is more beneficial in those relatively developed areas. ③ Based on the combination of two dimensions of social development and geological conditions, to a certain extent, social development can reduce or even eliminate the poverty effects of adverse geographical condition. For this purpose, it is necessary for the poverty alleviation work in the rural areas of the border to adjust measures according to local conditions and make more targeted measures, avoid blindness and one size fits all and avoid the strange circle of ‘poverty trap.
Key wordspoverty; social development; natural geographical environment; quantile regression; the border counties
[6]程寶良,高麗.西部脆弱環(huán)境分布與貧困關(guān)系的研究[J].環(huán)境科學(xué)與技術(shù),2009,32(2):198-202.[Cheng Baoliang,Gao Li.The Western Fragile Environment Distribution and Poor Relations Research[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,32(2):198-202.]
[7]曲瑋,涂勤,牛叔文.自然地理環(huán)境的貧困效應(yīng)檢驗:自然地理條件對農(nóng)村貧困影響的實證分析[J].中國農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,32(2):86-95.[Qu Wei,Tu Qin,Niu Shuwen.Poor Effect Test of Natural Geographical Environment:An Empirical Analysis of the Natural Geographical Conditions of Rural Poverty[J].Chinas Rural Economy,2012,32(2):86-95.]
[8]周宏飛,張捷斌.新疆的水資源可利用量及其承載能力分析[J].干旱區(qū)地理,2005,28(6):746-757.[Zhou Hongfei,Zhang Jiebin.Analysis on the Volume of Available Water Resources and Its Carrying Capacity in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(6):756-757.]
[9]宋周鶯,劉衛(wèi)東.西部地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化路徑分析[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2013,23(10):31-37.[Song Zhouying,Liu Weidong. A Study on Industry Structure Optimization of Western China under Emissionreduction[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,23(10):31-37.]
[10]韓崢.脆弱性與農(nóng)村貧困[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題,2004,10(1):103-110.[Han Zhen.Vulnerability and Rural Poverty[J].Agricultural Economic Problems,2004,10(1):103-110.]
[11]Xu Min,Ye Baisheng,Zhao Qiudong.Estimation of Water Balance in the Source Region of the Yellow River Based on GRACE Satellite Data[J].Journal of Arid Land,2013,5(3):384-395.
[12]陳全功.空間貧困理論視角下民族地區(qū)扶貧問題[J].中南民族大學(xué)學(xué)報,2011,3(1):56-63.[Chen Quangong. Space Poverty Theory Perspective of the Poverty Alleviation in Ethnic Minority Areas[J].Journal of Central South University for Nationalities,2011,3(1):56-63.]
[13]章元,許慶.農(nóng)業(yè)增長對降低農(nóng)村貧困真的更重要嗎?[J].金融研究,2011,23(6):109-121.[Zhang Yuan,Xu Qing.Is Agricultural Growth Really More Important to Reduce Rural Poverty? [J].Finance Research, 2011, 23(6): 109-121.]
[14]高夢滔,姚洋.農(nóng)戶收入差距的微觀基礎(chǔ): 物質(zhì)資本還是人力資本?[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2006,14(12):25-34.[Gao Mengtao,Yao Yang.Which Is the Main Reason for Income Inequality in Rural China:Physical Assets or Human Capital? [J].Economic Research,2006,14(12):25-34.]
Poor Effect Test of Natural Geographical Environment in Arid Areas
HUANG Guoyong1,2ZHANG Min1QIN Bo3
(1. School of Economy and Trade,Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830052, China;
2. Department of Economy and Management,Bengbu College, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China;
3. Development and Reform Commission of Xinjiang, Urumqi Xinjiang 830042, China)
AbstractThe new feature on poverty around the world is regional poverty. The main phenomenon of rural poverty in China is the formation and development of the continuous extremely poor area. In less developed areas, especially in border areas of the countryside, there are lots of poor areas where a large number of people live. In terms of its dimensions,less low level of social development and bad geographical condition is the two mainly reason which have led to the rural poverty of frontier. In the border areas, especially those border areas neighbouring with the outside world, has complicated backgrounds such as society, economy, population, which make it more necessary to connect the research of poverty theory with characteristics of the times in which all of regions and urban and rural areas can gain development as a whole. Now there are lots of research literatures on regional rural poverty in the current China and overseas. From the content perspective, most of the researches on poverty severed the connection between the regional social development and geographical conditions, and also mainly focused on the overall quantitative analysis in research methods. In this article, with panel data of social and economic development and natural geographical conditions through 2006-2012 in Xinjiang border counties, we analyzes the social, economic development and natural geographical factors on how to affect the rural income level and poverty occurrence ratio by the quantile regression, and the results shows that:① Model analysis shows that social development factors such as the proportion of residents protecting the border, agricultural output value proportion, etc, has a significant effect to increase farmers income and poverty reduction, other factors such as years of education and poverty alleviation fund can also significantly reduce rural poverty. Geography factors such as average altitude, per capita forest land and mineral resources significantly affect farmers income and rural poverty in different impact directions. ② Quantile regression analysis of conditional probability shows that the effects of various factors are different at different points in quantile regression. For example, in 0.75, 0.9 quantiles, poverty alleviation fund has a more positive effect on poverty reduction in those areas severe poverty. Meanwhile, the exploitation of mineral resources for poverty reduction is more beneficial in those relatively developed areas. ③ Based on the combination of two dimensions of social development and geological conditions, to a certain extent, social development can reduce or even eliminate the poverty effects of adverse geographical condition. For this purpose, it is necessary for the poverty alleviation work in the rural areas of the border to adjust measures according to local conditions and make more targeted measures, avoid blindness and one size fits all and avoid the strange circle of ‘poverty trap.
Key wordspoverty; social development; natural geographical environment; quantile regression; the border counties