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      在線固相萃取高效液相色譜法同時(shí)測(cè)定人尿液中7種多環(huán)芳烴代謝物

      2014-12-18 09:20游釩等
      分析化學(xué) 2014年12期
      關(guān)鍵詞:芳烴代謝物羥基

      游釩等

      摘 要 采用雙三元液相色譜系統(tǒng)結(jié)合熒光檢測(cè)器,建立了在線固相萃取液相色譜法同時(shí)測(cè)定人尿液中7種多環(huán)芳烴代謝物的方法。目標(biāo)化合物首先在Turboflow Cyclone固相萃取柱上在線富集濃縮,然后通過(guò)六通閥轉(zhuǎn)移至Hypersil Green PAH色譜柱,以乙腈水為流動(dòng)相進(jìn)行梯度洗脫分離,流速1.0 mL/min,柱溫30 ℃,熒光檢測(cè)器檢測(cè),分離周期為20 min。在優(yōu)化的色譜條件下,5~2000 ng/L或50~20000 ng/L范圍內(nèi),7種多環(huán)芳烴代謝物均呈良好的線性關(guān)系(r≥0.999),方法檢出限為0.5~15 ng/L,加標(biāo)回收率為80.7%~110.7%。應(yīng)用本方法對(duì)吸煙和非吸煙人群尿液中7種多環(huán)芳烴代謝物的含量進(jìn)行了測(cè)定,吸煙者尿液中的2羥基萘、1羥基萘、2羥基菲、2羥基芴、4羥基菲、6羥基顯著高于非吸煙者。

      1 引 言

      多環(huán)芳烴(PAHs) 是人類最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的一類環(huán)境有機(jī)致癌化合物[1,2]。PAHs廣泛存在于空氣顆粒物和煙熏燒烤類食品中。另外,香煙煙霧中也含有高濃度的PAHs。PAHs 種類繁多、在環(huán)境中分布廣,主要通過(guò)呼吸道、消化道和皮膚進(jìn)入人體,經(jīng)體內(nèi)代謝轉(zhuǎn)化后,生成DNA加合物。所以,PAHs在致癌類化合物中占有相當(dāng)重要的地位[3]。自20世紀(jì)80年代, 許多學(xué)者研究人體對(duì)PAHs的暴露綜合評(píng)價(jià)的生物標(biāo)志物[4]。目前研究最多的接觸生物標(biāo)志物是尿中的單羥基多環(huán)芳烴(OHPAHs) [5]。高沸點(diǎn)多環(huán)芳烴的代謝產(chǎn)物主要通過(guò)糞便排泄(在尿中排泄小于1% ),而且尿中的濃度非常低[6]。因此,尿中常用于生物監(jiān)測(cè)的多環(huán)芳烴代謝物主要是芘、萘、菲和等環(huán)數(shù)不大于4、由PAHs產(chǎn)生的OHPAHs[5~7]。

      尿液中多環(huán)芳烴代謝物的含量極低,且尿液成分較復(fù)雜,所含雜質(zhì)可能對(duì)色譜柱造成損害,所以,直接進(jìn)樣不能滿足分析要求?,F(xiàn)有方法通常采用離線固相萃取減少基質(zhì)干擾,提高檢測(cè)靈敏度,但操作繁瑣費(fèi)時(shí),重現(xiàn)性不理想,且固相萃取柱多為一次性使用,人力與時(shí)間成本高。在線固相萃取(Online SPE)是近年發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種全自動(dòng)樣品前處理方式,具有富集純化一步完成、固相萃取柱可多次使用、重現(xiàn)性好、自動(dòng)化程度高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),已被應(yīng)用于食品、環(huán)境、生物等樣品中痕量有機(jī)物的檢測(cè)[8~10]。

      目前,測(cè)定OHPAHs 的方法主要有高效液相色譜熒光檢測(cè)法(HPLCFLD) [11,12]、氣相色譜質(zhì)譜法(GCMS)[13~15]、液相色譜質(zhì)譜法(LCMS)[16~20]。其中,GCMS法需要衍生,操作繁瑣;LCMS法儀器價(jià)格昂貴。而HPLCFLD法儀器普及率高,測(cè)定OHPAHs不需衍生,結(jié)合在線富集技術(shù)甚至可獲得比LCMS法更高的靈敏度。本研究利用雙三元液相系統(tǒng),采用基于快速渦流色譜的Turboflow Cyclone固相萃取柱對(duì)目標(biāo)尿樣進(jìn)行在線富集純化,將大分子雜質(zhì)提前分離去除,延長(zhǎng)了固相萃取柱使用壽命,進(jìn)一步降低了交叉污染率,而以Hypersil Green PAH專用色譜柱對(duì)7種多環(huán)芳烴代謝物實(shí)現(xiàn)快速分離的方法也未見報(bào)道。利用本方法對(duì)實(shí)際樣品(吸煙者和非吸煙者尿樣)進(jìn)行了測(cè)定。與文獻(xiàn)[11,12,20\]比較,本方法不需經(jīng)傳統(tǒng)的固相萃取純化、富集及氮吹濃縮過(guò)程,樣品經(jīng)酶解、離心和過(guò)濾等操作過(guò)程,可直接進(jìn)樣測(cè)定,且方法靈敏度比文獻(xiàn)[11,12\]高(除1羥基萘外,檢出限達(dá)ng/L水平),準(zhǔn)確度和重現(xiàn)性好,簡(jiǎn)單快速(包括固相萃取和色譜分析僅需20 min);在線固相萃取柱可重復(fù)使用,柱效高,分離度好,大大簡(jiǎn)化了樣品前處理過(guò)程,分析成本大為降低,特別適合批量樣品的分析測(cè)定。

      2 實(shí)驗(yàn)部分

      2.1 儀器與試劑

      3 結(jié)果與討論

      3.1 分析柱及色譜條件選擇

      文獻(xiàn)[12\]報(bào)道,采用普通C18色譜柱和甲醇水系統(tǒng)對(duì)羥基多環(huán)芳烴可實(shí)現(xiàn)有效分離。本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)該條件下分離時(shí)間為30~40 min,分離效率較低,且經(jīng)在線固相萃取后,色譜峰形容易發(fā)生拖尾,影響定量分析準(zhǔn)確性。優(yōu)化色譜條件后,本實(shí)驗(yàn)最終選擇Hypersil Green PAH柱作為分析柱、乙腈水系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行梯度洗脫,主要原因是該柱對(duì)多環(huán)芳烴類化合物保留較強(qiáng),可使用乙腈含量較高的流動(dòng)相初始比例,有利于閥切換時(shí)將待測(cè)物快速轉(zhuǎn)移至分析柱,從而抑制色譜峰展寬,提高方法靈敏度。在確定的梯度和流速條件下,考察柱溫(30, 35 和40 ℃)對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)的影響,結(jié)果表明,柱溫對(duì)分離的影響較小。從保護(hù)色譜柱角度考慮,將柱溫確定為30 ℃。根據(jù)熒光掃描光譜結(jié)果,結(jié)合靈敏度、干擾和基線噪聲確定待測(cè)物熒光激發(fā)和發(fā)射波長(zhǎng)。在優(yōu)化的色譜條件下,單樣品分析周期僅為20 min,所有待測(cè)物12 min內(nèi)可實(shí)現(xiàn)完全分離。

      3.2 樣品溶劑選擇

      先后使用不同濃度甲醇水溶液(0~50%)作為溶劑稀釋樣品和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液,結(jié)果表明,極性相對(duì)較小的1羥基芘和6羥基受溶劑組成影響較大。隨著溶劑中甲醇比例增加(0~40%),方法回收率由30%~50%提高至90%~110%,并趨于穩(wěn)定,但當(dāng)溶劑中甲醇比例增加至50%時(shí),極性較大的2羥基萘和1羥基萘在富集過(guò)程中可被提前洗脫,回收率由80%~100%下降至60%~80%,兼顧不同極性待測(cè)物,最終選擇40%甲醇作為樣品和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液的溶劑。

      3.3 酶解條件選擇

      PAHs在人體內(nèi)代謝為OHPAHs后在酶的作用下與葡萄糖醛酸或磺?;Y(jié)合,以結(jié)合態(tài)從尿液排出。因此要測(cè)定OHPAHs前,需先將尿樣酶解。綜合參考文獻(xiàn)[11\]和[20\]的酶解條件,采用混合水解酶對(duì)尿樣進(jìn)行酶解。每個(gè)樣品相當(dāng)于加入3000 U β葡萄糖苷酸酶和70 U芳基硫酸酯酶。

      3.4 固相萃取柱選擇

      分別以Accucore Defender C18柱、Acclaim PAII柱和TurboFlow Cyclone柱為固相萃取柱,考察其對(duì)樣品的在線富集能力。結(jié)果表明,在優(yōu)化洗脫條件下,待測(cè)物均可實(shí)現(xiàn)100%保留。但使用前兩種小柱時(shí),分析柱的柱壓在進(jìn)樣2~5次后快速上升,其原因可能是樣品進(jìn)樣量較大,為獲得良好的色譜峰形,在線轉(zhuǎn)移采用反沖固相萃取柱的方式,導(dǎo)致樣品中被固相萃取柱保留的大分子物質(zhì)等雜質(zhì)在多次進(jìn)樣后堆積于分析柱前端,引起柱壓上升;選擇TurboFlow Cyclone柱后,實(shí)際進(jìn)樣50次時(shí),其分析柱柱壓和分離效果均無(wú)明顯變化,主要是由于該富集柱采用表面多孔大粒徑鍵合相為填料,富集過(guò)程中高速通過(guò)的流動(dòng)相在柱內(nèi)形成渦流,使大分子物質(zhì)快速洗脫,與小分子有機(jī)物實(shí)現(xiàn)有效分離,不但降低了基質(zhì)干擾,同時(shí)也延長(zhǎng)了色譜柱的使用壽命。

      3.5 方法線性范圍、相關(guān)系數(shù)、檢出限及精密度

      4 結(jié) 論

      本研究建立了在線固相萃取高效液相色譜熒光檢測(cè)法同時(shí)測(cè)定人尿液中7種多環(huán)芳烴代謝物的方法,生物樣品經(jīng)酶解離心過(guò)濾后即可直接進(jìn)樣,自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)蛋白和部分雜質(zhì)的去除以及目標(biāo)化合物的富集,有效降低了基質(zhì)干擾,增強(qiáng)了方法靈敏度,可用于人尿液中多環(huán)芳烴代謝物的高通量篩查和測(cè)定。

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      12 WANG Yu, DONG YuLian, FANG RuiFang, SHENG GuoYing, FU JiaMo. J. Environ. Health, 2006, 23(1): 76-78

      王 宇, 董玉蓮, 范瑞芳, 盛國(guó)英, 傅家謨. 環(huán)境與健康雜志, 2006, 23(1): 76-78

      13 Carmella S G, Chen M, Yagi H, Jerina D M, Hecht S S. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2004, 13(12): 2167-2174

      14 WANG DaoWei, ZHAO ShiMing, JIN Wei, SHEN QiuYing, HU Ping, HUANG Bin, PAN XueJun. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2013, 41(6): 861-868

      王道瑋, 趙世民, 金 偉, 沈秋瑩, 胡 平, 黃 斌, 潘學(xué)軍. 分析化學(xué), 2013, 41(6): 861-868

      15 LI QingLing, XU XiaoQin, LI XianChun, WANG XiaoRu. Sci. China Ser. B. Chem., 2006, 36(3): 202-210

      李慶玲, 徐曉琴, 黎先春, 王小如. 中國(guó)科學(xué)(B輯 化學(xué)), 2006, 36(3): 202-210

      16 Ferrari S, Mandel F, Berset J D. Chemosphere, 2002, 47(2): 173-182

      17 Van de Wiele T R, Peru K M, Verstraete W, Siciliano S D, Headley J V. J. Chromatogr. B, 2004, 806(2): 245-253

      18 ZHAO HengQiang, CHEN JunHui, CHENG HongYan, ZHANG DaoLai, SHI Qian, WANG XiaoRu. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2010, 38(11): 1599-1603

      趙恒強(qiáng), 陳軍輝, 程紅艷, 張道來(lái), 史 倩, 王小如. 分析化學(xué), 2010, 38(11): 1599-1603

      19 Xu X, Zhang J F, Zhang L, Liu W L, Weisel C P. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2004, 18(19): 2299-2308

      20 DING ChangMing, JIN YinLong, LIN ShaoBin. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2012, 40(3): 397-402

      丁昌明, 金銀龍, 林少彬. 分析化學(xué), 2012, 40(3): 397-402

      Simultaneous Determination of Seven Metabolites of Polycyclic

      Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine by Online Solid Phase

      ExtractionHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography

      YOU Fan1,2, ZHU Lan2, HE Ling2, RAN LiangJi3, JIN Yan3, SUN ChengJun*1

      1(West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China)

      2(Sichuan Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China)

      3(Thermofisher Scientific (China) Corporation, Shanghai 201203, China)

      Abstract A novel method for the simultaneous quantification of seven metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in human urine was developed using online solid phase extractionHPLC with double ternary liquid chromatography system combined with fluorescence detector. The target compounds were online concentrated on the Turboflow Cyclone solid phase extraction column at first, then transferred by the sixway valve to the Hypersil Green PAH column for separation with acetonitrile and water as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and at 35 ℃. A single sample analysis cycle took only 20 min. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, the method showed good linear relationship (r≥0.999) in the range of 5-2000 ng/L or 50-20000 ng/L. The LODs were 0.5-15 ng/L, and the recoveries were 80.7%-110.7%. The proposed method was successfully applied in the detection of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine from several smokers and nonsmokers. The concentrations of 2hydroxynaphthalene, 1hydroxynaphthalene, 2hydroxyfluorene, 2hydroxyphenanthrene, 4hydroxyphenanthrene and 6hydroxychrysene in the smokers urine were much higher than that in nonsmokers.

      Keywords Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; Metabolites; Human urine; Solid phase extraction; High performance liquid chromatography

      (Received 31 August 2014; accepted 23 October 2014)

      18 ZHAO HengQiang, CHEN JunHui, CHENG HongYan, ZHANG DaoLai, SHI Qian, WANG XiaoRu. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2010, 38(11): 1599-1603

      趙恒強(qiáng), 陳軍輝, 程紅艷, 張道來(lái), 史 倩, 王小如. 分析化學(xué), 2010, 38(11): 1599-1603

      19 Xu X, Zhang J F, Zhang L, Liu W L, Weisel C P. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2004, 18(19): 2299-2308

      20 DING ChangMing, JIN YinLong, LIN ShaoBin. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2012, 40(3): 397-402

      丁昌明, 金銀龍, 林少彬. 分析化學(xué), 2012, 40(3): 397-402

      Simultaneous Determination of Seven Metabolites of Polycyclic

      Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine by Online Solid Phase

      ExtractionHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography

      YOU Fan1,2, ZHU Lan2, HE Ling2, RAN LiangJi3, JIN Yan3, SUN ChengJun*1

      1(West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China)

      2(Sichuan Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China)

      3(Thermofisher Scientific (China) Corporation, Shanghai 201203, China)

      Abstract A novel method for the simultaneous quantification of seven metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in human urine was developed using online solid phase extractionHPLC with double ternary liquid chromatography system combined with fluorescence detector. The target compounds were online concentrated on the Turboflow Cyclone solid phase extraction column at first, then transferred by the sixway valve to the Hypersil Green PAH column for separation with acetonitrile and water as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and at 35 ℃. A single sample analysis cycle took only 20 min. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, the method showed good linear relationship (r≥0.999) in the range of 5-2000 ng/L or 50-20000 ng/L. The LODs were 0.5-15 ng/L, and the recoveries were 80.7%-110.7%. The proposed method was successfully applied in the detection of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine from several smokers and nonsmokers. The concentrations of 2hydroxynaphthalene, 1hydroxynaphthalene, 2hydroxyfluorene, 2hydroxyphenanthrene, 4hydroxyphenanthrene and 6hydroxychrysene in the smokers urine were much higher than that in nonsmokers.

      Keywords Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; Metabolites; Human urine; Solid phase extraction; High performance liquid chromatography

      (Received 31 August 2014; accepted 23 October 2014)

      18 ZHAO HengQiang, CHEN JunHui, CHENG HongYan, ZHANG DaoLai, SHI Qian, WANG XiaoRu. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2010, 38(11): 1599-1603

      趙恒強(qiáng), 陳軍輝, 程紅艷, 張道來(lái), 史 倩, 王小如. 分析化學(xué), 2010, 38(11): 1599-1603

      19 Xu X, Zhang J F, Zhang L, Liu W L, Weisel C P. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2004, 18(19): 2299-2308

      20 DING ChangMing, JIN YinLong, LIN ShaoBin. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2012, 40(3): 397-402

      丁昌明, 金銀龍, 林少彬. 分析化學(xué), 2012, 40(3): 397-402

      Simultaneous Determination of Seven Metabolites of Polycyclic

      Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine by Online Solid Phase

      ExtractionHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography

      YOU Fan1,2, ZHU Lan2, HE Ling2, RAN LiangJi3, JIN Yan3, SUN ChengJun*1

      1(West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China)

      2(Sichuan Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China)

      3(Thermofisher Scientific (China) Corporation, Shanghai 201203, China)

      Abstract A novel method for the simultaneous quantification of seven metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in human urine was developed using online solid phase extractionHPLC with double ternary liquid chromatography system combined with fluorescence detector. The target compounds were online concentrated on the Turboflow Cyclone solid phase extraction column at first, then transferred by the sixway valve to the Hypersil Green PAH column for separation with acetonitrile and water as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and at 35 ℃. A single sample analysis cycle took only 20 min. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, the method showed good linear relationship (r≥0.999) in the range of 5-2000 ng/L or 50-20000 ng/L. The LODs were 0.5-15 ng/L, and the recoveries were 80.7%-110.7%. The proposed method was successfully applied in the detection of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine from several smokers and nonsmokers. The concentrations of 2hydroxynaphthalene, 1hydroxynaphthalene, 2hydroxyfluorene, 2hydroxyphenanthrene, 4hydroxyphenanthrene and 6hydroxychrysene in the smokers urine were much higher than that in nonsmokers.

      Keywords Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; Metabolites; Human urine; Solid phase extraction; High performance liquid chromatography

      (Received 31 August 2014; accepted 23 October 2014)

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