王增武等
[摘要]目的了解我國東北農(nóng)村地區(qū)35歲及以上人群糖尿病患病、知曉、治療和控制情況以及糖尿病的影響因素,為制定農(nóng)村地區(qū)糖尿病干預(yù)策略提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。方法采用整群隨機抽樣的方法選取吉林省2個縣的35歲及以上的農(nóng)村居民作為研究對象,通過問卷調(diào)查、體格檢查和實驗室檢查來獲取糖尿病及相關(guān)因素的資料。結(jié)果本研究用于糖尿病患病情況和影響因素分析的有效數(shù)據(jù)為2600人。我國東北地區(qū)35歲及以上農(nóng)村居民糖尿病粗(年齡標化)患病率為7.3%(5.3%),粗(年齡標化)知曉率、治療率、控制率和治療控制率分別為54.7%(44.0%)、48.9%(39.7%)、14.7%(10.0%)和30.11%(18.0%)。女性、高齡、有家族史和不飲酒人群知曉率和治療率較高(P<0.05),而且治療率還與腹型肥胖有關(guān)(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡、家族史、是否為腹型肥胖、血脂異常和高血壓患病情況等5個因素是我國東北地區(qū)35歲及以上農(nóng)村居民糖尿病的影響因素(OR=1.55~5.30)。結(jié)論我國東北地區(qū)35歲及以上農(nóng)村居民糖尿病患病率較高,但是知曉、治療和控制水平較低,亟待采取有針對性的干預(yù)措施來防控糖尿病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。
[關(guān)鍵詞]糖尿?。换疾÷?;知曉率;治療率;控制率;影響因素;農(nóng)村
中圖分類號:587.1文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1009_816X(2014)06_0450_06
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the rates of prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of diabetes mellitus (DM) as well as the DM risk factors among Chinese rural population aged 35 and older in northeast China. Methods Rural residents aged 35 and older in 2 counties of Jilin Province were randomly selected through cluster sampling. Data related to DM and other factors was obtained by questionnaires, physical measures and laboratory tests to provide scientific evidence for the diabetes intervention in rural areas. Results A total of 2600 individuals were eligible for the analysis of DM prevalence and relevant risk factors. The crude (age_adjusted) prevalence of DM among the rural residents aged 35 and older in northeast China was 7.3% (5.3%); the crude (age_adjusted) rates of awareness, treatment, control and control under treatment of diabetes were 54.7% (44.0%), 48.9% (39.7%), 14.7% (10.0%) and 30.11% (18.0%) respectively. The rates of awareness and treatment were significantly higher in female population, the elderly, individuals with a family history and non_drinkers (P<0.05). Additionally, the rate of treatment was found correlated with abdominal obesity (P<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that 5 factors were correlated with DM among the rural residents aged 35 and older in northeast China, including age, family history, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Conclusions A relatively high prevalence of DM was seen in this study while the rates of awareness, treatment, and control stayed low among rural residents aged 35 and older in northeast China, indicating an urgent need for targeted interventions to prevent and control DM.
[Key words] Diabetes mellitus; Prevalence; Awareness rate; Treatment rate; Control rate; Risk factors; Rural areas
糖尿病已經(jīng)成為嚴重威脅人類健康的全球公共衛(wèi)生難題[1,2],而且糖尿病能夠影響很多臟器,進而導(dǎo)致多種嚴重并發(fā)癥[3]。最近幾十年里,糖尿病患病率增長迅速[4],據(jù)估計,至2035年糖尿病的患病人數(shù)將由2013年的3.82億增加到5.92億[5]。隨著中國經(jīng)濟和城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)的不斷發(fā)展,中國居民的生活方式和飲食模式也在發(fā)生改變[6,7],而這些改變成為促進糖尿病發(fā)生的重要影響因素[8]。最近的全國糖尿病流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示我國人群糖尿病的患病率已經(jīng)達到9.7%,估計約有9240萬人患有糖尿病[9]。雖然我國城市地區(qū)的糖尿病患病率高于農(nóng)村地區(qū)[9],但是我國農(nóng)村居民數(shù)量龐大,農(nóng)村醫(yī)療資源相對不足,農(nóng)村居民健康意識相對薄弱,所以農(nóng)村地區(qū)糖尿病的疾病負擔不容忽視。目前我國關(guān)于東北農(nóng)村地區(qū)中老年人群糖尿病的最新數(shù)據(jù)較少,本研究旨在了解東北地區(qū)35歲及以上農(nóng)村居民糖尿病的患病、知曉、治療和控制情況以及糖尿病的影響因素,為我國農(nóng)村地區(qū)糖尿病的防治提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1資料和方法
1.1一般資料:本研究采用整群隨機抽樣的方法,在選定的全國20個示范縣中隨機抽取吉林省的東風(fēng)縣和靖宇縣,然后每個縣隨機抽取4個村,最終每個縣隨機抽取年齡在35歲及以上人群1250人(各年齡組調(diào)查人口分布基本均勻,男女各占一半)??紤]到不應(yīng)答,兩縣實際抽取3850人,有效應(yīng)答2900人。本項研究通過中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院阜外心血管病醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準,所有參加對象均已簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法:本研究于2013年至2014年采用橫斷面調(diào)查的方法收集資料,調(diào)查內(nèi)容主要包括問卷調(diào)查、體格測量和實驗室檢查3個部分。問卷調(diào)查主要包括一般情況(性別、年齡、民族、文化和收入等)、個人及家庭主要疾病史和生活行為習(xí)慣(吸煙和飲酒等)。體格測量主要包括身高、體重、腰圍和血壓等;實驗室檢查主要包括空腹血糖(Fasting Blood Glucose, FBG)、總膽固醇(Total Cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(Triglyceride,TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol,HDLC)和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LOW Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol,LDLC)等。血壓測量采用汞柱式血壓計(玉兔牌),測量研究對象坐位右臂血壓,連續(xù)測量3次,每次至少間隔30秒,取Korotkoff第一音和第五音所對應(yīng)的血壓讀數(shù)作為收縮壓和舒張壓,3次血壓測量值中的任意2個的差別不能超過4mmHg,最后取3次血壓測量值的平均值作為研究對象的血壓值。抽取空腹12h靜脈血,并將血標本運送到統(tǒng)一的中心實驗室進行檢測,生化檢查均采用Hitachi7080型自動生化分析儀(Hitachi,Ltd.,Tokyo,Japan),F(xiàn)BG采用GOP_POD方法檢測。體重采用體重體脂儀(歐姆龍V_BODY HBF_371)進行測量。腰圍測量的位置是在雙側(cè)腋中線髂骨上緣與第十二肋骨下緣連線的中點(通常是腰部的天然最窄部位),沿水平方向圍繞腹部一周。
1.2.1診斷標準:①高血壓:平均收縮壓(Systolic Blood Pressure,SBP)≥140mmHg和/或平均舒張壓(Diastolic Blood Pressure,DBP)≥90mmHg,或近兩周內(nèi)服用降壓類藥物。②超重肥胖:體質(zhì)指數(shù)(Body Mass Index,BMI)24.0~27.9kg/m2為超重,BMI≥28kg/m2為肥胖。③腹型肥胖:腰圍男性≥90cm、女性≥85cm為腹型肥胖。④吸煙:一生中至少吸過20包或每日至少吸一支且連續(xù)至少一年,且最近一個月仍在吸煙。⑤飲酒:最近1個月在飲酒,且每周至少1次。⑥血脂異常:參考2007版《中國成人血脂異常防治指南》中的標準,即TC≥6.22mmol/L,或TG≥2.26mmol/L,或LDLC≥4.14mmol/L,或LDLC<1.04mmol/L。⑦糖尿?。篎BG≥7.0mmol/L,或既往確診糖尿病且服用降糖藥物。
1.2.2質(zhì)量控制:本研究采取如下措施進行質(zhì)量控制:①編制統(tǒng)一的調(diào)查方案、調(diào)查表格和填表說明,人體測量按照統(tǒng)一的要求進行;②所有參加研究的人員必須經(jīng)過培訓(xùn),培訓(xùn)合格后方能參加調(diào)查,課題組將安排人員指導(dǎo)培訓(xùn)及現(xiàn)場調(diào)查工作;③設(shè)立專門的質(zhì)量控制小組,對調(diào)查中可能出現(xiàn)的質(zhì)量問題進行嚴格的質(zhì)控;④對血標本的采集、分離、貯存、測定等實驗室相關(guān)環(huán)節(jié)采取嚴格的質(zhì)控措施;⑤進行兩遍數(shù)據(jù)錄入并進行數(shù)據(jù)核對。
1.3統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理:采用Epidata3.1軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)錄入,SAS 9.2軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。計量資料用(x-±s)表示,兩組間均數(shù)比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料用率表示,采用χ2檢驗;糖尿病影響因素分析采用多因素非條件Logistic回歸。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1基本情況:本研究用于糖尿病患病情況和影響因素分析的有效數(shù)據(jù)為2600人,年齡(54.80±10.36)歲,男性為1179人(45.4%),漢族2363人(90.9%)。除家庭人均收入、糖尿病家族史和高血壓患病情況外,不同性別在年齡、文化、吸煙、飲酒、BMI、是否為腹型肥胖和是否為血脂異常等特征上的差異均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
3討論本次調(diào)查顯示我國東北地區(qū)35歲及以上農(nóng)村居民糖尿病粗患病率和標化患病率分別為7.3%和5.3%,粗知曉率、治療率、控制率和治療控制率分別為54.7%、48.9%、14.7%和30.11%,而標化的知曉率、治療率、控制率和治療控制率分別為44.0%、39.7%、10.0%和18.0%。多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)高齡、有糖尿病家族史、腹型肥胖、血脂異常和高血壓是東北地區(qū)35歲及以上農(nóng)村居民患有糖尿病的危險因素。2007年全國農(nóng)村地區(qū)糖尿病患病率為8.2%[9]、2004年天津農(nóng)村地區(qū)35歲及以上人群糖尿病的患病率為9.5%[10]以及2007年珠海市35歲及以上農(nóng)村居民糖尿病患病率(5.6%)[11],均高于本研究結(jié)果(5.3%)。但是,本研究結(jié)果(5.3%)高于InterASIA研究中我國35~74歲農(nóng)村居民糖尿病患病率(4.9%)[12]和遼寧省40歲以上農(nóng)村居民糖尿病患病率(4.5%)[13]。雖然各調(diào)查研究由于所采用的研究設(shè)計、調(diào)查地點和人群以及標化標準等不盡相同而使糖尿病的患病率不同,但是仍能反映出我國東北農(nóng)村地區(qū)糖尿病的患病率較高。本研究中糖尿病的標化知曉率、治療率和控制率均顯著高于1998年我國部分地區(qū)中年農(nóng)村居民[14]的29.0%、23.7%和8.1%,但是治療控制率卻低于該調(diào)查的34.3%。InterASIA研究結(jié)果顯示,我國農(nóng)村地區(qū)35~74歲人群糖尿病知曉率、治療率和控制率分別為18.8%、16.2%和8.0%,均低于本研究結(jié)果;意大利的研究結(jié)果[15]顯示糖尿病知曉率、治療率和控制率分別為66.7%、43.4%和64.3%,均遠高于本研究的44.0%、39.7%和10.0%。雖然我國東北地區(qū)農(nóng)村居民糖尿病的知曉率、治療率和控制率有所提高,但是仍然處于較低的水平。由此可見,我國東北地區(qū)農(nóng)村居民糖尿病患病率較高,但是知曉、治療和控制情況嚴峻,因此我國東北農(nóng)村地區(qū)糖尿病防治工作仍需加強。本研究結(jié)果顯示,糖尿病的患病風(fēng)險隨著年齡的增加而升高,這與很多研究結(jié)果[9,16,17,18]一致。有很多研究[9,19,20]表明,糖尿病家族史是糖尿病的重要危險因素,本研究也顯示糖尿病家族史與糖尿病關(guān)系密切(OR:5.30,95%CI:3.66~7.86),提示遺傳因素對于糖尿病的發(fā)生起著重要作用。本研究結(jié)果表明腹型肥胖是糖尿病的危險因素,這與Yang等研究[9]和InterASIA研究的結(jié)果一致,原因可能是腹部脂肪組織的增加與葡萄糖耐受不良和高胰島素血癥聯(lián)系密切[21]。糖尿病與心血管疾病聯(lián)系密切的原因可能與脂類和脂蛋白代謝異常有關(guān)[22],提示脂代謝的異常可能是糖尿病與心血管疾病的共同通路,所以本研究結(jié)果與其他研究[9,19]結(jié)果均顯示血脂異常是糖尿病的危險因素。本研究還顯示高血壓人群患糖尿病的風(fēng)險是非高血壓人群的1.55倍,證實高血壓是糖尿病的重要危險因素[23],有研究顯示很多高血壓患者具有胰島素抵抗,而且糖尿病患者患高血壓的風(fēng)險是無糖尿病者的3~4倍,而高血壓又往往會最終影響到糖尿病患者[24,25]。綜上所述,雖然本次調(diào)查存在樣本代表性不夠等局限性,但是本研究結(jié)果仍能大致反映出我國東北地區(qū)35歲及以上農(nóng)村居民糖尿病患病率較高,但是知曉、治療和控制水平處于較低的水平,而且提示年齡、家族史、是否為腹型肥胖、血脂異常和高血壓患病情況等5個因素是該人群糖尿病的影響因素,這些結(jié)果對于規(guī)劃我國農(nóng)村居民糖尿病的防治工作具有重要意義。因此,在糖尿病的預(yù)防控制過程中,應(yīng)當根據(jù)不同人群糖尿病的危險因素來開展針對性的糖尿病防治工作,加強農(nóng)村地區(qū)的健康教育,提高糖尿病的知曉率、治療率和控制率,同時倡導(dǎo)健康的生活方式,改變不良的飲食習(xí)慣,控制體重和監(jiān)測血壓,以延緩或防止糖尿病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。
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[17]李立明,饒克勤,孔靈芝,等.中國居民2002年營養(yǎng)與健康狀況調(diào)查[J].中華流行病學(xué)雜志,2005,26(7):478-484.
[18]李艷艷,胡東生,李春陽,等.農(nóng)村居民糖尿病患病率及危險因素分析[J].中國公共衛(wèi)生,2008,24(10):1273-1275.
[19]Hu D, Sun L, Fu P, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Chinese adult population: the InterASIA Study[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2009,84(3):288-295.
[20]Burke JP, Williams K, Narayan KM, et al. A population perspective on diabetes prevention: whom should we target for preventing weight gain[J]. Diabetes Care,2003,26(7):1999-2004.
[21]Flack JM, Sowers JR. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia[J]. Am J Med,1991,91(1A):11S-21S.
[22]Syvnne M, Taskinen MR. Lipids and lipoproteins as coronary risk factors in non_insulin_dependent diabetes mellitus[J]. Lancet, 1997, 350(Suppl1):S120-S123.
[23]Natarajan S, Nietert PJ. Hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and their combinations increased health care utilization and decreased health status[J]. J Clin Epidemiol,2004,57(9):954-961.
[24]Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Essential hypertension: an insulin_resistant state[J]. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol,1990,15(Suppl5):S18-25.
[25]Kabakov E, Norymberg C, Osher E, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus: impact of the tightening definition of high blood pressure and association with confounding risk factors[J]. J Cardiometab Syndr,2006,1(2):95-101.
(收稿日期:2014_10_5)
[17]李立明,饒克勤,孔靈芝,等.中國居民2002年營養(yǎng)與健康狀況調(diào)查[J].中華流行病學(xué)雜志,2005,26(7):478-484.
[18]李艷艷,胡東生,李春陽,等.農(nóng)村居民糖尿病患病率及危險因素分析[J].中國公共衛(wèi)生,2008,24(10):1273-1275.
[19]Hu D, Sun L, Fu P, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Chinese adult population: the InterASIA Study[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2009,84(3):288-295.
[20]Burke JP, Williams K, Narayan KM, et al. A population perspective on diabetes prevention: whom should we target for preventing weight gain[J]. Diabetes Care,2003,26(7):1999-2004.
[21]Flack JM, Sowers JR. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia[J]. Am J Med,1991,91(1A):11S-21S.
[22]Syvnne M, Taskinen MR. Lipids and lipoproteins as coronary risk factors in non_insulin_dependent diabetes mellitus[J]. Lancet, 1997, 350(Suppl1):S120-S123.
[23]Natarajan S, Nietert PJ. Hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and their combinations increased health care utilization and decreased health status[J]. J Clin Epidemiol,2004,57(9):954-961.
[24]Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Essential hypertension: an insulin_resistant state[J]. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol,1990,15(Suppl5):S18-25.
[25]Kabakov E, Norymberg C, Osher E, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus: impact of the tightening definition of high blood pressure and association with confounding risk factors[J]. J Cardiometab Syndr,2006,1(2):95-101.
(收稿日期:2014_10_5)
[17]李立明,饒克勤,孔靈芝,等.中國居民2002年營養(yǎng)與健康狀況調(diào)查[J].中華流行病學(xué)雜志,2005,26(7):478-484.
[18]李艷艷,胡東生,李春陽,等.農(nóng)村居民糖尿病患病率及危險因素分析[J].中國公共衛(wèi)生,2008,24(10):1273-1275.
[19]Hu D, Sun L, Fu P, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Chinese adult population: the InterASIA Study[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2009,84(3):288-295.
[20]Burke JP, Williams K, Narayan KM, et al. A population perspective on diabetes prevention: whom should we target for preventing weight gain[J]. Diabetes Care,2003,26(7):1999-2004.
[21]Flack JM, Sowers JR. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia[J]. Am J Med,1991,91(1A):11S-21S.
[22]Syvnne M, Taskinen MR. Lipids and lipoproteins as coronary risk factors in non_insulin_dependent diabetes mellitus[J]. Lancet, 1997, 350(Suppl1):S120-S123.
[23]Natarajan S, Nietert PJ. Hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and their combinations increased health care utilization and decreased health status[J]. J Clin Epidemiol,2004,57(9):954-961.
[24]Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Essential hypertension: an insulin_resistant state[J]. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol,1990,15(Suppl5):S18-25.
[25]Kabakov E, Norymberg C, Osher E, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus: impact of the tightening definition of high blood pressure and association with confounding risk factors[J]. J Cardiometab Syndr,2006,1(2):95-101.
(收稿日期:2014_10_5)