齊文化對外推介中部分專有名詞英譯之商榷──以“管仲紀(jì)念館前言”及相關(guān)英文翻譯為例

學(xué)術(shù)爭鳴

齊文化對外推介中部分專有名詞英譯之商榷──以“管仲紀(jì)念館前言”及相關(guān)英文翻譯為例

(山東理工大學(xué) 科技信息研究所，山東 淄博 255049)

摘要：以“管仲紀(jì)念館前言”的翻譯為例，主要探討齊文化外宣中幾個(gè)專名的規(guī)范翻譯，就其中涉及古人的名、字、號的翻譯規(guī)范，行文順序，音譯問題，作一分析、論述；并就“齊桓公”“管子”“齊文化”專名的相關(guān)翻譯逐一探討，疑義相與析。易于理解，方便記憶，內(nèi)外兼顧，是翻譯處理之遵循標(biāo)尺。

關(guān)鍵詞：齊桓公；管子；英文翻譯

收稿日期：2015-02-15

作者簡介：夏曉慧(1961—)，女，山東理工大學(xué)科技信息研究所，管理學(xué)碩士，副研究館員，研究方向主要為參考咨詢與信息檢索、科技翻譯。

中圖分類號：H315.9

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼：A

文章編號：1002-3828(2015)02-0116-05

齊國古都，文化名城，為燦爛輝煌的中華文明增添多少瑰寶珠璣。管仲，世稱“管子”，孔子有高評，諸葛亮崇拜，“每自比于管仲、樂毅”(《三國志·蜀志·諸葛亮傳》)。難怪管子紀(jì)念館, 游人如織, 摩肩接踵；漢語文字說明, 精雕細(xì)琢, 但對應(yīng)的英文，卻不盡人意，特別是涉及的幾個(gè)專名的翻譯，有許多值得商榷之處。而準(zhǔn)確完整的英文介紹，是弘揚(yáng)博大精深的以“管子”為代表的齊文化的一個(gè)重要窗口。下面以“管仲紀(jì)念館前言”“管仲、齊桓公”簡介的翻譯等文本為例, 就相關(guān)的問題逐一探討, 疑義相與析。

一、“管仲紀(jì)念館前言”的翻譯

“管仲紀(jì)念館前言”中英原文如下：

管仲(?—前645年)，名夷吾，字仲，世稱管子，春秋時(shí)潁上人，是中國古代著名的政治家、思想家、經(jīng)略家與軍事家，同時(shí)也是一位卓有成效的改革家。管仲相齊40年，輔佐齊桓公內(nèi)行改革，興邦安民，富國強(qiáng)兵；外撫天下，尊王攘夷，存亡續(xù)絕，使齊國成為春秋五霸之首。其思想與業(yè)績影響之大，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了齊國，而對整個(gè)華夏文明都有深遠(yuǎn)的影響?？鬃釉澲唬骸肮苤傧嗷腹? 霸諸侯, 一匡天下, 民到如今受其賜。微管仲,吾其披發(fā)左祍矣。”梁啟超高度評價(jià)說：“其事業(yè)所影響，不徒在區(qū)區(qū)一齊。而能為中國歷史上開一新生面耶!”“如管子者，可以光國史矣!”

管仲紀(jì)念館因紀(jì)念齊國賢相管仲, 并以弘揚(yáng)其思想和精神為現(xiàn)實(shí)服務(wù)而興建。該館以牛山為背景，以管仲墓為依托，以管仲的生平為主線，運(yùn)用傳統(tǒng)和現(xiàn)代相結(jié)合的陳列形式展示一代名相博大精深的思想及治齊、佐主成霸的豐功偉業(yè)，并依此為契點(diǎn)綜合展現(xiàn)宰相文化的淵源及發(fā)展。

Guan Zhong(?-645B.C)named Yiwu, styled Zhong, respectfully called Guangzi by people. was born in Yingshang during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a famous statesman, thinker, economist, Strategist as well as a successful reformer. Guan Zhong had been the prime minister in ancient Qi state for 40 years, during which he assisted Qi Huangong the king of the Qi state to reform the economic system and develop relations with other states. After scores of years, the Qi state, became the then strongest state for its economic and military strength and was named as the “state with one thousand chariots and the head of the strongest state” The influences of his idea and achievements spread far beyond the ancient Qi Kingdom, it exerts great influences on the entire Chinese civilization.

Guangzhou Memorial hall is constructed in memory of Guangzhong as well as in order to further extends his idea and thoughts to serve reality.

仔細(xì)研讀，認(rèn)為上述翻譯中有如下幾處值得商榷。首先，古人的姓、名、字、號等的翻譯是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的名稱體系，分別有嚴(yán)格的意義與使用場合，反映了中國的禮儀文化，遍布中文典籍。目前在翻譯處理上沒有統(tǒng)一，缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，長且繁瑣，用逐字逐序的漢語音譯，這樣翻譯處理容易令讀者閱讀時(shí)索然無味。所以英文翻譯時(shí)需詳加考究，仔細(xì)斟酌；刪繁就簡，合并歸類，為讀者提供豐富信息，這是中心。其中的姓、名容易處理，而“字”與“號”就比較復(fù)雜：有時(shí)候“字”與“號”不區(qū)分，香港地方多用音譯，大陸臺灣用意譯，國外譯者有時(shí)不譯。而作為意譯時(shí)，用詞也是各式各樣。請看以下例句：

例1：“Cao Cao，whose literary name was Mengde and pet name Ahman，was born to a powerful court official’s family in Boxian County, Anhui Province. 曹操，字孟德，小名阿瞞，生于安徽亳州一顯赫官宦人家?！弊鳛橐晃晃娜?“字”這里用“l(fā)iterary name”[1]86。

例2：“Li Shizhen(1518~1593), courtesy name Dongbi, was one of the greatest physicians and pharmacologists in Chinese history. His major contribution to medicine was his forty-year work, which is found in his epic book the Bencao Gangmu. 李時(shí)珍(1518~1593)，字東壁，是中國歷史上最偉大的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生和藥物學(xué)家之一。他的重要貢獻(xiàn)是從醫(yī)40年，寫下鴻篇巨著《本草綱目》?！薄白帧边@里用的是“courtesy name”。這是常用的一種翻譯方法[1]106。

例3：“Cao Xueqin(1715~1763) was a great writer in the Qing Dynasty(1644~1911). His personal name was Zhan, and his style name Mengruan. His representative work A Dream of Red Mansions was written in the later half of the 18thcentury, which is not only a great Chinese novel but also a gem of world literature. 曹雪芹名沾，字夢阮。”“字”在這里用的是“style name”。該詞常多用來表“號”[1]111。

以上譯例均出自《中國文化英語80主題》一書，系段義濤編寫，但資料選自英美報(bào)刊。下面是國內(nèi)學(xué)者在這個(gè)問題上的常用詞與行文順序。

例4：“Kong Zi (551~479 B.C), Kong is his family name, and Zi is a respectful title denoting master. His given name is Qiu, and his styled name is Zhongni. He is also called Confucius in the west. 孔子(前551年9月28日～前479年4月11日)名丘，字仲尼?！薄白帧币灿昧恕皊tyled name”[2] 384一詞。

例5：“孟子，Mencius (c.372 B. C-c.289 B.C.), whose personal name was Ke and courtesy name Ziyu, was a native of Zou (the southeast of modern Zouxian County in Shandong Province).”“字”在這里用 courtesy name[3]1。

例6：“Lao Zi was a native of Qurenli Village, in Lixiang Community, Kuxian District, in the State of Chu. His family name was Li, his given name Er and style Dan. he once served as the head of the national library during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty(770~256 B. C.)”[4]1-2老子，別名又稱老聃。用“style”一詞在這里的意思似乎又混亂且多余，似字似號？

總體來說，國內(nèi)外將“字”譯為“courtesy name”大多能達(dá)成共識，再現(xiàn)“字”表“尊”的功能；在“號”的翻譯上用詞分歧較大，如上; 另外還有用“pen-name”“poetic name”等。“pen-name”一定程度上是文人的號,“poetic name”(詩意的名字)也可??；“style”一詞有“稱呼”“命名”之意，本身含有“風(fēng)格”之意。所以“style name”與“courtesy name”從語義上更搭配，分別對應(yīng)“號”與“字”，而且以下三種形式通用：“style name” “styled name”“style himself”。如林語堂將蘇轍“晚年自號穎濱遺老”就譯為“he styled himself the Old Recluse on the Bank of the Ying River”[5]40。再者，為了英文流暢，需要對漢語原意進(jìn)行調(diào)整，將連續(xù)出現(xiàn)的音譯詞分開，降低理解難度，方便讀者理解。如介紹老子的英語翻譯：“The Founder of Taoism—Lao-tzu, his name was originally ‘Li Er’ and he worked as an archivist at the court of a monarch from the ruling Zhou Dynasty. But he became generally known by the name of ‘Lao-tzu’, which means something like ‘Old master’. Lao—tzu(640-531 B.C.) was mainly a philosopher and he wrote Dao De Jing.” 道家的創(chuàng)始人──老子, 他原名李耳, 曾在周朝為官, 任藏室史, 通常被人稱為“老子”，意思是“年長的智者”。老子(公元前604-531) 是中國偉大的哲學(xué)家, 著有《道德經(jīng)》一書[1]61。

其二，“齊桓公”一詞的翻譯, 在英文簡介中用拼音“Qi Huangong”不妥，易產(chǎn)生歧義，分析見后；其三，“管仲”的名稱拼寫，國人多用規(guī)范化的“Guan Zhong”; 也有用“Kuan Chung”[6]55這種形式。國外通常的拼寫形式為“Kuan Chung”；再如“管子”的譯法，“Guan Zi”“Kuan Tzu”。其實(shí)兩種拼寫對照起來用，各取方便。例如，子曰：“管仲之器小哉！”“The Master said, Kuan Chung was in reality a man of very narrow capacities.”同一頁的注有：“Kuan Tzu, seventh century BC, the statesman who built up the power of the Ch’I Kingdom. Confucius regarded him as having merely increased the political prestige of his country without raising its moral status.”[7]35其四，英文簡介里多處內(nèi)容未譯出，與原文相差較大。如孔子，梁啟超的評語沒有譯出。無疑相對降低了管仲的重要性。子曰詩云，相當(dāng)重要。而又憑空增加了千乘之國等內(nèi)容。由于原文距今跨度大，缺乏必要的增譯和注釋，影響理解，不利交流。綜上分析，今將“管仲紀(jì)念館前言”部分試譯如下：

Guan Zhong (?—645 B.C.) was a famous statesman, thinker, strategist and as a highly effective reformer as well in ancient China. Guan was his family name, with given name Yiwu , Zhong was his courtesy name; people often called him Guan Zi, or Master Guan, as in classic Chinese, Zi was a respectful title denoting master, he was born in Yingshang County (in today’s Anhui Province) during the Spring and Autumn Period. Being a prime minister serving kingdom Qi for 40 years, he assisted Duke Huan to reform, for the internal affairs, he adopted new policies to make the Kingdom Qi rich and its military force efficient; for external affairs, he hold high the banner of honouring the King of the West Zhou Dynasty, the son of heaven, and driving off the barbarians around; Thus step by step making the Duke Huan of Kingdom Qi a powerful chief of a group of top five strong kingdoms during the Spring and Autumn Period. The far-reaching influences of his thoughts and achievements had spread far beyond the ancient Kingdom Qi, they had a great influence on the entire Chinese civilization. Confucius, a famous sage and philosopher of China, once praised Guan Zhong with this comment: Guang Zhong assisted Duke Huan in gaining dominance over the other dukes, and in consolidating all the kingdoms under heaven. Today, we still enjoy the benefits he brought us. Without Guan Zhong, we would have been reduced to barbarians with our hair down and robes folded to the left (the dressing style of the minorities at that time).” Liang Qichao, a modern thinker and a great scholar once highly commented Guan Zhong as: the impress & impact of his undertaking was far beyond its original small Kingdom Qi, it opened a brand new chapter in the Chinese history. Those as Guan Zhong definitely glorifies our Chinese history.

Guan Zhong Memorial Hall was built for lasting commemorating this first virtuous prime minister Guan Zhong, and carrying forward his thoughts and mind to serve our present. The hall was built with Niushan hill as background, supported by his mausoleum and applying his life story as principal line to display in both traditional and modern means, his broad and profound thoughts, his brilliant achievements, his wisdom art of governing Kingdom Qi, so to assist his lord to be a powerful chief; thus from here, it also demonstrates the long development and rich source of the culture of feudal Chinese prime ministers.

Note: Guan Zhong, also Kuan Chung or Kuan Tzu, Master Guan.

二、“管仲簡介”的翻譯

“管仲簡介”原中英譯文：

管仲，字仲，謚敬。春秋時(shí)期潁上人。 由鮑叔牙薦與齊桓公, 任為上卿, 其為政, 要在富民，崇尚法治，至強(qiáng)罰不辟親貴，舉賢選才，提倡察能而授官，齊國遂強(qiáng)。《史記·管晏列傳》載：“齊桓公以霸，九合諸侯，一匡天下，管仲之謀也?！?/p>

Guan Zhong

By name Yiwu, styled himself Zhong, was from yong shang during the Spring and Autumn Period. Qi Huan-gong appointed him prime minister. Guan Zhong helpedHuan Gong to join the ducks for nine times and rectify land under heaven for first time. and made the Kingdom Qi become the first hegemony during the Spring and Autumn Period.

上述譯文的問題歸納如下: 1.“潁上”的拼寫“Yong”錯誤，應(yīng)該是“Yingshang”；2.“君主”應(yīng)該是“duke”一詞，拼寫“ducks”則成了“鴨子”(在另一本書中[6]83-85，有同樣的拼寫錯誤，全文中多次“duke”與“duck”兩個(gè)混用，不該出現(xiàn)的問題)； 3. 將“齊桓公”翻譯成漢語拼音，“Qi Huan-gong”，好像一個(gè)姓齊名叫桓公的人。實(shí)際上他姓姜名叫小白?！癉uke Huan of Kingdom Qi”這種形式的表達(dá)才能反應(yīng)其真實(shí)含義。且過去的“國家”與現(xiàn)代意義上的國家(“state”)不同，而“the States”一般多指美國?！褒R國”還有譯為“Qi Country”，選詞太大；用單獨(dú)的拼音“Qi”, 在沒有一定的上下文時(shí)，表意也不清楚；故建議用“kingdom”較妥當(dāng)。例如，“Kuan Tzu, seventh century BC, the statesman who built up the power of the Ch’I Kingdom”。再如“Kuan-tzu: A Repository of Early Chinese Thought by W. Allyn Rickett”[8]。4.《史記》漏譯；5. 整段翻譯與原文意思相差比較大，過于簡潔。古漢語簡潔但包含內(nèi)容極其豐富，譯文過于簡潔就易于損失原意。今試譯如下：

Guan Zhong

With given name Yiwu, courtesy name Zhong, posthumous title Jing, he was a native of Yingshang County (in today’s Anhui Province) during the Spring and Autumn Period. Recommended by Bao Shuya(a senior official in good relation with both Duke Huan and Guan Zhong), Duke Huan of Kingdom Qi appointed him prime minister for 40 years long. His governing policy was mainly as the following: to make people rich was the first priority, by upholding rule of law, punishing those law breakers regardless of their noble blood; selecting those talents, examing those elites and entrusting them officials. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, Duke Huan of Kingdom Qi was a powerful chief of the top five strong kingdoms, he held a number of meetings of all the dukes, which prevented war among the kingdoms and was in gaining dominance over the other dukes and in consolidating all the kingdoms under heaven. All these achievements were attributed to the wise strategies of his prime minister Guan Zhong.

三、“齊桓公“的翻譯

“齊桓公”原譯文如下：

姜姓，名小白。春秋時(shí)齊國國君。公元前685年—643年在位。任管仲為相，進(jìn)行改革……富強(qiáng)。在“尊王攘夷”旗幟下，北伐山戎，南抑強(qiáng)楚，勤王平亂，救衛(wèi)存刑，九合諸侯，一匡天下，成為春秋五霸之首。

The Huan Prince of Qi

Naned XiaoBai, the family name Jiang was on the throne 685 B.C-643 B.C. He respected the Emperor of Zhou and resisted the foreign aggressions, and became the strongest of the Five Conquerors during the Spring and Autumn Period.

整段譯文內(nèi)容表達(dá)簡單?！癗aned”拼寫有誤，應(yīng)為“Named”；“尊王”里的“王”，用“皇帝emperor”一詞欠妥。在秦朝大一統(tǒng)后，才有始皇帝“Qin Shihuang, the First Emperor”。之前的“王”，多用“king”或“duke”或“monarch”“ruler”, 對應(yīng)以前的“王”，它的國家也不是現(xiàn)代意義上的國家。例如：“King Xuan of Qi asked”, “Is it true that King Tang banished Jie (the last ruler of the Xia Dynasty_tr.) and King Wu sent an expedition against Zhou (the last ruler of the Yin Dynasty-tr.)?” 齊宣王問曰：“湯放桀，武王伐紂，有諸？”[3]67，注意“王”的用詞“king”“ruler”而非“emperor”。今試譯如下：

Duke Huan of Kingdom Qi

His family name was Jiang, given name Xiaobai. Duke Huan was a famous monarch of Kingdom Qi during 685 B.C.-643 B.C.. He led the reform then with Guan Zhong his prime minister for making his kingdom stronger among others. Under the banner of honouring the King of the West Zhou Dynasty, the son of heaven, and driving off the barbarians around, Kingdom Qi was in controlling minority Shanrong tribes in the north, conquering the Kingdom Chu in the South, being dutiful to the West Zhou throne, guarding the Kingdoms of Wei & Xing, and chaired a number of meetings of all the dukes, which prevented war among the kingdoms. All these actions justified the leadership of Duke Huan, thus promoted him a dominance over the group of top five strong kingdoms then.

四、《管子》與“齊文化”的翻譯

《管子》是先秦時(shí)期各學(xué)派的言論匯編，內(nèi)容博大；《管子》思想，是先秦時(shí)期政治家治國、平天下的大經(jīng)大法?！肮茏印庇脻h語拼音表示， 字面意思無誤。但有可商榷與改進(jìn)之處。首先，作為漢語拼音“Guan Zi”，外國讀者既無法準(zhǔn)確讀出其音，僅是有音無意的語言片段，會產(chǎn)生理解上的語義空白；同時(shí)還無法表達(dá)“子”在漢語里“大師”的意思。漢語里達(dá)到這個(gè)級別，稱得上“子”的人不多，所以才有現(xiàn)在相關(guān)的研究，翻譯損失掉這個(gè)意涵十分遺憾。綜合考慮，建議“管子”譯為“Master Guan”；例如，“President Obama”, “Professor Cheng”,“Master Zeng said”(曾子曰[9]3), 前面的詞表其身份、職務(wù)，后面是其名姓，這樣規(guī)范易于接受；且“子曰”經(jīng)常就譯為“The Master Said”?！褒R文化”一詞的翻譯，也有類似的問題，“Qi Culture”[10]， 應(yīng)添加“kingdom” 在前，“齊文化”實(shí)際是“齊國文化”的簡稱，用 “Kingdom Qi Culture” 表意清楚簡明。

五、結(jié)語

譯事難，譯相關(guān)的古語說明更難，故需小心認(rèn)真對待。翻譯古人的字、號當(dāng)用普遍接受的詞，行文順序貼合英文習(xí)慣; 古代人名中的“號”應(yīng)譯為“style name”，而“字”可譯為“courtesy name”，從語義上更搭配；齊桓公, 管子的翻譯要用大家易于理解的方式，內(nèi)外兼顧；“管子”建議翻譯為“Master Guan”, 齊桓公，應(yīng)譯為“Duke Huan of Kingdom Qi”；《管子學(xué)刊》的譯名，亦當(dāng)如此，選擇一個(gè)更能表達(dá)豐富意義的譯法，建議譯為“Journal of Master Guan Studies”。本文僅是一個(gè)大膽探討，就其中的文字翻譯，粗淺分析，期望引起各位同行對此問題的關(guān)注，百家爭鳴，齊心協(xié)力，更好促進(jìn)中外文化交流，共同推動齊文化的研究發(fā)展，讓管子學(xué)的研究走向更高層次，結(jié)出更豐碩的成果。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]段義濤. 中國文化英語80主題[M]. 北京：中國宇航出版社，2012.

[2]蔡希勤等. 論語——Analects of Confucius,漢英對照[M]. 北京：華語教育出版社，1994.

[3]孔子文化大全編輯部. 孟子——儒學(xué)經(jīng)典譯叢[M]. 濟(jì)南：山東友誼出版社，1993.

[4] Wang Keping. The Classic of the Dao A New Investigation[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Press, 1998.

[5] Lin,Yutang. The Gay Genius:The Life and Times of Su Tungpo[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 2009.

[6]呂家林，楊山青. 漢英文化讀本[M]. 貴陽：貴州人民出版社，2012.

[7]威利. 論語：漢英對照[M]. 北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1997.

[8]W. Allyn Rickett. Kuan-tzu: A Repository of Early Chinese Thought[M].Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press,1968.

[9]李天辰，等. 論語漢英對照譯本[M]. 濟(jì)南：山東大學(xué)出版社，1991.

[10]王京龍. 從《論語》看孔子的體育思想觀念[J]. 體育科學(xué)，2012，32(1).

(責(zé)任編輯：張杰)