楊金霞 王 英
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院腫瘤科,北京 100038)
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·護(hù)理研究·
老年腹腔鏡膽囊切除患者圍術(shù)期護(hù)理需求的調(diào)查與分析
楊金霞 王 英*
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院腫瘤科,北京 100038)
目的 探討老年腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)患者圍術(shù)期對(duì)護(hù)理及相關(guān)知識(shí)的需求。方法 采用自行設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)卷,對(duì)195例老年LC患者入院當(dāng)日、術(shù)前、術(shù)后、出院前的護(hù)理需求進(jìn)行調(diào)查。 結(jié)果 入院當(dāng)日100%的患者希望知道主刀醫(yī)師,97.9%(191/195)的患者希望了解疾病原因及預(yù)防,96.9%(189/195)的患者希望了解手術(shù)費(fèi)用,63.6%(124/195)的患者希望基礎(chǔ)疾病對(duì)手術(shù)的影響等;術(shù)前98.5%(194/195)的患者希望了解手術(shù)的安全性及手術(shù)所需時(shí)間,95.9%(187/195)的患者希望了解需做的術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備,69.2%(135/195)的患者希望了解術(shù)前緊張如何處理等;術(shù)后100%(195/195)的患者希望知道手術(shù)的過(guò)程及結(jié)果,94.9%(185/195)的患者希望護(hù)士能提供必要的幫助,88.2%(172/195)、75.9%(148/195)、74.9%(146/195)的患者希望了解術(shù)后疼痛的處理辦法、術(shù)后基礎(chǔ)疾病用藥情況、術(shù)后如何飲食及活動(dòng);出院前100%(195/195)的患者希望知道出院后的復(fù)查時(shí)間及隨訪指征,99.0%(193/195)、90.8%(177/195)的患者希望了解出院后飲食注意事項(xiàng)、鍛煉的方法與時(shí)間等。 結(jié)論 護(hù)士應(yīng)把握好老年LC患者不同階段的護(hù)理需求,有針對(duì)性進(jìn)行護(hù)理,以減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,爭(zhēng)取患者早日康復(fù)。
老年患者; 腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù); 圍術(shù)期護(hù)理
腹腔鏡手術(shù)為外科的發(fā)展方向,具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在全球迅速普及開(kāi)展[1]。隨著人口的老齡化,老年患者心理狀態(tài)、護(hù)理需求與年輕人有明顯的差別[2]。老年患者腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)(laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC)是我院近幾年來(lái)開(kāi)展較多的手術(shù),護(hù)士應(yīng)對(duì)老年患者在圍術(shù)期的不同階段,在了解老年患者相應(yīng)需求的基礎(chǔ)上,有針對(duì)性進(jìn)行護(hù)理。本研究對(duì)2013年1月~2014年6月我科195例老年LC從入院到出院不同階段的護(hù)理需求進(jìn)行調(diào)查,旨在根據(jù)老年患者不同階段進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性的護(hù)理,以提高護(hù)理質(zhì)量,保證護(hù)理安全。
1.1 一般資料
本組195例,男88例,女107例。年齡60~86歲,(69.4±3.6)歲。膽囊結(jié)石79例,膽囊息肉樣病變65例,擇期非結(jié)石性膽囊炎36例,膽固醇沉著15例。膽囊結(jié)石大小1.5 cm ×2.5 cm~2.5 cm×3.5 cm,數(shù)目2~7個(gè);膽囊息肉樣病變大小0.2 cm×0.3 cm~0.3 cm×0.5 cm。
1.2 調(diào)查方法
采用問(wèn)卷調(diào)查法,調(diào)查問(wèn)卷系在參考大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上自行設(shè)計(jì),問(wèn)卷共四大項(xiàng),36個(gè)條目:①患者的一般資料,包括性別、年齡、文化、疾?。虎诨颊呷朐汉蠼】敌枨?,包括了解主刀醫(yī)師、疾病原因及預(yù)防、住院費(fèi)用、老年基礎(chǔ)疾病對(duì)手術(shù)的影響、腹腔鏡手術(shù)與開(kāi)腹手術(shù)的異同點(diǎn)、手術(shù)住院時(shí)間等9個(gè)條目;③患者手術(shù)前的健康需求,包括手術(shù)的安全性及所需的時(shí)間、術(shù)前需做何種準(zhǔn)備、術(shù)前緊張?jiān)趺崔k、術(shù)后是否需家人陪伴、手術(shù)并發(fā)癥、時(shí)對(duì)手術(shù)環(huán)境了解等9個(gè)條目;④患者術(shù)后及出院前健康需求,包括了解手術(shù)過(guò)程、術(shù)后疼痛處理辦法、基礎(chǔ)疾病用藥、術(shù)后飲食及活動(dòng)、出院前了解復(fù)查時(shí)間及隨診指征、出院后飲食及鍛煉的方法、出院如何用藥等18個(gè)條目。對(duì)21例老年LC進(jìn)行預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn),問(wèn)卷重測(cè)信度系數(shù)(重測(cè)信度為常用信度評(píng)估方法之一,反映測(cè)驗(yàn)跨越時(shí)間的穩(wěn)定性和一致性,即用同一測(cè)驗(yàn)方法,對(duì)同一組測(cè)試者先后2次測(cè)查,然后計(jì)算2次測(cè)查所得分?jǐn)?shù)的關(guān)系系數(shù))為0.87,一般認(rèn)為信度系數(shù)>0.7時(shí)比較可靠[3,4]。由護(hù)士長(zhǎng)對(duì)病區(qū)的責(zé)任護(hù)士進(jìn)行培訓(xùn),責(zé)任護(hù)士對(duì)60歲以上LC患者,分別于入院后當(dāng)日、術(shù)前、術(shù)后第1天、出院前進(jìn)行調(diào)查,發(fā)放問(wèn)卷,不識(shí)字的患者責(zé)任護(hù)士代為填寫(xiě)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
所有數(shù)據(jù)采用百分比的方法,對(duì)不同時(shí)期需求前5位進(jìn)行排序。
共發(fā)放195張調(diào)查問(wèn)卷,收回195張,回收率100%,問(wèn)卷有效率100%。各個(gè)階段患者的需求不同,將患者入院當(dāng)日、術(shù)前、術(shù)后、出院前4個(gè)階段需求前5位進(jìn)行排序,見(jiàn)表1~4。
3.1 老年LC患者入院后注重手術(shù)安全及對(duì)疾病的相關(guān)知識(shí)的了解
老年患者入院后急切希望了解主刀醫(yī)師手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)及水平,100%的患者希望主刀醫(yī)師能關(guān)注自己,說(shuō)明老年患者內(nèi)心卻充滿憂慮,缺乏安全感,表現(xiàn)為焦慮不安,不知所措。圍手術(shù)期的護(hù)理,通過(guò)心理疏導(dǎo)可幫助患者緩解心理失衡,增加患者的安全歸屬感,使患者以良好的心態(tài)順應(yīng)手術(shù)[5],多陪伴患者,使其度過(guò)術(shù)前的焦慮期。97.9%(191/195)的患者都希望了解疾病發(fā)生原因及防治的知識(shí),說(shuō)明患者注重與個(gè)體所患疾病直接相關(guān)的實(shí)用性知識(shí)[6]。由于膽囊疾病反復(fù)發(fā)作,對(duì)老年患者生活質(zhì)量所產(chǎn)生極大的影響,因此,對(duì)疾病相關(guān)知識(shí)的了解相對(duì)強(qiáng)烈。老年患者大都伴有原發(fā)性高血壓、糖尿病等,因此,63.6%(124/195)的患者非常想了解此類(lèi)疾病對(duì)手術(shù)的影響。術(shù)前根據(jù)患者的知識(shí)水平、接受程度,通過(guò)多種形式和手段,進(jìn)行有關(guān)腔鏡手術(shù)和麻醉知識(shí)宣教,以保證手術(shù)的順利進(jìn)行。
表1 老年患者入院當(dāng)日護(hù)理需求前5位排序(n=195,由高到低排序)
Table 1 Top 5 of nursing demands in elderly patients on the admission day
項(xiàng)目Items例次(n)Cases(n)百分比(%)Rate(%)了解主刀醫(yī)師Surgeonincharge195100了解疾病原因及預(yù)防Diseasecausesandprevention19197.9了解住院及手術(shù)費(fèi)用Hospitalizationandsurgerycosts18996.9了解基礎(chǔ)疾病對(duì)手術(shù)的影響Effectsofsurgeryonunderlyingdisea-ses12463.6了解腹腔鏡與開(kāi)腹手術(shù)的異同Differencebetweenlaparascopicandopensurgery10252.3
表2 老年患者術(shù)前的護(hù)理需求前5位排序(n=195,由高到低排序)
Table 2 Top 5 of preoperative nursing demands in elderly patients
項(xiàng)目Items例(n)Cases(n)百分比(%)Rate(%)了解手術(shù)安全性及所需的時(shí)間Safetyandlengthofoperation19499.5了解術(shù)前需做何準(zhǔn)備(腸道及皮膚)Intestinalandskinpreparednessbeforeoperation18795.9了解術(shù)前緊張的應(yīng)對(duì)方法Releaseofpreoperativestress13569.2術(shù)后護(hù)士或家人陪護(hù)Postoperativecarefromnursesandfamily12162.1了解腔鏡手術(shù)并發(fā)癥Complications12061.5
表3 老年患者術(shù)后護(hù)理需求前5位排序(n=195,由高到低排序)
Table 3 Top 5 of postoperative nursing demands in eldly patients
項(xiàng)目Items例(n)Cases(n)百分比(%)Rate(%)盡快了解手術(shù)過(guò)程和結(jié)果Operationprocessandconsequence195100護(hù)士能提供的必要幫助(如翻身、洗漱、如廁等)Nurse’snecessaryhelp18594.9了解術(shù)后疼痛的處理方法Reliefofpostoperativepain17288.2了解基礎(chǔ)疾病用藥情況Medicationsforunderlyingdiseases14875.9了解術(shù)后如何飲食及活動(dòng)Postoperativedietsandexercises14674.9
表4 老年患者出院前護(hù)理需求前5位排序(n=195,由高到低排序)
Table 4 Top 5 of nursing demands in elderly patients at discharge
項(xiàng)目Items例(n)Cases(n)百分比(%)Rate(%)了解復(fù)查的時(shí)間與隨診指征Reexaminationdateandindicators195100了解出院后的飲食注意事項(xiàng)Diets19399.0了解術(shù)后鍛煉的方法與時(shí)間Exercisemethodsandtime17790.8對(duì)出院用藥能講解清楚Dischargemedications16685.1了解術(shù)后洗澡時(shí)間Bathtime16886.2
老年患者由于已經(jīng)退休,經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況與在職相比,經(jīng)濟(jì)收入下降,擔(dān)心手術(shù)費(fèi)用。護(hù)士應(yīng)詳細(xì)講解醫(yī)保相關(guān)政策,患者需負(fù)擔(dān)費(fèi)用的比例,讓患者安心手術(shù)。
3.2 老年LC患者對(duì)術(shù)前的相關(guān)知識(shí)有需求
術(shù)前99.5%(194/195)的老年患者把“了解手術(shù)安全性及手術(shù)時(shí)間”放在首位,手術(shù)安全性是老年患者最關(guān)心的問(wèn)題,表明老年患者對(duì)手術(shù)這一刺激,以及對(duì)手術(shù)缺乏了解,產(chǎn)生以焦慮心理為主的心理變化。解除焦慮,幫助患者應(yīng)對(duì)心理變化,是該階段主要的心理需求。因此,護(hù)士應(yīng)了解患者的需求,介紹手術(shù)成功的案例及手術(shù)所需時(shí)間,以盡快打消患者的顧慮,愉快接受手術(shù)。95.9%(187/195)的老年患者對(duì)術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備的相關(guān)內(nèi)容有需求,渴望得到術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備的相關(guān)知識(shí)。責(zé)任護(hù)士應(yīng)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行宣教,并協(xié)助患者做好腸道及皮膚準(zhǔn)備。
根據(jù)馬斯洛的需要層次論,將安全的需要放在人類(lèi)基本需要的第2位。術(shù)前幫助患者找到應(yīng)對(duì)緊張的方法,同時(shí)護(hù)士與家屬溝通多陪伴患者,讓患者輕松度過(guò)術(shù)前焦慮期。老年患者對(duì)是否會(huì)出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥有擔(dān)憂,擔(dān)心年紀(jì)大,恢復(fù)慢,出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥的機(jī)會(huì)較年輕人多,護(hù)士應(yīng)將成功的案例介紹給患者,增加患者戰(zhàn)勝疾病的信心。
3.3 患者對(duì)手術(shù)過(guò)程及結(jié)果的需求最高
表3顯示:100%患者術(shù)后迫切希望了解手術(shù)過(guò)程和結(jié)果,同時(shí)希望了解切口情況、飲食情況、疼痛處理方法、并發(fā)癥的預(yù)防和術(shù)后排泄情況。因此,老年患者術(shù)后回病房后,因麻醉藥代謝較慢,術(shù)后24 h應(yīng)護(hù)士嚴(yán)密觀察病情變化,耐心詢問(wèn)患者的感受,觀察患者切口及引流液的顏色、性質(zhì)、量,觀察患者的腹部情況,有無(wú)膽漏。LC處理不當(dāng)可導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,如膽管、腸管損傷和大出血[7]。術(shù)后應(yīng)適當(dāng)延長(zhǎng)吸氧時(shí)間,加速腹腔內(nèi)CO2的排出;告知患者術(shù)后疼痛的處理方法;介紹術(shù)后進(jìn)食的時(shí)間及種類(lèi),根據(jù)老年患者腸蠕動(dòng)的恢復(fù)情況,指導(dǎo)患者進(jìn)食;根據(jù)患者的病情恢復(fù)情況制定適宜的活動(dòng)計(jì)劃。老年患者大部分合并內(nèi)科疾病,對(duì)疾病治愈信心較低。應(yīng)對(duì)原發(fā)疾病重新進(jìn)行評(píng)估,為醫(yī)師提供對(duì)基礎(chǔ)疾病的治療依據(jù)。
3.4 患者對(duì)出院后的指導(dǎo)有需求
表4顯示:100%患者想了解術(shù)后復(fù)查的時(shí)間及隨診的指征,99.0%(193/195)和90.8%(177/195)的患者希望了解術(shù)后的飲食及鍛煉知識(shí),LC的患者住院時(shí)間都較短,一般從入院到出院3~5 d,患者擔(dān)心治療是否徹底,能否如期恢復(fù)[8],特別是老年人擔(dān)心身體恢復(fù)較年輕人慢,出院后出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題不會(huì)處理,飲食及鍛煉的方法、時(shí)間不了解,對(duì)出院用藥有擔(dān)憂,對(duì)術(shù)后何時(shí)洗澡有疑問(wèn)等。因此,需有針對(duì)每個(gè)老年患者的需求進(jìn)行逐條宣教,同時(shí),將患者出院小結(jié)有針對(duì)性的填寫(xiě)清楚,并將科室的聯(lián)系電話告知患者,以便隨時(shí)咨詢。
綜上,護(hù)理人員應(yīng)根據(jù)老年患者圍術(shù)期不同階段的護(hù)理需求及患者對(duì)健康教育需求多樣化的特點(diǎn),采用多渠道的宣教方式與方法,以滿足不同患者的需求。
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(修回日期:2015-02-03)
(責(zé)任編輯:李賀瓊)
Investigation and Analysis of Patient’s Nursing Demand in Perioperation of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
YangJinxia,WangYing.
BeijingShijitanHospitalAffiliatedtoCapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100038,China
WangYing,E-mail:wy0068@aliyun.com
Objective To investigate the perioperative nursing demands of elderly patients receiving laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC). Methods A total of 195 elderly patients receiving LC were interviewed. The nursing care demands at admission, preoperation, postoperation, and discharge were collected respectively. Results On the day of admission, all the 195 patients (100%) wished to be aware of their surgeons, 191 patients (97.9%) wished to understand causes of disease and its prevention, 189 patients (96.9%) were willing to know the operation costs, and 124 patients (63.6%) wanted to know the influences of basic diseases on operation. During preoperative periods, 194 patients (98.5%) expected to understand the safety and time of operation, 187 patients (95.9%) were interested in the preparedness before operation, and 135 patients (69.2%) wanted to know about the strategy for treating operation stress. During postoperative periods, 195 patients (100%) wanted to know the operation process and outcomes, 185 patients (94.9%) wanted necessary cares from nurses, 172 patients (88.2%) wanted to know the management for postoperative pain, 148 patients (75.9%) expected to understand the drug prescription after operation, and 146 patients (74.9%) were interested in diets and physical activities. At the time of discharge, 195 patients (100%) wanted to be aware of reexamination time and follow-up context, 193 patients (99.0%) wanted to know dietary recommendation, and 177 patients (90.8%) were willing to know the exercise options and time. Conclusion Nurses should be aware of the perioperative care demands in elderly patients receiving LC and provide specific care services to reduce complications and improve rehabilitation.
Elderly patients; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Perioperative care
R473.6
A
1009-6604(2015)04-0382-03
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2015.04.029
2014-12-29)
*通訊作者,E-mail:wy0068@aliyun.com