熊瑤瑤,孫燕華,吳斯杰,吉冰洋
常溫體外循環(huán)技術的利與弊:系統(tǒng)綜述和meta分析
熊瑤瑤,孫燕華,吳斯杰,吉冰洋
[摘要]:目的 通過檢索臨床隨機對照(RCT)文章進行Meta分析,比較常溫體外循環(huán)與低溫體外循環(huán),以期尋找常溫體外循環(huán)的優(yōu)勢與缺點。方法 檢索Pubmed,Embase和Cochrane圖書館,檢索時間截止至2013年9月28日。符合要求的文章為,隨機將成人心臟手術患者分配至常溫體外循環(huán)組與低溫體外循環(huán)組的英文文章。使用隨機效應模型,計算相對危險度(RR)及95%可信區(qū)間來評價二分類變量,計算加權均數(shù)差(WMD)或標準均數(shù)差(SMD)及其相應的95%可信區(qū)間來評價連續(xù)性變量。I2檢驗來評價異質性。當不存在異質性時(即I2=0)使用固定效應模型。主要的臨床終點為全因死亡率及腦血管意外。結果 初查結果3 910篇文章,最終納入文獻為27篇,9 298例患者。全因死亡率,常溫組降低,且有統(tǒng)計學意義(RR 0.66,95%CI 0.49-0.90;P=0.009;I2=0)。常溫組腦血管意外發(fā)生率升高,結果有統(tǒng)計學意義(RR 1.83,95%CI 1.21-2.77;P =0.004;I2=0)。結論 常溫體外循環(huán)技術成人體外循環(huán)的全因死亡率低,但是腦血管意外發(fā)生率會增高。常溫體外循環(huán)技術可以適用于一些成人心臟手術,但同時腦保護顯得更加重要。
[關鍵詞]:體外循環(huán);常溫;低溫
作者單位:410000長沙,中南大學湘雅二醫(yī)院心胸外科體外循環(huán)??疲ㄐ墁幀帲男赝饪疲▍撬菇埽?;100037北京,阜外心血管病醫(yī)院體外循環(huán)科(熊瑤瑤、孫燕華、吉冰洋)
Meta analysis of benefits and risks between normothermia and hypothermia in cardiopulmonary bypass in adult
Xiong Yao-yao,Sun Yan-h(huán)ua,Wu Si-jie,Ji Bing-yang
Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass,The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University,ChangSha 410000,China
Corresponding author:Ji Bing-yang,Email:dr.ji.cpb@gmail.com
[Abstract]:Objective The controversy over the benefits between normothermia and hypothermia in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)is still uncertain.The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the benefits and risks of normother?mia compared with hypothermia in patients who underwent CPB in randomized controlled trials(RCTs).Methods We searched Pubmed,Embase,and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trialsup to September 28,2013 for studies reported in English.Eli?gible studies were those in which investigators enrolled adult patients who had cardiac surgery and randomised them to normothermic or hypothermic CPB.We prespecified the use of random-effects models to calculate risk ratios(RR)and 95%CIs for binary variables,weighted mean difference(WMD)or standard mean difference(SMD)and 95%CIs for continuous variables.We assessed heterogene?ity using I2.When heterogeneity was absent(I2=0%),we used fixed-effects models.The primary outcome was all-cause mortality and cerebrovascular accident(CVA)in patients who had cardiac surgery in normothermic CPB compared with those in hypothermic CPB.Results The initial search strategy identified 3910 citations,of which 27 trials were eligible.These 27 trials included 9298 par?ticipants.Individuals allocated to normothermic CPB had lower all-cause mortality than those allocated to hypothermic CPB(RR 0.66,95%CI 0.49–0.90;P=0.009;I2=0%;7965 patients,19 trials).But individuals allocated to normothermic CPB had higher CVA than those allocated to hypothermic CPB(RR 1.83,95%CI 1.21-2.77;P=0.004;I2=0%;4182 patients,12 trails).Conclusion Patients in normothermic CPB has lower mortality but higher CVA compared with those in hypothermic CPB.
[Key words]: Cardiopulmonary bypass;Normothermia;Hypothermia
體外循環(huán)技術發(fā)展伊始,低溫技術便被廣泛使用。支持低溫學說的學者們認為低溫可以降低組織器官的代謝率,并且可以減少炎癥反應。使用低溫技術可以降低轉流過程中的泵速,維持術野清晰。一些動物實驗[1-2]也證實了低溫在體外循環(huán)中確有臟器保護作用。同時,低溫亦是一把雙刃劍:低溫會破壞細胞內的葡萄糖穩(wěn)態(tài),破壞細胞膜的穩(wěn)定性,對ATP的產生及利用造成障礙,低溫還可以導致嚴重的凝血功能紊亂。
近年來,常溫體外循環(huán)技術逐漸被人們所認可。Naylor,CD[3]首次提出并驗證了常溫體外循環(huán)的安全性及有效性。Lenkin,AI[4]指出在常溫體外循環(huán)過程中雖然中心靜脈血氧飽和度有所下降,但是腦組織的氧合卻有增加。
1.1 數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索 檢索了Pubmed,Embase,Co?chrane圖書館。檢索詞包括:“l(fā)ow temperature”,“hy?pothermic”,“hypothermia”,“tepid”,“cold”,“nor?mal temperature”,“normal thermic”,“normothermic”,“normothermia”,“cardiopulmonary bypass”,“extra?corporeal circulation”,“CPB”,“ECC”,“coronary surgery”,“coronary bypass”,“coronary shunt”“coro?nary graft”,“valve replacement”,“valve repair”,“valve surgery”,“heart arrest induced”,“heart surgery”,“cardiac surgery”。查找相關文章的引用文獻,亦從會議摘要及個人檔案中檢索相關的內容。檢索語言限定為英文,檢索時間截止至2013年9月28日。
1.2 文獻選擇 針對臨床隨機對照實驗(random?ized clinical trial,RCT)進行的meta分析。常溫組患者的核心溫度>34℃,低溫組患者溫度≤34℃,僅將兩溫度組患者進行比較,且樣本量大于100例的RCT文章納入。比較不同心肌保護液的溫度,但是排除患者核心溫度相同的文章、含有不停跳體外循環(huán)方式或停循環(huán)手術方式的文章。兩位作者根據(jù)檢索方案分別獨立的檢索篩選符合要求的文獻。當意見不一致時,如協(xié)商后無法確定,交予第三位作者決定。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)提取與質量評價 兩位作者分別獨立的完成數(shù)據(jù)提取工作,提取數(shù)據(jù)包括文章的一般情況(首字縮寫,發(fā)表年限等),納入排除標準,入選患者的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)以及心血管危險評級,干預措施及臨床終點(全因死亡率、腦血管意外、非致死性心肌梗死、體外循環(huán)過程中的平均動脈壓、體外循環(huán)轉流時間、阻斷時間、術后呼吸機通氣時間、ICU停留時間、住院時間,傷口感染發(fā)生率、房顫發(fā)生率及各種原因的再次開胸)。RCT質量評價包括:盲法的使用,分配方案隱藏,迭代目標轉換因子分析(iterative target transformati,ITT)方案,隨訪等。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析 使用Stata 12.0對各臨床終點進行meta分析。二分類變量使用相對危險度(relative risk,RR)及其相應的95%可信區(qū)間來評價,連續(xù)型變量當數(shù)據(jù)單位相同時,使用加權均數(shù)差(weighted mean difference,WMD)及其相應的95%可信區(qū)間評價,當數(shù)據(jù)單位不相同時,使用標準均數(shù)差(stand?ardized mean difference,SMD)及其相應的95%可信區(qū)間來評價。當文章中常溫或者低溫分組有多組時,則根據(jù)Cochrane手冊的指導將各組數(shù)據(jù)合并為可比較的常溫組與低溫組。使用I2檢驗來評價數(shù)據(jù)的異質性,并根據(jù)I2的大小將異質性分為低異質性,中異質性及高異質性。當數(shù)據(jù)存在異質性時,使用隨機效應模型,當不存在異質性時,使用固定效應模型。當數(shù)據(jù)顯示高異質性時,進行meta回歸分析,當一個協(xié)變量可以顯著降低異質性時,認為該協(xié)變量為異質性來源,并根據(jù)該協(xié)變量,再將數(shù)據(jù)進行亞組分析。使用Egger’s和Begg’s檢驗[5]進行分析,繪制漏斗圖,來評價文章的發(fā)表偏倚。當漏斗圖顯示文章存在發(fā)表偏倚時,使用減補法,來確定發(fā)表偏倚的存在。統(tǒng)計檢驗為雙側檢驗,顯著性水平為0.05。最后,進行累積meta分析,以顯示隨著時間的變化,變量結果的變化[6]。
全因死亡率、體外循環(huán)時間、術后呼吸機通氣時間三個臨床終點結果具有統(tǒng)計學意義。常溫體外循環(huán)能減少患者的全因死亡率,縮短體外循環(huán)時間及通氣時間。而傷口感染率、房顫發(fā)生率、術后非致死性心肌梗死發(fā)生率、阻斷時間、體外循環(huán)過程中的平均動脈壓以及各種原因的再次開胸結果均無統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 文獻 初次檢索后入選的文獻為3 910篇,查重(878篇)后剩余3 032篇文章,通過標題和摘要進行篩除(2 884篇)后剩余147篇,再通過全文文獻篩查(56篇樣本量<100、5篇無臨床終點、9篇核心溫度相同、12篇非英文文章、10篇小兒文章、29篇不符合RCT要求),最終納入27篇[3,7-32]符合納入標準的RCT文章。包括來自8個國家的9 298例病例。27篇文章中1篇文章的200例為行冠狀動脈旁路移植或者瓣膜置換手術,其余26篇文章中的9 098例均行冠狀動脈旁路移植手術。
2.2 Meta回歸及亞組分析 臨床終點常溫組與低溫組的比較見表1。當結果異質性偏高(I2≥75%)時,進行meta回歸,尋找異質性來源。但是筆者沒有成功的找到異質性來源,故未進行亞組分析。
2.3 累積分析及發(fā)表偏倚 累積分析顯示全因死亡率的統(tǒng)計結果穩(wěn)定。評價發(fā)表偏倚,使用Egger's和Begg’s檢驗,并繪制漏斗圖,結合使用減補法。并未發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)表偏倚。
表1 常溫組與低溫組的臨床終點比較
早在上世紀50年代,有學者[33]就低溫在體外循環(huán)中的應用提出了很多有利的證據(jù),如降低氧耗,降低細胞代謝率等。但隨著體外循環(huán)在心臟手術中的廣泛應用,低溫的副作用亦越來越受關注[4]。低溫雖然可以降低細胞的代謝率,但是同時低溫使氧合曲線左移,降低了血紅蛋白的攜氧能力,體外循環(huán)過程中的血液稀釋也降低了血液的攜氧能力,致使患者整體的氧輸送能力下降[34]。低溫體外循環(huán)的另一個不良作用就是術后的低體溫,患者寒顫會減少心肌的糖儲備并且增加氧耗,低溫還會增加出血量及輸血量[10,18,35-36],低溫會導致不可逆的血小板功能障礙,破壞白細胞及T細胞的功能[37]。而常溫體外循環(huán)則可以避免這些副作用,目前已漸漸的被心外科醫(yī)生和體外循環(huán)醫(yī)生接受。常溫體外循環(huán)除了可以避免低溫體外循環(huán)的各種副作用外,同時也可避免體外循環(huán)過程中人為過度復溫的發(fā)生。由于在人為復溫的過程中,水溫常常設置過高,而鼻咽溫并不能準確的代表中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的溫度,從而導致在復溫過程中中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)常常處于高熱狀態(tài),從而產生腦損傷[9,38-40]。雖然以上的結果都顯示常溫體外循環(huán)更適合應用于成人心臟手術中,但是筆者的分析卻得到了一個令人意外的結果:常溫體外循環(huán)組的腦血管意外發(fā)生率較低溫組明顯增高。低溫確實可以起到腦保護作用,已有研究[9,20]證實了這一點。低溫可以降低腦組織代謝,減少能量底物與氧的消耗,從而增加了細胞對于由流量減少及氧供降低而導致的低氧的耐受性,同時,低溫亦可以抑制谷氨酸的釋放,減少多巴胺的釋放,谷氨酸和多巴胺可以擴大細胞功能失調后的缺血性損傷。低溫可減少鈣內流,降低蛋白激酶C的活性,可以促進蛋白修復,減少活性氧形成,抑制一氧化氮合酶活性及自動去極化。有研究表明常溫體外循環(huán)可增加腦血管意外的發(fā)生率[20,41],而手術過程中的栓子被認為是最主要原因,筆者的分析結果也表明低溫體外循環(huán)對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)有保護作用。
常溫體外循環(huán)可以降低患者的全因死亡率,被認為適用于成人患者的體外循環(huán)手術。同時筆者的分析結果也發(fā)現(xiàn)常溫體外循環(huán)增加了患者術后腦血管意外的發(fā)病率。根據(jù)此篇綜述的結果,常溫體外循環(huán)適用于成人體外循環(huán)手術,但也不能一概而論用于所有的體外循環(huán)手術。在使用常溫體外循環(huán)方法時,患者的腦保護應予以足夠的重視。還需要多中心大樣本的臨床隨機對照實驗結果來探尋體外循環(huán)的適宜溫度。
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·教學訓練·
修訂日期:(2014?10?23)
收稿日期:(2014?09?22)
通訊作者:吉冰洋,Email:dr.ji.cpb@gmail.com
基金項目:國家自然科學基金青年科學基金項目(81300084)