曹云云 郭瑜林 尹化斌 姚世發(fā) 曹偉田
1.復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬上海市第五醫(yī)院超聲科,上海200230; 2.上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬國際和平婦幼保健院超聲科,上海200030
上海市閔行區(qū)中老年人群頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化現(xiàn)狀及危險(xiǎn)因素分析
曹云云1,2郭瑜林1▲尹化斌1姚世發(fā)2曹偉田1
1.復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬上海市第五醫(yī)院超聲科,上海200230; 2.上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬國際和平婦幼保健院超聲科,上海200030
目的通過超聲檢查了解上海市閔行區(qū)中老年人群頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化現(xiàn)狀,分析相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素,為該地區(qū)中老年心腦血管疾病的預(yù)防和診治提供依據(jù)。方法選擇2013年1月~2014年5月在復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬上海市第五人民醫(yī)院行頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查的閔行區(qū)中老年人共3100名,年齡40~90歲,其中,男、女分別為1504、1596名,將受試者按年齡段分成五組進(jìn)行問卷調(diào)查、體格檢查及頸動(dòng)脈檢查,并對(duì)相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。結(jié)果①頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜-中層厚度(carotid intima-media thickness,CIMT)增厚及頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(carotid artery atherosclerotic,CAS)斑塊檢出率分別為61.6%、50.2%,其中,男性分別為33.5%、26.5%,女性為28.1%、23.7%;頸動(dòng)脈狹窄檢出率為12.1%,以輕、中度為主,分別為6.1%、3.4%。②性別、年齡、高血壓、糖尿病、腦梗死及吸煙在CIMT增厚組與非增厚組間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);性別、年齡、高血壓、糖尿病、腦梗死、冠心病及吸煙在CAS斑塊組與非斑塊組間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。③多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,CIMT增厚的危險(xiǎn)因素為性別、年齡、高血壓及吸煙(P<0.05);CAS斑塊形成的危險(xiǎn)因素為性別、年齡、高血壓、腦梗死、冠心病及吸煙(P<0.05)。結(jié)論①隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),中老年人群CAS程度呈逐漸加重的趨勢(shì),且男性CAS程度較女性顯著;②性別、年齡、高血壓及吸煙是CIMT增厚的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;③性別、年齡、高血壓、腦梗死、冠心病及吸煙是CAS斑塊形成的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
頸動(dòng)脈;內(nèi)膜-中層厚度;粥樣硬化斑塊;危險(xiǎn)因素;Logistic分析
近年來心腦血管疾病的發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),而頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(carotid artery atherosclerotic,CAS)所致的心腦血管疾病是目前危害我國中老年人健康的主要原因[1-2]。本研究對(duì)上海市閔行區(qū)40歲以上人群的頸動(dòng)脈現(xiàn)狀及相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究,為該地區(qū)心腦血管疾病的預(yù)防和診治提供基線數(shù)據(jù)和參考。
1.1 一般資料
選取2013年1月~2014年5月在復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬上海市第五醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)行頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查的閔行區(qū)中老年人共3100例,年齡40~90歲;男、女分別為1504、1596例;男性平均年齡(66.2± 14.2)歲,女性平均年齡(66.8±13.2)歲。根據(jù)年齡分為五組:A組40~<50歲(356例),B組50~<60歲(576例),C組60~<70歲(711例),D組70~<80歲(560例),E組80~90歲(897例)。通過超聲檢查將其分為頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜-中層厚度(carotid intima-media thickness,CIMT)增厚組與非增厚組,CAS斑塊組與非斑塊組。所有參加人員均簽署知情同意書。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):長(zhǎng)期生活在上海市閔行區(qū),40歲以上,性別不限。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):有嚴(yán)重軀體神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病,不能進(jìn)行檢查;有嚴(yán)重精神障礙,不能表達(dá)意愿無法進(jìn)行問卷調(diào)查及簽署知情同意書者。
1.2 儀器與方法
1.2.1 檢查方法采用GE公司Logic9型彩超多普勒檢查儀進(jìn)行檢查,5~13 MHz高頻探頭?;颊呷⊙雠P位,頸后墊枕頭,頭偏向?qū)?cè)進(jìn)行檢查,沿頸動(dòng)脈走行方向做縱、橫掃查,在橫斷面上進(jìn)行CIMT的測(cè)量,測(cè)量范圍包括頸總動(dòng)脈(common carotid artery,CCA)遠(yuǎn)端1.0~1.5 cm、頸動(dòng)脈分叉處(bifurcation,BIF)約1 cm、頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈(internal carotid artery,ICA)近端1.0~1.5 cm,每處測(cè)量3次取平均值。
1.2.2 測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CIMT增厚及斑塊診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1.0 mm≤CIMT<1.2 mm為CIMT增厚;當(dāng)CIMT≥1.2 mm,并隆起向管腔內(nèi)突出,為斑塊形成。高血壓診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):有明確的高血壓病史或靜息狀態(tài)2次收縮壓≥140 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)和(或)舒張壓≥90 mm Hg。糖尿病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):糖尿病癥狀加任意時(shí)間血漿葡萄糖水平≥11.1 mmol/L(200 mg/dL);空腹血漿葡萄糖水平≥7.0 mmol/L(126 mg/dL);口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(yàn)中,2 h血糖水平≥11.1 mmol/L(200 mg/dL)。高膽固醇血癥的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):三酰甘油≥5.7 mmol/L。體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)=體重/身高2,BMI≥24 kg/m2為異常。吸煙史的定義:每日吸煙量≥10支并持續(xù)6個(gè)月以上。
1.2.3 檢查人員經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的超聲科醫(yī)生對(duì)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的頸動(dòng)脈檢查、體格檢查及問卷調(diào)查,包括性別、年齡、身高、體重(計(jì)算BMI)、血壓、血糖等,高血壓、糖尿病、高膽固醇血癥、吸煙史、缺血性事件史(包括冠心病、缺血性腦血管病、外周動(dòng)脈疾病等),以上所涉及疾病均以三級(jí)以上醫(yī)院診斷為準(zhǔn)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素分析應(yīng)用Logistic多因素分析(分兩步:先用單因素分析對(duì)自變量進(jìn)行篩選,然后對(duì)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的自變量行多因素Logistic回歸分析);以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 CIMT及CAS斑塊檢出率情況
隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),CIMT水平、CIMT增厚及CAS斑塊的檢出率逐漸增加,且在各年齡段、性別之間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。CIMT增厚及CAS斑塊檢出率分別為61.6%(1911/3100)、50.2%(1556/ 3100)。男性CAS程度較女性嚴(yán)重,其中,CIMT增厚檢出率,男性為33.5%(1040/3100),女性為28.1%(871/ 3100);CAS斑塊檢出率,男性為26.5%(821/3100),女性為23.7%(735/3100)。見表1、2。
表1 不同年齡人群CIMT水平(mm,±s)
注:CIMT:頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜-中層厚度;CCA:頸總動(dòng)脈;BIF:分叉處;ICA:頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈
組別參檢人數(shù)C C A B I F I C A A組B組C組D組E組3 5 6 5 7 6 7 1 1 5 6 0 8 9 7 0 . 6 6 ± 0 . 1 6 0 . 7 5 ± 0 . 1 6 0 . 8 0 ± 0 . 1 6 0 . 8 6 ± 0 . 1 6 0 . 9 1 ± 0 . 1 7 0 . 8 5 ± 0 . 1 8 0 . 9 7 ± 0 . 1 5 1 . 0 3 ± 0 . 1 4 1 . 0 7 ± 0 . 1 2 1 . 1 0 ± 0 . 1 2 0 . 6 1 ± 0 . 1 3 0 . 6 8 ± 0 . 1 3 0 . 6 9 ± 0 . 1 2 0 . 7 2 ± 0 . 1 2 0 . 7 3 ± 0 . 1 2
2.2 頸動(dòng)脈狹窄檢出率的分布
頸動(dòng)脈狹窄檢出率為12.1%(374/3100),隨著年齡的增加呈逐漸上升趨勢(shì),各年齡段之間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);各年齡段狹窄檢出率分別為0.4%(11/3100)、0.7%(21/3100)、2.0%(61/3100)、4.2%(131/3100)、4.8%(150/3100),其中,以閉塞<50%、閉塞50%~<70%為主,分別為6.1%(190/3100)、3.4%(104/3100)。見表3。
2.3 CIMT增厚及CAS斑塊形成的危險(xiǎn)因素分析
首先對(duì)可能相關(guān)的9項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行單因素分析,結(jié)果顯示,CIMT增厚組與非增厚組性別、年齡、高血壓、糖尿病、腦梗死及吸煙情況比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);CAS斑塊組與非CAS斑塊組性別、年齡、高血壓、糖尿病、腦梗死、冠心病及吸煙情況比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。然后,分別以是否CIMT增厚及CAS斑塊形成為因變量,進(jìn)行Logistic多因素逐步回歸,結(jié)果顯示:CIMT增厚的危險(xiǎn)因素為性別、年齡、高血壓及吸煙(P<0.05);CAS斑塊形成的危險(xiǎn)因素為性別、年齡、高血壓、腦梗死、冠心病及吸煙(P<0.05)。見表4、5。
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerotic,AS)是全身彌漫性疾病,其中CAS是全身動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的一部分,而CIMT被普遍認(rèn)為是觀察早期AS的一個(gè)替代指標(biāo),并且已經(jīng)證實(shí)超聲檢測(cè)CIMT與組織病理檢查有較好的一致性,因此超聲已廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床檢測(cè)頸動(dòng)脈的結(jié)構(gòu)及功能的變化。
目前認(rèn)為AS發(fā)生的主要機(jī)制是血管內(nèi)皮的損傷,使得內(nèi)皮下巨噬細(xì)胞攝取低密度脂蛋白膽固醇形成泡沫細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致AS的形成。研究表明,年齡是CIMT增厚及CAS斑塊形成的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的因素,也是影響CAS最主要的危險(xiǎn)因素[3]。隨著年齡的增加血管內(nèi)壁負(fù)荷加重并呈退行性改變,另外動(dòng)脈彈力層發(fā)生鈣化及彈性功能減退,并與其他相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素相互作用加速動(dòng)脈血管壁內(nèi)膜的損傷[4-5],使得頸動(dòng)脈更易暴露于各種危險(xiǎn)因素中,進(jìn)一步加劇AS的形成。
國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,男性CAS程度較女性偏高,絕經(jīng)后女性CIMT值與CAS斑塊數(shù)量明顯高于絕經(jīng)前[6-8],主要與性激素相關(guān),可能與雌激素對(duì)血管有保護(hù)作用有關(guān)。主要機(jī)制是雌激素能夠抑制平滑肌細(xì)胞的有絲分裂趨勢(shì),并可以改變平滑肌細(xì)胞的遷移及表型,而雄激素則在一定程度上加速平滑肌細(xì)胞有絲分裂的趨勢(shì),使得血管平滑肌的增生呈加速趨勢(shì)[6-8]。
本研究表明,CAS斑塊組高血壓檢出率是非斑塊組的近3倍,主要由于高血壓能夠引起血流動(dòng)力學(xué)高切應(yīng)力的改變,從而造成血管內(nèi)皮結(jié)構(gòu)的功能性損害,使動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜極易受損,導(dǎo)致LDH更易被動(dòng)脈下巨噬細(xì)胞攝取,進(jìn)而加速動(dòng)脈硬化的進(jìn)展[9]。另有文獻(xiàn)[10]報(bào)道,高血壓前期與CAS的形成也密切相關(guān),是中老年人群腦卒中形成的危險(xiǎn)因素之一。
糖尿病加速CAS形成的原因可能與胰島素抵抗和胰島素分泌不足有關(guān),胰島素抵抗時(shí)的高胰島素血癥通過促進(jìn)脂質(zhì)合成及刺激血管平滑肌內(nèi)膜增生導(dǎo)致血管病變,而胰島素分泌不足是通過減低脂質(zhì)清除及降低血管壁溶酶體脂肪酶的活性來加速AS的形成[11]。另外,糖尿病患者血糖濃度增加可伴有頸動(dòng)脈血管內(nèi)斑塊長(zhǎng)度延長(zhǎng)和厚度增加,不僅有大中小動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,且微血管有基底膜增厚和退行性改變[12]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,CAS斑塊組糖尿病患者數(shù)約是CAS非斑塊組的兩倍,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
眾多研究已證實(shí),吸煙是CAS形成的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,也被認(rèn)為是顱外CAS最強(qiáng)的前置因素[13]。吸煙可使血管內(nèi)皮功能受損,同時(shí)使血小板聚集,增加肌球蛋白的收縮及脂蛋白進(jìn)入內(nèi)皮下層,加重內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的炎性反應(yīng),提高纖維蛋白原的含量及增加血液黏稠度。另外,煙草能夠促進(jìn)腎上腺激素的分泌,刺激交感神經(jīng)反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致血管收縮、血壓升高,可通過改變血流動(dòng)力學(xué)及損傷血管內(nèi)皮等途徑加速AS形成[9]。
相關(guān)研究證實(shí)[14-16],CIMT增厚與心肌梗死、心絞痛、腦卒中等的相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度增高密切相關(guān),且CAS與腦卒中的危險(xiǎn)因素幾乎等同。研究結(jié)果示[17],CIMT每增加0.1 mm,將來發(fā)生心肌梗死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)率增加10%,而腦卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)率增加13%~18%。較多文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[18-20],CIMT與心血管事件的發(fā)生有著緊密的聯(lián)系,是冠心病心血管事件的預(yù)測(cè)因子。因此,以CIMT及CAS斑塊作為觀察指標(biāo),可以早期對(duì)頸動(dòng)脈疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展進(jìn)行觀察和控制,進(jìn)而延緩疾病的進(jìn)展。
通過超聲檢查中老年人群頸動(dòng)脈的現(xiàn)狀,從中篩選出CAS的人群,可以為心腦血管疾病的早期預(yù)防和診治提供依據(jù),進(jìn)而有效降低嚴(yán)重心腦血管病事件的發(fā)生,提高人們的生活質(zhì)量和身心健康。
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Analysis of carotid artery atherosclerotic status and risk factors of middle-elderly residents in Minhang District of Shanghai City
CAO Yunyun1,2GUO Yulin1▲YIN Huabin1YAO Shifa2CAO Weitian11.Department of Ultrasound,Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University,Shanghai200230,China;2.Department of Ultrasound,International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital,School of Medicine,Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai200030,China
Objective To investigate the incidence of carotid artery atherosclerotic by ultrasound detection among the middle-elderly residents in Minhang District of Shanghai City,statistically analyze the risk factors,in order to provide the foundation for the prevention,diagnosis and treatment of cardia-cerebrovascular disease in the region.Methods From January 2013 to May 2014,3100 middle-elderly residents(1504 cases of male,1596 cases of female)aged 40-90 in Minhang District of Shanghai City taken carotid ultrasound in Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University were selected,and randomly divided into five groups according to the age.All of them finished questionnaire,physical examination and carotid artery detection.The relative risk factors were analyzed statistically.Results①The positive rates of carotid intima-media thickness(CIMT)and carotidartery atherosclerotic(CAS)were 61.6%and 50.2%respectively.The rates were 33.5%and 26.5%in male,compared to 28.1%and 23.7%in female.The positive rate of carotid artery stenosis was 12.1%,most in mild to moderate levels,accounted for 6.1%,3.4%.②The gender,age,hypertension,diabetes mellitus,cerebral infarction,smoking status were significantly higher in CIMT increased group than those of no CIMT increased group(P<0.05).The gender,age,hypertension,diabetes mellitus,cerebral infarction,coronary disease,smoking status were significantly higher in CAS plaque group than those of no CAS plaque group(P<0.05).③Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed the risk factors ofCIMT were gender,age,hypertension and smoking status(P<0.05).And the risk factors of CAS plaque were gender,age,hypertension,cerebral infarction,coronary disease and smoking status(P<0.05).Conclusion①Age accelerated the progress of CAS in middle-elderly residents,and the impact of age in male is more significantly than in female.②The gender,age,hypertension and smoking status are the independent risk factors of CIMT.③Gender,age,hypertension,cerebral infarction,coronary disease and smoking status are the independent risk factors of CAS plaque.
Carotid artery;Intima-media thickness(IMT);Atherosclerotic plaque;Risk factor;Logistic analysis
R445.1
A
1673-7210(2015)02(c)-0026-05
2014-11-20本文編輯:程銘)
上海市閔行區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào)2012MHZ 071)。
曹云云(1987.3-),女,碩士;研究方向:心血管超聲及婦產(chǎn)超聲。
▲通訊作者