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      特殊詞之特殊虛擬式

      2015-03-13 18:34:26周童瑜
      求學(xué)·理科版 2015年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:原形虛擬語(yǔ)氣陳述

      周童瑜,南京大學(xué)博士,主要研究方向是國(guó)際關(guān)系和中美文化。托??荚嚌M分獲得者,知名語(yǔ)法專家,對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法有獨(dú)到研究。

      婚禮的英文誓詞中有一句是“till death do us part”,death是第三人稱,但并未用does, 因?yàn)檫@是一種特殊虛擬式。提到虛擬語(yǔ)氣,我們腦海中知識(shí)的主體是非真實(shí)條件句的虛擬用法。然而,條件句之外的特殊虛擬式卻往往出其不意地讓我們陷入麻煩。

      這類特殊虛擬式由部分特殊詞引發(fā),這些詞匯主要包括wish,as if,if only等,以及一組表示建議、請(qǐng)求、命令的詞匯。這些詞匯所引發(fā)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu),我們可以概括為兩類:“時(shí)間式”特殊虛擬式和“原形式”特殊虛擬式。

      “時(shí)間式”特殊虛擬式

      1.Wish組:wish從句表示現(xiàn)在的愿望, 從句動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式。如:I wish I knew his address.(事實(shí)上我現(xiàn)在不知道)/ I wish I were a millionaire. (但我現(xiàn)在不是)用wish從句表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)或不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí),從句動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)或would/could/might have done.如:I wish you had written to him. /I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to go to class earlier. 有時(shí)wish從句表示請(qǐng)求,或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)狀不滿,或希望將來(lái)有所改變時(shí),這時(shí)從句動(dòng)詞通常只用would(或could)。如: I wish I would remember her name. (實(shí)際上是忘記了) / I wish you would (或 could) come. (注意:不是 will)

      例1 I wish you him my telephone number, but you did.

      A. didnt give B. hadnt given

      C. wouldnt give D. shouldnt give

      解析:此題選B。but you did提示你實(shí)際給了他電話號(hào)碼,“沒(méi)給”只是一種愿望。

      2.If only組:if only 與 wish一樣,也用于表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望,其后的虛擬式與 wish從句相同。如:If only I werent so nervous. 要是我不這么緊張就好了/If only the alarm clock had rung. 如果當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘響就好了。If only也可用于陳述語(yǔ)氣,如:If only he comes early.但愿他早點(diǎn)回來(lái)。

      例2 As many as 150 miners died in the accident. If only the mine-owners enough attention to the safety measures!

      A. paid B. should pay C. would pay D. had paid

      解析:此題選D。根據(jù)句子意思,應(yīng)是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

      3.As if (though) 組:以as if/as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句,有時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。若表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí);若表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,則用過(guò)去完成時(shí);若表示將來(lái)的可能性不大,一般用would (might, could)+動(dòng)詞原形。如:I love you as if you were my daughter. 我像愛(ài)我的女兒一樣愛(ài)你。注意:若從句表示的內(nèi)容可能為事實(shí),亦可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。試區(qū)別:It looks as if he is ill.(真的病了)/It looks as if he were ill. (沒(méi)有生病)

      例3 He is a poorly learned man, but he acts as though he .

      A. is B. were C. should be D. seems like

      解析:此題選B。表示與現(xiàn)在的狀況相反,故用過(guò)去時(shí)。

      4.It is (high) time組:It is (high) time that 后面的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形,且should不可省略。其意為“(早就)該干某事了”。 如:It is time that the children went to bed/It is high time that the children should go to bed.注意:time前有時(shí)還可以用about修飾。

      “原形式”特殊虛擬式

      此處“原形”是指動(dòng)詞原形。有一類動(dòng)詞,要求其后的賓語(yǔ)從句必須用(should) do的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。這類動(dòng)詞主要有:advise, arrange, ask, beg, command, consent, decide, demand, deserve, desire, determine, direct(指示), forbid, insist, move(提議), order, pray, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, suppose, urge, vote等,主要表示意愿、建議、命令、提議、請(qǐng)求等。

      例4 The manager required that the work before Friday.

      A. should finish B. would be finished

      C. be finished D. was to be finished

      解析:此題只要了解“原形式”虛擬式的用法,就可以迎刃而解,選C。

      考生需要注意的是:suggest不表示“建議”,insist不表示“堅(jiān)持要某人做某事”時(shí),當(dāng)它們表示“暗示、表明”和“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句要用陳述語(yǔ)氣,不用虛擬式。

      例5 I suggested to my father that we to Hong Kong for a holiday this summer, but the expression on his face suggested that he to it.

      A. go;shouldnt agree B. would go;shouldnt agree

      C. go;didnt agree D. would go;didnt agree

      例6 The little boy insisted that he nothing wrong and that he .

      A. should do;not punish

      B. did;not punish

      C. had done;not be punished

      D. do;should not be punished

      解析:例5前面一個(gè)表示“建議”,后面一個(gè)表示 “暗示”,故選C。例6前面一個(gè)表示“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”,后面一個(gè)表示“堅(jiān)持要某人做某事”,故選C。

      此外,這些詞衍生的名詞如advice, decision, idea, importance, insistence, motion, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, understanding, a pity, a shame等作主語(yǔ)后的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用“原形式”特殊虛擬式,如:

      The professor gave an order that the test ( should ) be finished before 13:30.

      My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.

      I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

      在It is a pity/a shame that ...句型中,that從句用“原形式”虛擬式表示出乎意料,常譯為“竟然”。若不表示這種含義,則不用虛擬式。如:It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class. 對(duì)比:It is a pity that he is ill.

      例7 It is a great pity that she so conceited.

      A. is B. was C. were D. be

      解析:此題選D。意思為很遺憾,她太自負(fù)了。

      同樣,這些詞衍生的形容詞和過(guò)去分詞在it的句型中,也需采用“原形式”虛擬式,如it is/was+advisable/ appropriate/compulsory/crucial/curious/desirable/essential/imperative/important/ insistent/keen/natural/necessary/proper/recommendable/ridiculous/right/strange/urgent/vital/arranged/decided/demanded/desired/insisted/ordered/proposed/recommended/requested/required/resolved/suggested/urged that +(should) do.

      例8 It is highly desirable that a new president

      for this college

      A. appointed B. is appointed

      C. be appointed D. has been appointed

      解析:此題對(duì)應(yīng)上述原則,根據(jù)desirable這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞,以及省略的Should,可知答案為C。

      通過(guò)上文我們可以看出,特殊詞引發(fā)的特殊虛擬式并不難記憶,兩種類別的分類模式,將特殊虛擬式一網(wǎng)打盡,有沒(méi)有讓你有一種“虛擬語(yǔ)氣其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單”的感慨呢?God bless you!

      推薦閱讀:說(shuō)到ing的用法,規(guī)則之多,內(nèi)容之繁,考生一般難以厘清。但本期同步出刊的《求學(xué)》文科版“新生語(yǔ)法系列”之《“ing”的奇境記》,帶你領(lǐng)略“ing”的九大奇境!

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