齊永波

澳大利亞教育學(xué)者David Boud認(rèn)為：學(xué)生應(yīng)該有機(jī)會(huì)在整個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中觀察他們的同伴，而且他們觀察到的細(xì)節(jié)往往比教師所看到的更多（Boud， 1986）。因此同伴評(píng)價(jià)可以成為教師評(píng)價(jià)的一個(gè)有力的補(bǔ)充。有效的同伴評(píng)價(jià)需要借助合理的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，根據(jù)這個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)給出一定的評(píng)分。一個(gè)同伴的評(píng)分能激發(fā)起更強(qiáng)的參與性和責(zé)任感，建立起一個(gè)清晰的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)，提高學(xué)習(xí)技能，提供更多的反饋（Weaver and Cotrell， 1986）。筆者在基礎(chǔ)寫作的教學(xué)過(guò)程中嘗試采用同伴評(píng)價(jià)的方式，收到了較好的效果。

案例：2011年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試 （廣東卷）英語(yǔ)，基礎(chǔ)寫作：以下是一本圖書的基本信息及相關(guān)報(bào)道。⑴書名：Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother

⑵作者：Amy Chua，美籍華人，耶魯？鄢大學(xué)教授

⑶出版時(shí)間：2010年

⑷內(nèi)容：作者用中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)方式教育兩個(gè)女兒的故事

⑸效應(yīng)：引發(fā)中美教育方式孰優(yōu)孰劣的討論

相關(guān)報(bào)道：

⑴中文版：2011年初開始在中國(guó)銷售

⑵意外反應(yīng)：多數(shù)中國(guó)媽媽不贊同作者的做法

⑶最新消息：17歲的大女兒已被哈佛？鄢？鄢和耶魯錄取

？鄢耶魯：Yale; ?？鄢？鄢哈佛：Harvard

[寫作內(nèi)容]根據(jù)以上信息寫一篇圖書介紹，內(nèi)容包括：

1. 圖書的基本信息;

2. 圖書的相關(guān)報(bào)道。

[寫作要求]只能用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)全部?jī)?nèi)容。

[評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]句子結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確，信息內(nèi)容完整，篇章連貫。

第一步：提取信息（用中文將題中信息分為8-10句）

請(qǐng)看下面兩位同學(xué)對(duì)題中信息的提取。（表1、表2）

同伴評(píng)價(jià)：兩位同學(xué)對(duì)文中信息提取的內(nèi)容大致相同，但是通過(guò)對(duì)比不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，S2的信息比S1的更詳細(xì)、具體、明了。S2確定了每一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，巧妙的化解了冒號(hào)在文中的干擾作用，理順了文中的信息，為接下來(lái)的信息表達(dá)做好了堅(jiān)實(shí)的鋪墊。我要求學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)同伴的信息提取，并完成表3。

第二步：表達(dá)信息（按表2提取的信息）

信息1：書名是 “Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”。

S1：The name of the book is“Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”.

S2：The book title is“Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”.

S3：The book is entitled“Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”.

信息2、3、4：書的作者是Amy Chua，美籍華人，耶魯大學(xué)教授。

S1：The writer is Amy Chua， and he is a Chinese American， and he is a professor from Yale University.

S2：Its author is Amy Chua， a Chinese American and professor of Yale University.

S3：It was written by Amy Chua， a Chinese American and professor of Yale University.

信息5：書的出版時(shí)間是2010年。

S1：The book was published in 2010.

S2：It was in 2010 that the book was published.

信息6：這本書講述了作者用中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)方式教育兩個(gè)女兒的故事。

S1：The book is about how the writer educated her two daughters in the traditional Chinese way.

S2：The book tells stories that is how the writer educated her two daughters in the traditional Chinese way.

信息7：書的出版引發(fā)了大家對(duì)中美教育方式孰優(yōu)孰劣的討論。

S1：The books publication has caused about a heated debate as to whether the traditional Chinese way of educating is better than the American way.

S2：The books publication has a heated debate and it is about whether the traditional Chinese way of educating is better than the American way.

S3：The books publication has a heated discussion that is about whether the traditional Chinese way of educating is better than the American way.

信息8：該書的中文版于2011年初開始在中國(guó)銷售。

S1：The Chinese translation of the book began to sell in China early in 2011.

S2：The Chinese version of the book can be bought in China early in 2011.

信息9：意外反應(yīng)是多數(shù)中國(guó)媽媽不贊同作者的做法。

S1：The surprising reflection of the book is that most Chinese mothers do not agree to Amy Chua's way of education.

S2：Unexpectedly， most Chinese are against Amy Chua's way of education.

S3：It is unexpected that most Chinese are against Amy Chua's way of education.

信息10：最新消息是17歲的大女兒已被哈佛和耶魯大學(xué)錄取。

S1：The latest news is coming that her 17-year-old elder daughter has been accepted by both Harvard and Yale.

S2：The latest news is that her 17-year-old elder daughter has been accepted by both Harvard and Yale.

S3：A recent report says that her 17-year-old elder daughter has been accepted by both Harvard and Yale.

通過(guò)一句多譯的練習(xí)和互評(píng)，最終確定使用哪個(gè)句型來(lái)表達(dá)信息。學(xué)生應(yīng)根據(jù)自身的英語(yǔ)能力盡量使用復(fù)雜的句式和高級(jí)詞匯或靈活運(yùn)用從句來(lái)拿高分。在信息表達(dá)的時(shí)候，Student2和Student3兩位同學(xué)的表達(dá)明顯比Student1同學(xué)的句子更高級(jí)、更豐富。接下來(lái)，評(píng)價(jià)同伴的信息表達(dá)，并完成表4。

第三步：整合信息（按表2提取的信息，整合成5句話）

第1句：信息1+信息2、3、4

S1：The book title is“Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”and its author is Amy Chua， a Chinese American and professor of Yale University.

S2：Written by Amy Chua， a Chinese American and professor of Yale University， the book title is“Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”.

S3：A book entitled “Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”was written by Amy Chua，a Chinese American and professor of Yale University.

第2句：信息5+信息6

S1：The book was published in 2010 and is about how the writer educated her two daughters in the traditional Chinese way.

S2：Published in 2010， the book tells stories about how the writer educated her two daughters in the traditional Chinese way.

第3句：信息7

第4句：信息8+信息9

S1：The Chinese translation of the book began to sell in China early in 2011. However， the surprising reflection of the book is that most Chinese mothers do not agree to Amy Chua's way of education.

S2：The Chinese version of the book can be bought in China early in 2011.But unexpectedly， most Chinese are against Amy Chua's way of education.

S3：The Chinese version of the book began to sell in China early in 2011.But it is unexpected that most Chinese are against Amy Chua's way of education.

第5句：信息10

最后，將五句話連句成篇。（略）

同伴評(píng)價(jià)：了解基礎(chǔ)寫作對(duì)連貫部分的評(píng)分細(xì)則。在合并句子的時(shí)候，如何找到合并的信息點(diǎn)最為關(guān)鍵。語(yǔ)言方面，重點(diǎn)評(píng)價(jià)句子的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)是否正確、用詞是否規(guī)范、同伴是否使用了合適的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。在連貫方面，重點(diǎn)評(píng)判5個(gè)句子是否構(gòu)成一篇連貫的短文。Student 2和Student 3在整合信息的時(shí)候，巧妙使用了連接詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和復(fù)合句中的從句，從而使得整個(gè)句子讀起來(lái)更上檔次、更高級(jí)。接下來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)同伴的寫作，并完成表5。

通過(guò)多次的教學(xué)反饋，此種基礎(chǔ)寫作逐步推進(jìn)法幫助了很多平時(shí)一到寫作就手忙腳亂的學(xué)生解決了困難，理清了思路。同時(shí)，在作文講評(píng)方面，把同伴互評(píng)融入到常規(guī)的全批、面批之中，采用了量化評(píng)價(jià)表，加強(qiáng)了學(xué)生自主消化的過(guò)程，培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的互助學(xué)習(xí)能力，使得教師在操作上也更有實(shí)戰(zhàn)性。

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