關于細菌又有新研究了!美國俄勒岡大學的研究人員通過實驗證明每個人身上的微生物群每時每刻都在向周遭的空氣散發(fā)數(shù)百萬細菌,這是人類所擁有的獨特的“微生物云簽名”。這可不僅僅是個性簽名那么簡單。想一想,這種如同指紋一樣獨一無二的細菌云在案件偵查方面將會起到至關重要的作用。思維縝密的罪犯或許可以擦掉留在犯罪現(xiàn)場的指紋,但這細菌云卻是抹不掉的。罪犯們,顫抖吧!
Wherever You Go, Your Personal Cloud of Microbes Follows
Kelly McEvers (Host): You can’t see it, but every one of us is walking around in a cloud, a cloud formed by millions of 1)microorganisms 2)spewing from our bodies. That is the conclusion of a study released today. NPR health correspondent Rob Stein reports the findings could lead to new ways to understand and use the microbiomes that live in and around each of us.
Rob Stein (Byline): A lot of people probably know this character, from the cartoon, Peanuts.
(Soundbite of Film, Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown)
Ciara Bravo: (As Patty) Pigpen, you’re a disgrace.
Stein: Pigpen’s the little kid who walks around in a cloud of dirt whose friends, like Violet, are always giving him grief.
(Soundbite of Film, Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown)
Shane Baumel: (As Pigpen) What’s the matter?
Blesst Bowden: (As Violet) What’s the matter, he asks? You’re a mess when you eat, a mess when you play and a mess when you’re just standing still.
James Meadow: Yeah, it turns out that that kid is all of us.
Stein: James Meadow led the new research at the University of Oregon.
Meadow: It’s just a 3)microscopic, invisible cloud that’s really hard to see.
Stein: Because our clouds aren’t dirt, they’re microscopic bacteria and other organisms. You see, we all carry around millions of microorganisms—bacteria, 4)fungi, viruses. Most of them aren’t dangerous. In fact, they help us in lots of ways. Scientists call this our microbiome.
Meadow: A lot of recent work on the human microbiome has revealed that we’re kind of spilling our microbiome all over our houses and our offices and the people around us.
Stein: By touching them, sharing objects, beds. But Meadow and his colleagues wanted to see if we’re also spewing our microbial companions into the air around us. So they studied the air around 11 volunteers as they sat alone, one by one, in a special sealed booth for four hours.
Meadow: And the results really surprised us.
Stein: Not only could they clearly detect 5)plumes containing thousands of different types of bacteria, they could tell all sorts of things from the clouds, like whether they came from a man or a woman. And they realized each person’s cloud is sort of like a 6)fingerprint.
Meadow: We each give off a slightly different cocktail of those bacteria. There’s just really subtle differences, and you can tell that different people give off a slightly different cocktail. We could actually tell people apart.
Stein: Meadow says this raises all kinds of possibilities, like someday maybe being able to identify a murder suspect by reading the microbial cloud he or she left behind at the scene of a crime.
Meadow: You know, there’s a lot of reasons why we might want to know if some 7)nefarious character’s been in the certain room in the last few hours, and maybe there’s a way to use microbes for that.
Stein: Other scientists agree. Rob Knight studies the microbiome at the University of California, San Diego.
Rob Knight: What’s exciting about this is, in addition to showing that we leave microbes behind on surfaces we touch, this also shows that we release our personal microbes into the air of the spaces we inhabit.
Stein: The research could also explain how we get our microbes in the first place.
Knight: We know that if you live with people, and even if you just work with people, your microbial community has come to resemble theirs. And in the past, we mostly thought that that was due to touch. It may be just that you’re releasing microbes into the air and some of those microbes are colonizing the people you’re with.
Stein: Knight thinks we’ve just begun to understand what our microbes could tell us.
Knight: We’re finding out that our microbes have a tremendous amount of data in them, right? And if you think about that as a data recording device that we’re just beginning to read out now, your microbes may contain a tremendous amount of information about where you’ve been, who you’ve been in contact with and so forth.
Stein: So Pigpen may not have been so far off after all.
(Soundbite of Film, Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown)
Baumel: (As Pigpen) Sort of makes you want to treat me with more respect, doesn’t it?
(Soundbite of Film, Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown)
凱莉·麥克弗斯(主持人):我們當中的每個人都走在一團云狀物中,盡管你不能看見它。這團云狀物是由數(shù)百萬從我們身體里噴涌而出的微生物形成的。那是今天(編者注:文中的今天指2015年9月22日)發(fā)布的一個研究結果。美國國家公共電臺健康頻道的通訊記者羅布·斯坦報道稱,這個研究結果可以使我們獲得認識和利用生活在我們體內(nèi)或我們周圍的菌群的新方法。
羅布·斯坦(撰稿人):很多人可能會從《花生漫畫》(注:《花生漫畫》是一部長篇連載的美國漫畫,作者為查爾斯·舒爾茨。漫畫的主人公為查理·布朗,以及其飼養(yǎng)的米格魯獵兔犬史努比。后來,該漫畫還出現(xiàn)了諸如露茜、萊納斯、乒乓、莎莉·布朗等知名的個性角色)里認識這個角色。
(電影《幸福是一條溫暖的毛毯》片段)
西婭拉·布拉沃:(帕蒂的配音員)乒乓,你真丟人。
斯坦:乒乓是一個小孩子,他走在一團灰塵中,他的朋友們,比如說維奧莉特,總是在指責他。
(電影《幸福是一條溫暖的毛毯》片段)
沙恩·鮑梅爾:(乒乓的配音員)怎么了?
布萊斯特·鮑登:(維奧萊特的配音員)怎么了?他竟然問怎么了。你吃飯的時候是一團糟,玩的時候是一團糟,就連你站著不動的時候也是一團糟。
詹姆斯·梅多:是的,事實是那個孩子就是我們大家。
斯坦:來自俄勒岡大學的詹姆斯·梅多引領著這項新的研究。
梅多:這是一團微觀的,無形的,真的很難看見的云狀物。
斯坦:因為我們的云狀物不是灰塵,而是微觀的細菌和其他微生物。你知道的,我們都帶有數(shù)百萬微生物——細菌、真菌、病毒。這些微生物大多數(shù)都是無害的。事實上,它們在很多方面對我們有幫助??茖W家把它們稱為我們的菌群。
梅多:最近,很多關于人類菌群的實驗揭示我們在某種程度上把我們的菌群到處散發(fā)到我們的家里、辦公室里和我們周圍的人身上。
斯坦:通過接觸它們,共用物品、床(等方式)。但是梅多和他的同事想要知道我們是否也把我們的微生物同伴噴到我們周圍的空氣中。所以他們找來11名志愿者,讓他們一個接一個地在一個特別的密封隔間里獨自坐四小時,然后研究他們周圍的空氣。
梅多:實驗結果真的令人吃驚。
斯坦:他們不僅能很明顯地檢測到包含有數(shù)千種不同細菌的“云霧”,還能從這些云狀物里區(qū)分出各種東西,比如說它們是來自男的還是女的。他們還了解到每個人的云狀物在某種程度上都像一個指紋。
梅多:我們每個人都會釋放出稍微不同的細菌混合物。這些差異真的很細微。你可以辨別出不同的人釋放出稍微不同的混合物。事實上,我們可以把人們區(qū)別開來。
斯坦:梅多說這激發(fā)了各種可能性,比如說將來某天(我們)可能做到識別一個殺人嫌疑犯,通過分析他或她在犯罪現(xiàn)場留下的微生物云團。
梅多:你知道的,有很多原因可以解釋我們可能想知道一些邪惡的人是否在過去幾個小時里曾在一間特定的房間待過,或許利用菌群是一種解決方法。
斯坦:其他科學家也同意這種說法。來自加利福尼亞大學圣地亞哥分校的羅布·奈特是菌群的研究人員。
羅布·奈特:關于這很令人激動的是,除了表明我們在接觸過的物體表面留下微生物外,還表明了我們也釋放個人的微生物到所居住地方的空氣里。
斯坦:這項實驗也解釋了我們從一開始是怎樣獲得這些微生物的。
奈特:我們了解到如果你和某些人住在一起,甚至僅僅是和某些人一起工作,你的微生物群會變得和他們的很相似。在過去,大多數(shù)人認為這歸結于接觸。(但現(xiàn)在我們認為)這可能是因為你釋放微生物到空氣里,而其中的一些微生物轉移到和你在一起的人身上。
斯坦:奈特認為我們剛剛開始認識到我們的微生物能告訴我們什么。
奈特:我們發(fā)現(xiàn)我們的微生物包含有數(shù)量驚人的數(shù)據(jù),對吧?如果你把這看作是數(shù)據(jù)記錄儀,我們正從中讀取數(shù)據(jù),你的微生物有可能會包含非常多的信息,這些信息包括你曾去過的地方、你接觸過的人等等。
斯坦:這樣的話,(成為)乒乓也許終究不那么遙遠。
(電影《幸福是一條溫暖的毛毯》片段)
鮑梅爾:(乒乓的配音員)這多少可以讓你們想要尊重一下我,不是嗎?
(電影《幸福是一條溫暖的毛毯》片段)