近幾年來(lái),高考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作試題中出現(xiàn)了不少應(yīng)用文。有些應(yīng)用文同學(xué)們也能寫(xiě)出來(lái),但寫(xiě)出來(lái)的文章往往思路不夠清晰,語(yǔ)言不太流暢和規(guī)范。通過(guò)對(duì)雅思考試多年的研究,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),大家只要將題目和一定的寫(xiě)作套路結(jié)合起來(lái),就能夠?qū)懗鱿鄬?duì)規(guī)范的應(yīng)用文。下面以高考中比較常見(jiàn)的道歉信和咨詢(xún)信為例,來(lái)看如何利用雅思小作文攻克高考英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文。
Dear Ms Barnes,
I am writing concerning (關(guān)于) the position of Assistant Office Manager that I am due to begin (應(yīng)該接任) next Monday. I am afraid to inform you that a problem has arisen.
As you know, I currently work for my uncle's food-packing business, and you will remember from my interview that I have gained valuable experience there.
Unfortunately, he has had to go into hospital for an operation, leaving my aunt in charge of (負(fù)責(zé)) both the home and the business. She has asked me, as this is a particularly busy time of year, to stay on and help her with the running of the office.
I realise this will be inconvenient to you, but very much hope that, given the circumstances (鑒于這種情況), you would be prepared to allow me to take up (開(kāi)始從事) my position with you two weeks later than planned.
I would like to emphasise that I remain very keen (渴望的) to work with you, and that I will be gaining further useful experience during this time.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
John Forbes
【分析】通過(guò)分析上面這篇雅思范文的結(jié)構(gòu),我們可以看出寫(xiě)道歉信的主要思路:總述—陳述原因—提出措施—結(jié)尾。由于這封信是寫(xiě)給未來(lái)雇主的,因此文體相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)比較正式。在第一段的總述中,范文使用了句型I am writing concerning ...開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山地說(shuō)明寫(xiě)信的緣由,其中的concerning為介詞,表示“關(guān)于”,相當(dāng)于about。后面定語(yǔ)從句中的due to do sth.在此表示“應(yīng)該做某事”。緊接著范文用I am afraid to inform you that表示轉(zhuǎn)折,說(shuō)明下周一無(wú)法按時(shí)接任助理一職。第二、三段開(kāi)始陳述原因。范文用了unfortunately來(lái)銜接這兩段,緊接著又用了現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)leaving my aunt in charge of both the home and the business和as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)說(shuō)明客觀情況,同時(shí)也表明自己這么做也是情勢(shì)所迫。第四段提出措施,作者用了very much hope that和較為正式的虛擬語(yǔ)氣you would be prepared to來(lái)表示自己的誠(chéng)懇態(tài)度。除了這個(gè)句型外,我們還可以用表示委婉和禮貌的句型could you please ...或I wonder if ...來(lái)表示請(qǐng)求。為了表示自己對(duì)這份工作的渴望和對(duì)未來(lái)雇主的歉意,范文第五段再次表示了自己的態(tài)度和誠(chéng)意。最后作者用了期待對(duì)方回信最常用的句型I look forward to ...來(lái)結(jié)尾。通篇思路清晰,一氣呵成。
【高考真題】(2014年高考英語(yǔ)北京卷書(shū)面表達(dá))
你給英國(guó)朋友Chris寫(xiě)一封信,內(nèi)容包括:1. 你們?cè)?jì)劃7月份一同去云南旅游;2. 由于腳部受傷,你無(wú)法按原計(jì)劃前往;3. 表達(dá)你的歉意并建議將旅行推遲到8月份。
注意:1. 詞數(shù)不少于50。2. 可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。3. 開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已給出,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。
【分析】通過(guò)審題,我們看到文中有“由于……無(wú)法……”“表達(dá)你的歉意”等字眼,因此可判斷要寫(xiě)的是一封道歉信,可以嘗試?yán)蒙厦娣段牡膶?xiě)作思路。
總述:開(kāi)頭段我們可以使用上面范文中的“I am writing concerning/about ...”。根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)1和2可知,寫(xiě)信的內(nèi)容是自己本計(jì)劃在7月和朋友一起去云南旅游,結(jié)果由于扭傷腳踝,現(xiàn)在無(wú)法按原計(jì)劃去了。此處可以借鑒雅思范文,先用I am afraid to inform you that引出問(wèn)題,緊接著再簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下原因。
陳述原因:接下來(lái)可以具體陳述原因,比如“原以為自己能很快康復(fù)(recover),但是不得不去醫(yī)院做手術(shù)”。我們可以借用范文里的分詞短語(yǔ),比如“自己的缺席造成沒(méi)人負(fù)責(zé)朋友的旅游”就可以表達(dá)為leaving nobody in charge of your trip。
提出措施:根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)3可知,措施就是“將旅行推遲到8月份”,此時(shí)可以用范文里比較委婉和誠(chéng)懇的句型“I realise that this will be inconvenient for you, but very much hope that, given the circumstances, you would be prepared to ...”,也可以用I wonder if ...等相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的句型。范文第五段進(jìn)一步表明了自己的態(tài)度,有能力的同學(xué)也可以發(fā)揮想象,比如“我非常希望和你一起去云南,屆時(shí)我一定會(huì)為你安排一趟舒適的旅行”。
結(jié)尾:最后可以再次表示歉意,同時(shí)期待對(duì)方的答復(fù)。
【成品】
Dear Chris,
I am writing concerning the visit to Yunnan that we are due to begin in July. I am afraid to inform you that a problem has arisen. I had an accident and fell and sprained my ankle.
At first, I thought I would recover quickly if I just stayed at home. However, I have had to go into hospital for an operation, leaving nobody in charge of your trip.
I realise that this will be inconvenient for you, but very much hope that, given the circumstances, you would be prepared to allow me to go to Yunnan with you four weeks later than planned.
Please accept my apology for the delay and I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Joe
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am organizing a trip for a group of students to pay a visit to the historical exhibition in your town. I am writing this letter to enquire (詢(xún)問(wèn)) about the following. First of all, what is the size of the exhibition, what is its theme and what objects are on display (參展物品)? Secondly, when will the exhibition be held and what are the daily opening hours (每日的營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間)?
I must point out that I hope to bring some students over (說(shuō)服) to the exhibition, so I would like to enquire if there is any discount available on entrance tickets (入場(chǎng)券) for students. I look forward to your reply.
Yours faithfully,
Li Ming
【分析】上面這篇范文是一篇典型的咨詢(xún)信。咨詢(xún)信的寫(xiě)作基本思路是:表明寫(xiě)信緣由—概括咨詢(xún)內(nèi)容—展開(kāi)咨詢(xún)事項(xiàng)—結(jié)尾。首先需要寫(xiě)清個(gè)人的基本情況,即“我”正在進(jìn)行某項(xiàng)活動(dòng),在這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)中產(chǎn)生了咨詢(xún)的需要。接著需要對(duì)咨詢(xún)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括,范文中用到的句型I am writing this letter to enquire about ...比較常用,大家可以積累下來(lái)。接下來(lái)詳細(xì)說(shuō)明咨詢(xún)的事項(xiàng),如果不止一條,需要用firstly、secondly等表示次序的詞標(biāo)記清楚。在范文中,由what和when引導(dǎo)的五個(gè)疑問(wèn)句分別對(duì)規(guī)模、主題、參展物品、參展日期和營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間等要素進(jìn)行了提問(wèn)。如果需要對(duì)某方面進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),則可以另起一段,如范文中用point out表示強(qiáng)調(diào),同時(shí)與文章首句相互呼應(yīng)。之后范文使用了I would like to enquire if ...句型,對(duì)打折情況進(jìn)行詢(xún)問(wèn)。結(jié)尾對(duì)咨詢(xún)結(jié)果表示期待,給人以行文圓滿(mǎn)之感。
【高考真題】(2014年高考英語(yǔ)新課標(biāo)I卷書(shū)面表達(dá))
假定你是李華,計(jì)劃暑假期間去英國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ),為期六周。下面的廣告引起了你的注意,請(qǐng)給該校寫(xiě)封信,詢(xún)問(wèn)有關(guān)情況(箭頭所指內(nèi)容)。
注意:1. 詞數(shù)100左右。2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。3. 參考詞匯:住宿—accommodation
【分析】首先,題目要求里有“詢(xún)問(wèn)有關(guān)情況”,可知要寫(xiě)的是一封咨詢(xún)信,可以嘗試?yán)蒙厦娣段牡膶?xiě)作思路。
表明寫(xiě)信緣由:暑假期間計(jì)劃去英國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)為期六周的英語(yǔ)課程,需要咨詢(xún)一下課程。
概括咨詢(xún)內(nèi)容:此處可以直接借鑒范文的常用句型。
展開(kāi)咨詢(xún)事項(xiàng):通過(guò)分析可知,真題和范文的相同之處在于二者都涉及了size、date、daily hours,所以我們?cè)趯?xiě)作時(shí)可以參考范文中的五個(gè)疑問(wèn)句句式。需要注意的是,我們需將daily opening hours改為daily learning hours,雖然題目要求問(wèn)的是每周的課時(shí)數(shù)(how many hours of learning per week),但每天的課時(shí)數(shù)與每周課時(shí)數(shù)可以換算,而且形式上更加簡(jiǎn)練。最后的type of accommodation,我們可以發(fā)揮想象,比如最便宜的宿舍。此外,大家如果想強(qiáng)調(diào)某方面或某幾方面,可以套用范文里的I should point out that I hope to ...句型。比如想強(qiáng)調(diào)住宿費(fèi)用要盡可能低,就可以說(shuō)成:I should point out that I hope to spend as little as possible on accommodation. 句中除了使用了spend ... on ...的結(jié)構(gòu),還使用了as ... as結(jié)構(gòu),使行文更加生動(dòng),同時(shí)避免落入使用the cheapest的俗套。
結(jié)尾:借鑒范文中期待回信的經(jīng)典句型結(jié)尾即可。
【成品】
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am planning to attend a six-week English training course in Britain this summer. I am writing this letter to enquire about the following.
First of all, what is the size of the class? Secondly, what are the start dates of the courses and what are the daily learning hours? What about the fees?
I should point out that I hope to spend as little as possible on accommodation, so I would like to enquire if there is any discount available and what the requirements are.
I look forward to your reply.
Yours faithfully,
Li Hua
由此可見(jiàn),雅思應(yīng)用文的范文是我們備考高考應(yīng)用文很有用的學(xué)習(xí)材料。限于篇幅,其他類(lèi)型的應(yīng)用文就不再一一贅述。同學(xué)們可以多找些范文,從中學(xué)習(xí)各類(lèi)應(yīng)用文的寫(xiě)作思路,同時(shí)積累其中的精彩表達(dá)并活學(xué)活用,相信一定可以輕松攻克高考英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:
王朔,河北保定一中分校英語(yǔ)教師,有十余年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)和英語(yǔ)考試都有較深的研究。