高雅潔， 王朝輝,2*, 王 森， 靳靜靜， 曹寒冰， 戴 健， 于 榮

(1 農(nóng)業(yè)部西北植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院，陜西楊凌 712100；2 旱區(qū)作物逆境生物學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)，陜西楊凌 712100)

石灰性土壤施用氯化鈣對(duì)冬小麥生長(zhǎng)及鈣鋅吸收的影響

高雅潔1， 王朝輝1,2*, 王 森1， 靳靜靜1， 曹寒冰1， 戴 健1， 于 榮1

(1 農(nóng)業(yè)部西北植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院，陜西楊凌 712100；2 旱區(qū)作物逆境生物學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)，陜西楊凌 712100)

冬小麥； 鋅； 鈣； 石灰性土壤

我們于2009年至2010年進(jìn)行的前期試驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在石灰性土壤上施入氯化鈣，小麥籽粒鋅含量可由對(duì)照的35.3 mg/kg提高到53.6 mg/kg，但籽粒鈣及其他養(yǎng)分含量沒(méi)有顯著變化。為什么在石灰性土壤上施用氯化鈣可提提高小麥籽粒的鋅含量？是其改變了影響土壤鋅有效性的因素，提高了土壤鋅的有效性，還是促進(jìn)了小麥對(duì)鋅的吸收或向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)移？針對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象，我們繼續(xù)以冬小麥為供試作物，設(shè)計(jì)了不同氯化鈣用量的土培試驗(yàn)，通過(guò)研究土壤的pH， 鈣、 鋅有效性變化，冬小麥的干物質(zhì)累積與轉(zhuǎn)移、產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成，作物的鈣鋅吸收利用，探討石灰性土壤上施用氯化鈣冬小麥增產(chǎn)和籽粒鋅含量提高的原因，為活化土壤鋅，促進(jìn)作物對(duì)土壤鋅的吸收利用，提高作物營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)，改善人體健康提供依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 供試土壤

供試土壤選自西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)農(nóng)作一站麥田耕層0—20 cm的土壤。將其風(fēng)干、研碎，全部過(guò)10 mm篩，并將過(guò)篩的土壤充分混合均勻。供試土壤基本理化性狀為： 有機(jī)質(zhì)13.62 g/kg、 全氮0.86 g/kg、 硝態(tài)氮4.32 mg/kg、 銨態(tài)氮2.27 mg/kg、 有效磷(Olsen-P)14.6 mg/kg、 速效鉀130.4 mg/kg、 交換性鈣31.75 g/kg、 有效鋅0.64 mg/kg、 pH值8.15。

1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

1.3 樣品采集

在收獲期(2011年5月27日)采集小麥植株樣品。采樣前先記錄小麥每盆總穗數(shù)和總株數(shù)。采用不銹鋼剪刀將穗剪下，用于考種，記錄穗數(shù)，穗粒數(shù)，千粒重。再將小麥從根莖連接處剪下，并將盆中的脫落葉片全部收集，避免樣品損失。

1.4 測(cè)定指標(biāo)與方法

小麥莖葉、穗部樣品稱鮮重后，置于烘箱內(nèi)先在105℃下殺青30 min，然后65℃烘至恒重，用以計(jì)算小麥地上部生物量。穗烘干稱重后手工脫粒，分為籽粒和穎殼兩部分，稱量每盆籽粒烘干重，即為每盆籽粒產(chǎn)量；數(shù)每盆總粒數(shù)，用以計(jì)算穗粒數(shù)和千粒重(以烘干重表示)。

取部分莖葉、穎殼和籽粒樣品，用去離子水清洗后，105℃殺青30 min,65℃烘干至恒重。用不銹鋼剪刀將烘干后的莖葉、穎殼樣品分別剪至0.5 cm長(zhǎng)的小段，籽粒不做處理。植物樣品用HNO3-H2O2微波消解儀(屹堯WX-8000，中國(guó))消解，原子吸收分光光度計(jì)(日立Z-2000，日本)測(cè)定消解液中的鈣、鋅，計(jì)算植物鈣、鋅的含量，以烘干重表示。

風(fēng)干土壤用四分法分成兩部分，一部分磨細(xì)，過(guò) 1 mm尼龍網(wǎng)篩，用于測(cè)定土壤DTPA-Zn含量，用pH計(jì)以2.5 ∶1水土比，測(cè)定土壤pH。另一部分過(guò)0.25 mm尼龍篩，用于測(cè)定土壤交換性鈣含量。土壤交換性鈣采用1 mol/L乙酸銨溶液浸提，火焰原子吸收法進(jìn)行測(cè)定。有效態(tài)鋅采用DTPA溶液(DTPA 0.005 mol/L、 CaCl20.01 mol/L、 TEA 0.1 mol/L，pH=7.3)浸提，液土比為2 ∶1，原子吸收分光光度計(jì)測(cè)定浸提液中的鋅含量。計(jì)算土壤交換性鈣、有效鋅的含量，以風(fēng)干土重表示。

1.5 數(shù)據(jù)處理

采用Excel 軟件對(duì)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理；采用DPS軟件進(jìn)行方差分析，多重比較用LSD 法，顯著性水平設(shè)定為α=0.05。文中的相關(guān)參數(shù)及其計(jì)算公式[13-15]：

鈣收獲指數(shù)指籽粒的鈣吸收量占作物地上部總鈣吸收量的百分比， 即鈣收獲指數(shù)(%)=籽粒鈣累積量(g/plot)/地上部鈣累積量(g/plot)×100；鋅收獲指數(shù)指籽粒的鋅吸收量占作物地上部總鋅吸收量的百分比， 即，鋅收獲指數(shù)(%)=籽粒鋅累積量(g/plot)/地上部鋅累積量(g/plot)×100。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 冬小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量、地上部生物量及收獲指數(shù)

收獲期的測(cè)定(表1)表明，小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量隨氯化鈣用量升高而增加。施Ca 0.9和1.2 g/kg時(shí)籽粒產(chǎn)量較對(duì)照顯著提高10.7%和22.7%，施Ca 0.6、0.9和1.2 g/kg時(shí)地上部生物量分別較對(duì)照顯著提高11.9%、9.8%和17.5%，但不同氯化鈣用量的收獲指數(shù)與對(duì)照相比均無(wú)顯著變化。說(shuō)明適量施用氯化鈣能明顯增加籽粒產(chǎn)量，增產(chǎn)的主要原因是促進(jìn)小麥干物質(zhì)形成，但并未能明顯提高干物質(zhì)向小麥籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)移。

表1 施用氯化鈣對(duì)冬小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量、地上部生物量及收獲指數(shù)的影響

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示LSD檢驗(yàn)在P<0.05水平上差異顯著 Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different atP<0.05(LSD test).

2.2 冬小麥穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)和千粒重

冬小麥產(chǎn)量三要素對(duì)氯化鈣用量增加的反應(yīng)不一致。施用氯化鈣提高了穗數(shù)、千粒重，對(duì)穗粒數(shù)無(wú)顯著影響(表2)。在施Ca 0.3 g/kg 時(shí)穗數(shù)顯著增加15.3%，進(jìn)一步增加氯化鈣用量變化不顯著。千粒重在施鈣量達(dá)0.9 g/kg 時(shí)顯著提高10.5%，而進(jìn)一步增加氯化鈣用量, 千粒重反而有所降低，但與對(duì)照差異不顯著。由小麥產(chǎn)量三要素看，穗數(shù)和千粒重的增加導(dǎo)致了小麥產(chǎn)量提高，其中穗數(shù)提高更為明顯，千粒重只有在氯化鈣用量較高時(shí)變化顯著。

表2 施用氯化鈣對(duì)冬小麥穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)和千粒重的影響

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示LSD檢驗(yàn)在P<0.05水平上差異顯著 Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different atP<0.05(LSD test).

2.3 冬小麥莖葉、穎殼和籽粒鈣含量

小麥成熟期莖葉、穎殼、籽粒中鈣含量對(duì)氯化鈣用量的反應(yīng)也不相同(表3)。小麥不同部位的鈣含量表現(xiàn)為莖葉>穎殼>籽粒。莖葉鈣含量在施Ca 0.9和1.2 g/kg 時(shí)分別較對(duì)照提高了53%和68%，差異達(dá)顯著水平。穎殼鈣含量在施Ca 0.6 g/kg時(shí)顯著增加34%，增施Ca達(dá)0.9和1.2 g/kg, 穎殼鈣含量繼續(xù)增加，較對(duì)照分別顯著提高36%和51%。小麥籽粒鈣含量雖有一定程度的增加，但差異未達(dá)顯著水平?？梢?jiàn)，施用氯化鈣顯著提高了小麥莖葉和穎殼中的鈣含量。

2.4 冬小麥地上部鈣累積量、籽粒鈣累積量及鈣收獲指數(shù)

對(duì)冬小麥鈣累積量的分析(表4)表明，小麥鈣累積量隨氯化鈣用量增加而增加。其中籽粒鈣累積量在施Ca 1.2 g/kg時(shí)，顯著提高51.9%；地上部鈣累積量在施鈣0.3 g/kg時(shí)即已顯著提高38.6%，且隨氯化鈣用量增加繼續(xù)提高。鈣收獲指數(shù)反映鈣在小麥營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官和籽粒的分配情況，但隨氯化鈣用量增加，鈣收獲指數(shù)變化無(wú)明顯趨勢(shì)?？梢?jiàn)，籽粒鈣累積量的增加落后于地上部鈣累積量的增加，說(shuō)明施鈣促進(jìn)了小麥對(duì)鈣的吸收，但難以促進(jìn)鈣由莖葉向籽粒的分配與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。

表3 施用氯化鈣對(duì)冬小麥各部位鈣含量的影響(mg/kg)

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示LSD檢驗(yàn)在P<0.05水平上差異顯著 Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different atP<0.05(LSD test).

表4 施用氯化鈣對(duì)冬小麥鈣累積量及鈣收獲指數(shù)的影響

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示LSD檢驗(yàn)在P<0.05水平上差異顯著 Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different atP<0.05(LSD test).

2.5 冬小麥莖葉、穎殼和籽粒鋅含量

對(duì)于小麥不同器官的鋅含量測(cè)定表明，小麥成熟期籽粒、穎殼、莖葉中鋅含量隨氯化鈣量增加而提高(表5)，但器官不同增加情況也不同。施Ca 0.9和1.2 g/kg，莖葉鋅含量高于對(duì)照，但差異未達(dá)顯著水平,穎殼鋅含量較對(duì)照分別顯著提高40%和59%,籽粒鋅含量分別顯著提高25%和23%?？梢?jiàn)，施用一定量的氯化鈣，提高了小麥穎殼和籽粒中的鋅含量，而對(duì)莖葉鋅含量的影響未達(dá)顯著水平。

表5 施用氯化鈣對(duì)冬小麥各部位鋅含量的影響

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示LSD檢驗(yàn)在P<0.05水平上差異顯著 Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different atP<0.05(LSD test).

2.6 冬小麥地上部鋅累積量、籽粒鋅累積量及鋅收獲指數(shù)

隨氯化鈣用量的增加，小麥鋅累積量不斷增加(表6)。其中籽粒鋅累積量在施鈣 0.6 g/kg時(shí)顯著提高15%，在施鈣 1.2 g/kg時(shí)達(dá)到最大。地上部鋅累積量也表現(xiàn)出同樣的規(guī)律，在施鈣 0.6、0.9和1.2 g/kg時(shí)，分別顯著提高26.4%、36.4%和47.0%。鋅收獲指數(shù)雖呈現(xiàn)出增加趨勢(shì)，但變化未達(dá)顯著水平。表明在石灰性土壤上施用氯化鈣能增強(qiáng)小麥對(duì)鋅的吸收，并在一定程度上促進(jìn)鋅由莖葉向籽粒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。

表6 施用氯化鈣對(duì)冬小麥鋅累積量及鋅收獲指數(shù)的影響

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示LSD檢驗(yàn)在P<0.05水平上差異顯著 Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different atP<0.05(LSD test).

2.7 土壤交換性鈣、有效鋅和pH

對(duì)收獲后土壤的測(cè)定(表7)表明，各處理間土壤交換性鈣含量，土壤有效鋅含量均無(wú)顯著差異，但施鈣 0.9和1.2 g/kg，收獲時(shí)土壤pH分別由對(duì)照的8.16顯著降低至7.93和7.97。

表7 施用氯化鈣對(duì)土壤交換性鈣、有效鋅和pH的影響

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示LSD檢驗(yàn)在P<0.05水平上差異顯著 Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same column are significantly different atP<0.05(LSD test).

3 討論

3.1 小麥生長(zhǎng)與籽粒產(chǎn)量

研究表明在交換性鈣含量達(dá)到31.8 g/kg的石灰性土壤上，適量施用氯化鈣能明顯促進(jìn)小麥干物質(zhì)形成，增加籽粒產(chǎn)量，增產(chǎn)的主要原因是總生物量提高和穗數(shù)的增加。鈣作為植物體內(nèi)必需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素，與植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的關(guān)系密切。禾谷類作物鈣素缺乏會(huì)導(dǎo)致功能葉的葉尖及葉緣黃萎，植株未老先衰，結(jié)實(shí)少，秕粒多[16]，從而使生物量和籽粒產(chǎn)量降低。

3.2 小麥鈣的吸收利用

高交換性鈣含量的石灰性土壤上，施用氯化鈣沒(méi)有提高收獲期土壤交換性鈣含量，但促進(jìn)了小麥對(duì)鈣的吸收，提高了成熟期莖葉和穎殼中的鈣含量，但并未明顯影響鈣向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及籽粒鈣含量。這與鈣在營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官莖葉中大量分布有關(guān)，說(shuō)明莖葉對(duì)鈣營(yíng)養(yǎng)的增加更為敏感。田奇卓等[20]研究也表明小麥營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)對(duì)鈣的需求量超過(guò)生殖生長(zhǎng)，拔節(jié)期生產(chǎn)100 kg干物質(zhì)所需要的鈣量最高為743.7g，其次為孕穗期614.3 g，而這時(shí)正是營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)最旺盛的時(shí)期，此后隨著生殖器官急劇增長(zhǎng)，對(duì)鈣的需求量反而有所減少。吳旭銀等[21]對(duì)冀東地區(qū)晚播冬小麥的鈣吸收特性的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)，成熟期植株吸收的鈣主要貯存在莖稈中，其次為葉片，分別占植株總吸收量的32.4%和25.1%。因此，小麥營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官對(duì)鈣營(yíng)養(yǎng)增加的反應(yīng)更為明顯。本研究中小麥整株吸鈣量在施氯化鈣Ca 0.3 g/kg時(shí)即已顯著增加38.6%，但籽粒鈣累積量在氯化鈣施用量增加到Ca 1.2 g/kg 時(shí)才顯著高于對(duì)照，可見(jiàn)，保證莖葉充足的鈣營(yíng)養(yǎng)對(duì)維持和提高籽粒產(chǎn)量和鈣吸收具有重要作用。

3.3 小麥鋅的吸收利用

4 結(jié)論

盆栽試驗(yàn)條件下，石灰性土壤適量施用氯化鈣能明顯促進(jìn)小麥干物質(zhì)形成，增加籽粒產(chǎn)量；整株吸鈣量隨施鈣量的提高顯著增加，但不影響籽粒鈣含量；施用氯化鈣雖未明顯提高土壤有效鋅含量，但卻顯著降低了土壤pH，同時(shí)促進(jìn)了小麥對(duì)鋅的吸收以及向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)移。該結(jié)果雖發(fā)現(xiàn)于土培試驗(yàn)，但仍可為理解石灰性土壤中鋅的活化機(jī)制，促進(jìn)作物對(duì)鋅的吸收利用提供參考。

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Effects of calcium chloride on winter wheat yield and uptake of Ca and Zn in calcareous soil

GAO Ya-jie1, WANG Zhao-hui1,2*, WANG Sen1, JIN Jing-jing1, CAO Han-bing1, DAI Jian1, YU Rong1

(1KeyLaboratoryofPlantNutritionandAgri-environmentinNorthwestChina,MinistryofAgriculture/CollegeofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment,NorthwestA&FUniversity,Yangling，Shaanxi712100,China; 2StateKeyLaboratoryofCropStressBiologyinAridAreas/NorthwestA&FUniversity,YanglingShaanxi712100,China)

【Objectives】 The accumulation of calcium carbonate and higher pH in calcareous soil restrict the absorption of zinc(Zn) in wheat in northern China. However, because of highly exchangeable Ca contents in the calcareous soil, the research on crop calcium and zinc nutrition as well as their interaction usually was overlooked in this area. Therefore, a pot trial was carried out to investigate the effects of CaCl2on winter wheat growth, the uptake and utilization of Ca and Zn, and to explore the interaction between Ca and Zn in winter wheat. 【Methods】 The collected calcareous soil of 0-20 cm layer topsoil at the Experimental Station One at Northwest A&F University was used to cultivate winter wheat. The experiment with five treatments was designed by a randomized complete block design by four replications. The treatments included five Ca rates of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 g/kg soil, based on the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at N 0.3 g/kg, P2O50.2 g/kg and K2O 0.3 g/kg, respectively. A widely used local winter wheat cultivar of Xiaoyan 22 was used, and sowed on October 15 in 2010, and as basal application, all the fertilizers were completely mixed with the soil before sowing. Plant samples were collected at maturity stage to determine the dry weights of straw, glumes and grain of winter wheat, concentrations of calcium and zinc in these different tissues or organs, soil pH, soil exchangeable Ca and available Zn concentrations, and the uptake and harvest index of Ca and Zn by plants were evaluated. Data analysis was performed using Excel software, and analysis of variance was performed by DPS software. 【Results】 Data showed that grain yield and aboveground biomass of winter wheat increased with the application of CaCl2. The aboveground biomass in the treatments with supply of Ca 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 g/kg significantly increased by 9.8% to 17.5%, and the grain yield in the treatments with supply of Ca 0.9 and 1.2 g/kg respectively increased by 10.7% and 22.7% relative to the control. Application of CaCl2significantly increased Ca concentration by 53% and 68% in wheat straw, respectively, when application rates were Ca 0.9 and 1.2 g/kg, and by 34%, 36% and 51% in glume, respectively when the rates of Ca 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 g/kg were supplied compared to the control treatment. However, the Ca concentration in grain was not significantly changed. Total uptake of Ca increased significantly by 38.6% to 91.4% because of the increase in CaCl2application rates. The concentration of Zn in grains was significantly increased from 33.7 mg/kg in control to 42.0 and 41.6 mg/kg in the treatment with supply of Ca 0.9 and 1.2 g/kg, respectively. Total Zn uptake was also found to be significantly increased with an increase in CaCl2application rates, and was 47.0% higher in the treatment with supply of Ca 1.2 g/kg than that in the control. Application of CaCl2showed no obvious effects on the exchangeable Ca and available Zn in the soil at harvest stage, but the soil pH respectively decreased from 8.16 to 7.93 and 7.97 in the treatments with supply of Ca 0.9 and 1.2 g/kg compared to the control treatment. 【Conclusions】 Appropriate application of CaCl2in calcareous soil significantly increased the aboveground biomass and grain yield of winter wheat under pot experimental condition. Total Ca uptake significantly increased with the increase of CaCl2rates, whereas, the Ca concentration in grains was not affected. Application of CaCl2significantly decreased the soil pH at harvest stage, and simultaneously promoted Zn uptake and transportation in winter wheat, indicating that this study provides an useful information for the understanding on the mechanism of zinc activation and exploration in promoting the absorption and utilization of Zn by crops under calcareous soil condition.

winter wheat; zinc; calcium; calcareous soil

2014-03-10 接受日期： 2014-09-17 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期: 2015-05-14

現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(xiàng)資金(CARS-3-1-31)；農(nóng)業(yè)公益性行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)經(jīng)費(fèi)項(xiàng)目(201303104, 201103003)；農(nóng)業(yè)科研杰出人才培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃資助。

高雅潔(1988—)，女，河北張家口人，碩士研究生，主要從事冬小麥鋅及鈣鎂營(yíng)養(yǎng)研究。 Tel: 029-87082234; E-mail: gyj06107048@163.com。 * 通信作者 Tel: 029-87082234； E-mail: w-zhaohui@263.net

S143.7+2; S512.1

A

1008-505X(2015)03-0719-08