傅俊生

一、被動語態(tài)

英語中有兩種語態(tài)，即主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語為動作的承受者，被動語態(tài)常用來陳述客觀事實。

二、各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)時，分下面幾個步驟：①主動語態(tài)句中的賓語變成被動語態(tài)句中的主語；②主動語態(tài)中的動詞改為相應(yīng)時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)；③主動語態(tài)句中的主語成為被動語態(tài)句中的動作的發(fā)出者；④句子的其他成分（定語、狀語）不變。下面舉例說明：

1.一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時的被動語態(tài)

一般現(xiàn)在時：am/is/are+pp.；一般過去時：was/were+ PP.例句：

a.主動：The students gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.

被動：The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the students.

b.主動：The students regard him as their monitor.

被動：He is regarded as the students' monitor.

以上兩例都是一般時態(tài)用“be done”的例子，be有人稱、時態(tài)、數(shù)量變化，第三人稱“foreign friends"是復(fù)數(shù)，時態(tài)一般過去時，所以“be done”就是“were given”，而“The students regard him as their monitor”一句，被動后的“be done”就變成單數(shù)第三人稱“is regarded”的形式了。

2.完成時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)

（1）現(xiàn)在完成時：Have/has been+ pp.

例句：a.主動：We have studied English for 3 years.

被動：English has been studied for 3 years by us.（“have”隨新主語變?yōu)椤癶as”）

b.主動：They have warned us to be careful of rats

被動：We have been warned to be careful of rats by them.

（2）過去完成時：had been+pp.

例句：

a.主動：Somebody had cleaned the classroom.

被動：The classroom had been cleaned by somebody.

h.主動：They had build three buildings by last year.

被動：By last year three buildings had been built by them.

3。一般將來時的被動語態(tài)

Will/shall/be+pp.

例句：

a.主動：We shall build several big modem schools in our city next year.

被動：Several big modern school will be built in our city next year.

（“shall do”中的“shall”要隨新主語變?yōu)椤皐ill"，“do”要變?yōu)椤癰e done"）

b.主動：They will ask you a lot of strange questions.

被動：You will be asked a lot of strange questions by them.

被動句中的“by”引出的賓語，一般說來，如果是人稱代詞你、我、他等，要用賓格形式；如果是名詞，不能省略。

4.過去將來時的被動語態(tài)

過去將來時，過去某時將發(fā)生：would/should be+pp.

例句：

a.主動：l never thought that he would bring me the information so early.

b.被動：I never thought that the information would be brought to me so early.

5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時和過去進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)：am/is/are+being+pp、過去進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)：was/were+being+pp.

例句：

a.主動：Uncle Wang is repairing the radio.

被動：The radio is being repaired by Uncle Wang.

b.主動：They were having a meeting at that time.

被動：A meeting was being had at that time.

6.情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)

情態(tài)動詞+be +pp.

例句：

a.主動：We must keep this in？ mind.

被動：This must be kept in mind.

b.主動：We shall not use the washing machine again.

被動：The washing machine will not be used again.

（原來的謂語“shall use”在被動態(tài)中隨新主語變?yōu)椤皐ill"）

c.主動：We are going； to paint the desk yellow.

被動：The desk are going to be painted yellow.

d.主動：You neednt type this letter.

被動：This letter need not be typed.（“need"是不變助動詞）

7.被動語態(tài)的否定和疑問

在否定句的被動態(tài)中，否定副詞“not”一定加在第一助動詞之后，不放在別的助動詞之后。同樣，在疑問句的被動態(tài)中，第一助動詞置于主語之前。

例句：

a.Why has（一助）not anything been（二助）done to stop air pollution？

（“not”必須放在第一助動詞“has”之后，第一助動詞“has”必須放在主語“anything”之前。絕不可寫成： Why has not been anything done to end the strike？或Why has been not anything done to stop air pollution？）

b. The exercise will not be done in class.

不可寫成：The exercise will be not done in class.

8.含有雙賓語主動詞的被動語態(tài)

在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，有些動詞可以帶雙賓語。在這種情況下，主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時，直接賓語仍然保留在謂語后面；直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時，間接賓語前通常加上介詞for/to。

例l：My father gave me a gift on my tenth birthday.

I was given a gift on my tenth birthday by my father.

A gift was given to me on my tenth birthday by my father.

這類動詞有g(shù)ive（給），pass（遞），hand（傳給），show（展示），teach（教），send（寄）等。

例2：Father bought me a watch

I was bought a watch by father

A watch was bought for me by father

這類動詞有buy（買），make（制造），fetch（取），do（做）。

9.含有不帶to的動詞作賓語補足語的被動語態(tài)

有些動詞后跟不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語，但改為被動結(jié)構(gòu)后要加上“to"。

例句：

a. We heard him？?； sing in the room just now.

-He was heard to sing in the room just now.

b. The boss made them work for 12 hours a day.

-They were made to work for 12 hours a day bythe boss.

三、被動語態(tài)的用法

1.不知道或不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者時使用被動語態(tài)

例句：

When was the window broken？

How is this word book pronounced Book.

A lot of English grammar books will be published next year.

2.強調(diào)動作的承受者時使用被動語態(tài)

例句：

If you break the school rules，you will be punished.

A new Hope School will be opened in our village.

Our English teacher？is liked by everybody.

3.當(dāng)動作的執(zhí)行者不是人而是無生命的事物時使用被動語態(tài)

例句：

The house was washed away by the flood.

We were shocked by the news of his death.

Many accidents were caused by careless driving.

4.為了表示委婉或禮貌，避免提及動作執(zhí)行者或說話者自己時使用被動語態(tài)?； 例句：

You've been told many times riot to make thesame mistake.

Everybody is expected to obey the traffic rules.

The house must not be entered without permission.

四、不用被動語態(tài)的情況

不及物動詞或動詞短語無被動語態(tài)，即多數(shù)的瞬間動詞rise，happen，take place等。

例句：

a.（錯）The price of meat has been risen.

（對）The price has risen.

b.（錯）The accident was happened last week.

（對）The accident happened last week.

c.（錯）Great changes have been taken place in the last years.

（對）Great changes have taken place in the last years.

要想正確地使用被動語態(tài)，就須注意哪些動詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過程中多留意積累。

五、使用被動語態(tài)時的注意事項

1.“get+過去分詞”可以表被動的意義

例句：

His sister got married three years ago.

The boy got hurt on his way to school.

He got caught in the heavy rain on his way home.

類似短語：get burnt（著火）、get killed（被殺）、get hurt（受傷）、get lost（迷路）；get dressed（穿衣服）、get changed（變化）、get married（結(jié)婚）、get washed（洗）等。

2.有些“動詞+介詞/副詞”構(gòu)成的固定動詞短語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時.不可分開

例句：

主動語態(tài)：We should take good care of the old and the children.

被動語態(tài)：The old and the children should be taken good care of.

3.有些由“動詞+名詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的短語動詞.變成被動語態(tài)時也可以將名詞和其后的介詞拆開

例句：

主動語態(tài)：They make good use of the time.

被動語態(tài)：Good use is made of the time.

總之，被動語態(tài)的用法比較復(fù)雜，大家在學(xué)習(xí)中要注意積累。