李再
【中圖分類號】R722.12 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】B【文章編號】1004-4949(2015)02-0668-02
1.概述
早產(chǎn)在產(chǎn)科頗為常見。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì),2010 年有1490萬新生兒為早產(chǎn),約占全世界兒童的11%[1]。大部分新生兒死亡源于早產(chǎn)及其并發(fā)癥。同時,早產(chǎn)還可誘發(fā)一些終生的疾病,如腦癱、視力障礙和成年后慢性疾病[2]。
目前,自發(fā)性早產(chǎn)定義為一次以上的與胎膜完整的自發(fā)性開始分娩相關(guān)的早產(chǎn)或胎膜破裂的早產(chǎn)[3]。早產(chǎn)復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險的相關(guān)信息對于考慮再次受孕的女性非常重要。除此之外,產(chǎn)科醫(yī)師也需要根據(jù)這些數(shù)據(jù)來為患者提供建議,評估并實(shí)施預(yù)防策略。
雙胎妊娠產(chǎn)婦的早產(chǎn)風(fēng)險會有所增加,大約有40%的雙胎妊娠產(chǎn)婦在不足37周時出現(xiàn)自發(fā)性分娩。盡管目前已有與復(fù)發(fā)性早產(chǎn)的生理背景和治療相關(guān)的綜述文章,但尚未有一項(xiàng)能詮釋復(fù)發(fā)性自發(fā)性早產(chǎn)風(fēng)險的清晰概述。本文利用Pubmed數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索從1980年至今的有關(guān)單胎雙胎與復(fù)發(fā)早產(chǎn)危險因素的文獻(xiàn),13篇相關(guān)文章報道了相關(guān)的危險因素:其中6篇關(guān)于單胎早產(chǎn)史的產(chǎn)婦發(fā)生單胎早產(chǎn),4篇關(guān)于單胎早產(chǎn)發(fā)生于有雙胎早產(chǎn)史的產(chǎn)婦,3篇關(guān)于雙胎早產(chǎn)發(fā)生于有單胎早產(chǎn)史的產(chǎn)婦。分析出單胎與雙胎妊娠與早產(chǎn)的關(guān)系,供臨床參考。
2.結(jié)果
2.1單胎早產(chǎn)史的產(chǎn)婦與單胎早產(chǎn)
研究規(guī)模從1257名妊娠婦女至452680名不等,平均有 22.1% 的有單胎早產(chǎn)史的產(chǎn)婦發(fā)生了單胎早產(chǎn)[4-9]。各項(xiàng)研究從不同的切入點(diǎn)做了亞型關(guān)于妊娠年齡的分析。研究得出一致的結(jié)論,降低早產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險與減低第一胎妊娠的年齡相關(guān)。
2.2雙胎早產(chǎn)史的產(chǎn)婦與單胎早產(chǎn)
平均有84.4% 的單胎早產(chǎn)發(fā)生于有雙胎早產(chǎn)史的產(chǎn)婦[10-13]。雙胎早產(chǎn)史的婦女比單胎妊娠史的婦女,對于單胎早產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險增加。雙胎史在34+0至 36+6周的孕育時期,顯著性增加了再次單胎妊娠早產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險。
2.3單胎早產(chǎn)史的產(chǎn)婦與雙胎早產(chǎn)
平均有11.9% 的雙胎早產(chǎn)發(fā)生于有單胎早產(chǎn)史的產(chǎn)婦[14-16]。研究得出一致的
結(jié)論,增加早產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險與減低第一胎妊娠的年齡有關(guān)。
3.結(jié)論
有過單胎早產(chǎn)的雙胎妊娠產(chǎn)婦,其自發(fā)性早產(chǎn)復(fù)發(fā)的絕對風(fēng)險最高(57%),但是即使單胎是順利生產(chǎn),其自發(fā)性早產(chǎn)復(fù)發(fā)的絕對風(fēng)險仍然較高(25.4%)。有過雙胎早產(chǎn)的單胎妊娠產(chǎn)婦,復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險最低(10.0%),而雙胎順利生產(chǎn)的單胎妊娠產(chǎn)婦,其自發(fā)性早產(chǎn)復(fù)發(fā)的絕對風(fēng)險最低(1.3%)。有過單胎早產(chǎn)的單胎妊娠產(chǎn)婦,其自發(fā)性早產(chǎn)復(fù)發(fā)的絕對風(fēng)險為 20.3%。綜上所述,復(fù)發(fā)性早產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險受單胎或多胎順序的影響,在 10% 和 57% 之間波動。
此外,研究表明,早產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險不僅與之前妊娠的孕齡相互獨(dú)立,還與之前和目前妊娠類型(單胎還是雙胎)相互獨(dú)立。在特定的產(chǎn)科史和目前妊娠類型的基礎(chǔ)之上,該研究結(jié)果可以為醫(yī)師和患者提供更特異的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險相關(guān)因素。然而,產(chǎn)科病史不能完全預(yù)測復(fù)發(fā)性自發(fā)性早產(chǎn),但卻能為準(zhǔn)備二次受孕的產(chǎn)婦提供相關(guān)信息。
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