周燕張毅
(1.蘇州科技學(xué)院數(shù)理學(xué)院,蘇州 215009)(2.蘇州科技學(xué)院土木工程學(xué)院,蘇州 215011)(3.蘇州市工業(yè)園區(qū)婁葑學(xué)校,蘇州 215021)
分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)基于Caputo導(dǎo)數(shù)的Noether對(duì)稱性與守恒量*
周燕1,3張毅2?
(1.蘇州科技學(xué)院數(shù)理學(xué)院,蘇州 215009)(2.蘇州科技學(xué)院土木工程學(xué)院,蘇州 215011)(3.蘇州市工業(yè)園區(qū)婁葑學(xué)校,蘇州 215021)
在Caputo分?jǐn)?shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)下研究分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)的Noether對(duì)稱性與守恒量.首先,定義Caputo分?jǐn)?shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)下的分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量,建立分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff方程及其相應(yīng)的橫截性條件;其次,基于Pfaff作用量在無(wú)限小變換下的不變性,分別在時(shí)間不變和時(shí)間變化的無(wú)限小變換下,給出了不變性條件.基于Frederico和Torres的分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量概念,建立了分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)的Noether定理,揭示了分?jǐn)?shù)階Noether對(duì)稱性與分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系.
分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng),分?jǐn)?shù)階Noether對(duì)稱性,分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量,分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量,Caputo分?jǐn)?shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)
動(dòng)力學(xué)系統(tǒng)對(duì)稱性的研究一直是分析力學(xué)的一個(gè)重要發(fā)展方向.1918年Noether[1]研究了Hamilton作用量在無(wú)限小變換下的不變性質(zhì),揭示了力學(xué)系統(tǒng)的守恒量與其內(nèi)在的動(dòng)力學(xué)對(duì)稱性之間的關(guān)系.Djuki c′和Vujanovi c′[2]將Noether定理推廣到完整非保守系統(tǒng),李子平[3],Bahar[4],劉端[5]進(jìn)一步將Noether定理推廣到非完整非保守系統(tǒng).梅鳳翔[6]通過(guò)引進(jìn)r參數(shù)變換群的無(wú)限小群變換的廣義準(zhǔn)對(duì)稱性概念,建立了Birkhoff系統(tǒng)的Noether理論.近年來(lái),對(duì)Noether對(duì)稱性的研究已經(jīng)取得了一系列重要成果[7-10].
分?jǐn)?shù)階微積分的概念最早出現(xiàn)在L’Hospital于1695年寫給Leibniz的信中,但是直到1974年第一本關(guān)于分?jǐn)?shù)階微積分理論的著作才問(wèn)世[11].近20年來(lái),隨著分?jǐn)?shù)階微積分應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的不斷拓展,分?jǐn)?shù)階微積分及其應(yīng)用研究有了很大的發(fā)展.1996年,Riewe[12-13]首次將分?jǐn)?shù)階微積分應(yīng)用于非保守系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué)建模,提出并初步研究了分?jǐn)?shù)階變分問(wèn)題.之后,Agrawal[14-15],Baleanu[16-17],Atanackovi c′[18-19],El-Nabulsi[20-22]等對(duì)分?jǐn)?shù)階變分問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了深入研究.Frederico和Torres最早開(kāi)展了分?jǐn)?shù)階Noether對(duì)稱性與守恒量的研究[23-25],基于Riemann-Liouville分?jǐn)?shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)定義[23],Caputo分?jǐn)?shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)定義[24],Riesz-Caputo分?jǐn)?shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)定義[25],分別考慮時(shí)間不變和時(shí)間變化的無(wú)限小變換作用,得到了分?jǐn)?shù)階Noether定理.在此基礎(chǔ)上,F(xiàn)rederico和Torres進(jìn)一步給出了Hamilton系統(tǒng)的分?jǐn)?shù)階Noether定理[26].此外,F(xiàn)rederico和Torres基于El-Nabulsi動(dòng)力學(xué)模型研究了類分?jǐn)?shù)階作用變分的不變性問(wèn)題[27-28].近年來(lái),約束力學(xué)系統(tǒng)基于分?jǐn)?shù)階模型的Noether對(duì)稱性與守恒量的研究已經(jīng)取得了一些重要成果[29-34].但是,研究主要限于分?jǐn)?shù)階Lagrange系統(tǒng)和分?jǐn)?shù)階Hamilton系統(tǒng).
本文基于Caputo分?jǐn)?shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)的定義,研究分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)的分?jǐn)?shù)階Noether對(duì)稱性.從Pfaff作用量在無(wú)限小變換下的不變性出發(fā),分別在時(shí)間不變和時(shí)間變化的無(wú)限小變換下,研究了分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量的不變性,建立了分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)的Noether定理.
本節(jié)列出研究所涉及的Riemann-Liouville分?jǐn)?shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)和Caputo分?jǐn)?shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)的定義及相關(guān)性質(zhì),詳細(xì)的證明和討論可參見(jiàn)[35-36].
其中Γ(*)是Euler-Gamma函數(shù),α是導(dǎo)數(shù)的階,且m-1≤α<m,m為正整數(shù).如果α是整數(shù),上述分?jǐn)?shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)成為整數(shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù),有
設(shè)f和g是區(qū)間[t1,t2]上的光滑函數(shù),則Caputo導(dǎo)數(shù)下的分?jǐn)?shù)階分部積分公式為
考慮由2n個(gè)Birkhoff變量aμ(μ=1,2,…,2n)來(lái)描述的Birkhoff系統(tǒng).假設(shè)系統(tǒng)的Birkhoff函數(shù)B=B(t,aν),Birkhoff函數(shù)組為Rμ=Rμ(t,aν),分?jǐn)?shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)的階為α,且0<α<1.積分泛函
稱為基于Caputo導(dǎo)數(shù)的分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量.等時(shí)變分原理
帶有交換關(guān)系
以及端點(diǎn)條件
稱為基于Caputo導(dǎo)數(shù)的分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff-Birkhoff原理.
由分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff-Birkhoff原理(13)-(15)容易導(dǎo)出如下方程[37]
以及相應(yīng)的橫截性條件
由端點(diǎn)條件(15)可得橫截性條件(17)恒成立.方程(16)稱為基于Caputo分?jǐn)?shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)的分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff方程.
由分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff方程(16)可以得到經(jīng)典Birkhoff方程.實(shí)際上,令分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量(12)中不含Caputo右導(dǎo)數(shù),即
則分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff方程(16)成為
當(dāng)α→1時(shí),方程(19)為
方程(20)為經(jīng)典的Birkhoff方程.因此,經(jīng)典的整數(shù)階Birkhoff方程是分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff方程(16)的特例.
首先,引入Frederico和Torres提出的分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量概念[23].
其次,引進(jìn)時(shí)間不變的單參數(shù)無(wú)限小變換群
我們來(lái)定義分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)在無(wú)限小變換(23)下的Noether對(duì)稱性,并給出相應(yīng)的分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量.
定義2 如果分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量(12)在無(wú)限小變換(23)作用下,對(duì)于任意的子區(qū)間[T1,T2]?(t1,t2),成立
則稱這種不變性為分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)在時(shí)間不變的無(wú)限小變換下的Noether對(duì)稱性.
定理1 如果分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量(12)在變換(23)作用下保持不變,那么
成立.
證明 由積分區(qū)間[T1,T2]的任意性,由(24)式可得
式(26)兩邊對(duì)ε求導(dǎo),然后令ε=0,有
此時(shí)(27)式即為(25)式,證畢.
定理2 如果分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量(12)在定義2下保持不變,那么
是分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)(16)的分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量.
證明 由分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff方程(16)可得
由于分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量(12)在定義2下保持不變,故將(29)式代入(25)式,得
從而,由分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量的定義1可知(28)式是該情形下的分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量.
最后,引進(jìn)時(shí)間變化的單參數(shù)無(wú)限小變換群
我們來(lái)定義分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)在無(wú)限小變換(33)下的Noether對(duì)稱性,并給出相應(yīng)的分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量.
定義3 如果分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量(12)在無(wú)限小變換(33)作用下,對(duì)于任意的子區(qū)間[T1,T2]?(t1,t2),成立
則稱這種不變性為分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)在時(shí)間變化的無(wú)限小變換下的Noether對(duì)稱性.
定理3 如果分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量(12)在定義3下保持不變,那么
是分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)(16)的分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量.證明 取關(guān)于時(shí)間t(t是獨(dú)立變量)的李普希茲變換
如果分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量(12)在定義3下保持不變,那么分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量(37)在定義2下保持不變,由定理2,我們得到
式(41)是系統(tǒng)的分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量.當(dāng)λ=0時(shí),有
將式(43)和(44)代入式(41),我們得到守恒量(35).證畢.
定理2和定理3稱為分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)在Caputo導(dǎo)數(shù)下的分?jǐn)?shù)階Noether定理,它們揭示了分?jǐn)?shù)階Noether對(duì)稱性與分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量之間的關(guān)系.利用分?jǐn)?shù)階Noether定理,可由分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)的Noether對(duì)稱性找到相應(yīng)的分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量.
下面舉例說(shuō)明結(jié)果的應(yīng)用.
例考慮二階Birkhoff系統(tǒng),其分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量為
試研究該Birkhoff系統(tǒng)的分?jǐn)?shù)階Noether對(duì)稱性與分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量.
由作用量(45)可知,系統(tǒng)的Birkhoff函數(shù)和Birkhoff函數(shù)組分別為
顯然,存在如下Noether對(duì)稱變換
使得分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量(45)在定義3意義下不變,故由定理3該系統(tǒng)的分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量為
如果作用量(45)中只含左導(dǎo)數(shù),令α→1,則守恒量(48)給出
式(49)是整數(shù)階模型下Birkhoff系統(tǒng)(46)的守恒量.
近20年來(lái),分?jǐn)?shù)階微積分被成功地廣泛應(yīng)用于科學(xué)和工程的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域.分?jǐn)?shù)階微積分也被用于非保守系統(tǒng)或耗散系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)力學(xué)建模,從而可以解決用經(jīng)典的整數(shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)下的方法難以解決的問(wèn)題.本文的主要工作:一是基于Caputo分?jǐn)?shù)階導(dǎo)數(shù)提出分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff變分問(wèn)題,建立了分?jǐn)?shù)階力學(xué)系統(tǒng)的分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff方程(16);二是基于分?jǐn)?shù)階Pfaff作用量在無(wú)限小變換下的不變性,定義了分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)的Noether對(duì)稱性,依據(jù)Frederico和Torres提出的分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量概念,給出了分?jǐn)?shù)階Birkhoff系統(tǒng)的守恒量,建立了分?jǐn)?shù)階Noether定理,從而揭示了分?jǐn)?shù)階對(duì)稱性與分?jǐn)?shù)階守恒量的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系.經(jīng)典的Birkhoff系統(tǒng)是本文之特例,因此本文結(jié)果具有普遍意義.
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Received 23 September 2014,revised 20 December 2014
*The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10972151,11272227)and the Innovation Program for Postgraduate in Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province(CXZZ11_0949)
?Corresponding author E-mail:zhy@mail.usts.edu.cn
NOETHER SYMMETRY AND CONSERVED QUANTITY FOR FRACTIONAL BIRKHOFFIAN SYSTEMS IN TERMS OF CAPUTO DERIVATIVES*
Zhou Yan1,3Zhang Yi2?
(1.College of Mathematics and Physics,Suzhou University of Science and Technology,Jiangsu Suzhou 215009,China)(2.College of Civil Engineering,Suzhou University of Science and Technology,Jiangsu Suzhou 215011,China)(3.Suzhou Industrial Park Loufeng School,Jiangsu Suzhou 215021,China)
This paper studies the Noether symmetry and corresponding conserved quantity for fractional Birkhoffian systems in terms of Caputo fractional derivatives.Firstly,the fractional Pfaff action is defined within Caputo fractional derivatives.The fractional Birkhoff’s equations and corresponding transversality conditions are also established.Secondly,based on the invariance of the Pfaff action under the infinitesimal transformations,the conditions of invariance are given under a special one-parameter group of infinitesimal transformations without transforming the time as well as a general one-parameter group with transforming the time,respectively.Finally,according to the notion of fractional conserved quantity presented by Frederico and Torres,the Noether theorem for the fractional Birkhoffian systems is constructed,which states the relationship between a fractional Noether symmetry and a fractional conserved quantity.
fractional Birkhoffian system,fractional Noether symmetry,fractional conserved quantity,fractional Pfaff action,Caputo fractional derivative
10.6052/1672-6553-2015-017
2014-09-23收到第1稿,2014-12-20收到修改稿.
*國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(10972151,11272227)和江蘇省普通高校研究生科研創(chuàng)新計(jì)劃資助項(xiàng)目(CXZZ11_0949)
?通訊作者E-mail:zhy@mail.usts.edu.cn