張曉亞,高 頎
(北京體育大學,北京 100084)
ZHANG Xiao-ya,GAO Qi
(Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084,China)
冷凍療法在運動醫(yī)學領域的研究進展綜述
張曉亞,高 頎
(北京體育大學,北京 100084)
運用文獻資料法以 “cryotherapy”、“cryostimulation”、“Cold-water immersion”、“ice pack”、“hydrotherapy”、“cooling”為關鍵詞在PubMed、EBSCO等外文數(shù)據(jù)庫,百鏈云中外數(shù)據(jù)庫和中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)中文數(shù)據(jù)庫進行檢索,通過系統(tǒng)的文獻檢索與分析,對局部冷凍療法進行介紹,經(jīng)過檢索和篩選,共計81篇中英文文獻被錄入,總結(jié)其對機體的影響以及在運動醫(yī)學領域的研究進展。結(jié)論:冷凍療法在運動醫(yī)學領域的突出貢獻值得運動和康復工作者關注,尤其在運動損傷治療與康復、運動疲勞消除、體能恢復及運動表現(xiàn)方面的有利影響已得到了廣泛認同和應用。
冷凍療法;損傷;延遲性肌肉酸痛;疲勞;本體感覺
ZHANG Xiao-ya,GAO Qi
(Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084,China)
冷凍療法即冷療(Cryotherapy)是將比人體體溫低的諸如冷水、冰、蒸發(fā)冷凍劑等物理因子作用于患部而進行治療的一種物理療法[1],主要包括全身冷凍療法(Whole Body Cryotherapy,WBC)和局部冷凍療法(Local Cryotherapy)。本文以 “Cryotherpy”、“Cryostimulation”、“Cold-water Immersion”、“Ice Pack”、“Hydrotherapy”、“Cooling”為關鍵詞在PubMed、EBSCO、百鏈云和中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)等數(shù)據(jù)庫進行檢索共計81篇中英文文獻,主要針對局部冷凍療法進行闡述(下文所述的冷凍療法如沒有特殊說明即指局部冷凍療法)。
在醫(yī)學領域,國外應用冷凍療法已有很長的歷史[2],西方“醫(yī)學之父”希波克拉底 (公元前460-公元前377年)曾建議用冰或雪作為一種治療手段。冷凍療法在我國是70年代興起的,20世紀70年代后期至80年代,在全國許多醫(yī)院形成熱點[3],當時的應用和研究主要集中在五官、口腔、皮膚以及腫瘤科。近些年來,歐美和日本等國家把冷凍療法運用于運動員日常訓練后的身體恢復,并取得很好成效[1],此后,冷凍療法作為一種重要的恢復手段出現(xiàn)在運動醫(yī)學領域。
1.1 冷水浸泡(Cold-water Immersion,CWI) 冷水浸泡方法簡單易行、溫度能夠得到有效控制、安全性能高、高效且具有持續(xù)效應[4],因此,CWI是冷療中最普遍的治療方式[5]。Nathan G在比較冷水浸泡、冷熱交替浸泡、熱水浸泡和熱中性水浸泡4種不同形式的影響時證明,冷水浸泡和冷熱交替浸泡在促進疲勞消除上更有效[6]。
CWI一般指人體特定部分浸泡在溫度低于15℃的冷水中,利用水溫的落差對機體產(chǎn)生冷刺激,引起神經(jīng)肌肉的生理學改變。盡管達到最佳治療效果應采用的溫度還沒有統(tǒng)一[7-8],但通常人們認為15℃為人體冷痛感的起始溫度,其中CWI的溫度通常建議為10~14℃。持續(xù)時間應根據(jù)治療情況而定,如:Nathan G認為,5~15min、10~15℃的冷水浸泡可增強疲勞恢復過程中的運動表現(xiàn)能力[6]。
1.2 冰敷和冰按摩 利用冰袋、冰背心和冰療儀器等對人體的局部進行擠壓與按摩,可以降低局部的組織溫度,降低急性損傷的炎癥反應,減少局部組織液的滲出,降低疼痛感。冰敷被廣泛應用于控制炎癥、疼痛和腫脹,是急性閉合性損傷時的緊急處理方法之一,且為避免因長時間冰敷造成的機體代謝水平下降繼發(fā)缺氧性損傷,通常建議冷療時間不超過20min。Kuo CC等人認為[9],對于軟組織損傷而言,10min是最佳冰敷時間,但同時要兼顧患者的傷病情況,隨時調(diào)整干預時間。
2.1 冷凍療法對血管和血流的影響 冷凍療法可以刺激治療部位血管收縮[10],使血流速度和紅細胞流速降低、白細胞滾動和粘附數(shù)量降低[11-12],從而降低炎癥反應。Thorlacius H、Smith TL也分別證實損傷發(fā)生后,局部冷凍療法不會影響小動脈的舒張功能[13],但可引起小動脈收縮[14]。閉合性軟組織損傷后,功能性毛細血管密度明顯降低,微血管的通透性顯著增加,此種改變可經(jīng)過20min的局部冷療恢復到未受傷時的水平,使營養(yǎng)灌注、物質(zhì)交換等功能恢復正常[11]。Westermann S等人也認為[15],冷療可以完全恢復由于腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)引起的毛細血管功能障礙。其次,冷凍療法可通過靜水壓和水溫雙重作用促進機體疲勞恢復,靜水壓可提高心輸出量、改變肌肉血流、加快代謝廢物的移除[16-18],除此之外還可降低氧、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和激素運輸至疲勞肌肉的時間,加快營養(yǎng)供應,促進疲勞恢復[16-17]。
2.2 冷凍療法對細胞代謝和細胞因子的影響 冷凍療法可以影響損傷恢復過程中重要的細胞反應以及一些生理活動的發(fā)生,包括:減輕腫脹、緩解疼痛、減少細胞對氧的需求、降低代謝活動[19-20]、減慢神經(jīng)傳導速率、提高疼痛閾值和疼痛耐受程度[17],以及減少肌肉壞死和細胞凋亡[11,12,15,22,23]。其次,冷凍療法可以通過增加抗炎性細胞因子釋放,同時抑制促炎性細胞因子的釋放,減輕炎癥反應。進行冷療后,白細胞介素-1β表達降低、轉(zhuǎn)化細胞生長因子-β1表達升高,以此減弱無菌性炎癥反應,加速肌纖維修復,并且持續(xù)性冷療效果優(yōu)于間歇性冷療效果[24-25]。
2.3 冷凍療法對神經(jīng)肌肉控制的影響 冷凍療法會抑制神經(jīng)肌肉的傳遞[26]、降低肌梭敏感性[27]、降低肌肉感知位置的能力[28]、增加組織硬度[28];還可通過降低橫橋之間的交互作用,影響酶促反應釋放能量的過程,從而降低肌肉表現(xiàn)[29—30]。再者,冷凍療法可短時改變肌肉組織反射性抑制的出現(xiàn),恢復運動神經(jīng)元池的可用性[31],因此可改變康復訓練過程中受傷關節(jié)周圍的肌肉沒有辦法完全激活的狀況。
3.1 冷凍療法是急性閉合性軟組織損傷的常見處理措施 在運動醫(yī)學領域的治療方法中,除了暫時制動和應用止痛、抗炎藥物[32],為了加快閉合性軟組織損傷的康復進程,常用的措施還包括局部冷療[33-34]。肌肉拉傷是急性閉合性軟組織損傷中常見的一種運動損傷,常常發(fā)生在休閑性體育或?qū)I(yè)體育運動中[35-37]。2007年12月12日~14日,在英國體育局舉辦的肌肉拉傷相關問題討論會上,通過熱烈的討論專家們一致認為,冷療是肌肉損傷早期有效且重要的干預方式[38]。Mark A等人認為[39]急性骨骼肌損傷時,可利用冰對組織的冷卻作用,降低受傷組織的代謝率,從而治療損傷,并發(fā)現(xiàn)冰敷配合加壓包扎在降低肌肉溫度上的效果強于只做冰敷。Gregson W 和Mawhinney C也認為冷療對治療運動性肌肉損傷和損傷后的康復過程有促進作用,且冷刺激的溫度越低效果越明顯(8℃和22℃對比)[40-41]。
由此可知,局部冷療是閉合性軟組織損傷早期的有效處理方法,可通過抑制炎性反應、減輕腫脹和疼痛、降低代謝活動從而加快損傷組織恢復。在臨床應用中,應根據(jù)肌肉損傷的性質(zhì)、損傷類型、損傷深度以及表層脂肪的厚度不同而做出相應改變[42]。
3.2 冷凍療法在改善運動性肌肉損傷中的作用 運動所致的肌纖維微細損傷是誘發(fā)運動性肌肉損傷的(Exerciseinduced Muscle Damage,EIMD)主要原因[43],肌小節(jié)的破壞可促使細胞間粘附因子-1 (ICAM-1)向損傷組織遷移,同時中性粒細胞、淋巴細胞、單核細胞產(chǎn)生的促炎性細胞因子和自由基增多,進而加重肌肉損傷[44],這也是發(fā)生延遲性肌肉酸痛(Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness,DOMS)的誘因之一[45]。如何有效地緩解DOMS是運動領域研究的熱點,在眾多的方法中冷療占據(jù)了重要的 地 位。Bleakley C[45]、Leeder J[46]、Jeremyi I[47]和Kuligowski L I[48]均認為,冷水浸泡可緩解訓練后出現(xiàn)的DOMS癥狀。訓練過程中肌小節(jié)的破壞會促進炎癥反應發(fā)生以及細胞內(nèi)肌酸激酶(CK)的釋放[49-50]。TNF-α水平升高是大強度抗阻訓練后組織修復過程中發(fā)生的重要促炎性反應[51],促炎性進程對肌肉修復和再生很重要,減輕或阻斷炎癥反應同樣會阻礙或延緩修復進程[52]。Townsend J的實驗結(jié)果顯示[53],與對照組相比CWI不能降低修復過程中TNF-α的釋放,說明CWI不會對炎癥反應進程產(chǎn)生不良影響。另外,Banfi G[54]和Eston R[58]的實驗顯示,冷水浸泡后血清總CK濃度下降,表明冷水浸泡有助于降低運動引起的肌肉微損傷。
然而,冷療對DOMS影響的研究至今沒有定論,方法學的差異是造成研究結(jié)果不一致的重要原因[45,46,55,56]。Peluaga等人[57]對受試者進行每天1次45min、持續(xù)3d的冰袋冷敷后發(fā)現(xiàn),與不經(jīng)過任何處理的對照組相比,冰袋冷敷不能夠降低DOMS引起的壓痛反應,出現(xiàn)此結(jié)果的原因可能是:1)冰袋的作用范圍較??;2)治療次數(shù)少,從而造成治療效果不明顯。除此之外,Eston R和Peters D的實驗也沒有證明CWI對于肌肉壓痛和肌肉力量的丟失有積極影響[58]。Sellwood K的相似實驗證實,對于未經(jīng)任何訓練的人群來說,冷水浸泡不能改善DOMS反應[59],究其原因可能是此實驗在對受試者進行離心訓練誘發(fā)肌肉損傷的程度太輕,因此對冷水浸泡的反應不敏感。另外,Paddon-Jones DJ[60]、Naomi J[61]、Howatson G[62]、Jakeman JR[63]4人不同的實驗也得出一致的結(jié)論,認為冷療對于改善肌肉酸痛和肌肉微損傷恢復上沒有積極影響。
引起實驗結(jié)果不一致的原因有很多,受試對象運動水平、造模過程組織的損傷程度、冷療方式、冷療溫度、持續(xù)時間、冷療頻率、冷療部位等因素都會對冷療的效果產(chǎn)生影響??傮w而言,學者們還是傾向于冷療對運動引起的肌肉損傷有積極的恢復作用,尤其適用于大強度運動訓練后可能引起延遲性肌肉酸痛,因此運動訓練后進行冷凍治療還是被提倡的[64]。
3.3 冷凍療法對肌肉疲勞恢復的影響 肌肉疲勞狀態(tài)下繼續(xù)進行運動是運動損傷的重要原因之一。因此,盡可能高效地促進肌肉做功能力的恢復,是運動領域關注的一個重點。很多研究證明,冷凍療法可降低疲勞反應、促進疲勞恢復[6,65-67]。Nathan G在比較冷水浸泡、冷熱交替浸泡、熱水浸泡和熱中性水浸泡不同方式對機體的影響時發(fā)現(xiàn),冷水浸泡和冷熱交替浸泡在促進疲勞消除上更有效[6]。與此同時,Gregson W[68]也認為冷水浸泡不會降低肌糖原的再合成速率,同樣支持冷凍療法可作為一種促進疲勞恢復的積極手段。冷水浸泡可降低機體熱應力反應[69],對于在熱環(huán)境中訓練的運動員來說,CWI可通過冷卻組織、恢復運動表現(xiàn)力、維持高強度耐力性運動的表現(xiàn)能力[70-71]。Roberts LA等人[72]經(jīng)過實驗證實抗阻訓練后進行CWI可提高長時間運動訓練的適應性,有利于運動員在隨后的訓練組中完成更多工作。Rowsell GJ[73]也認為高強度間歇跑后進行5次60s浸泡60s休息的冷水浸泡有助于增強隨后的循環(huán)間歇訓練表現(xiàn)。
盡管多數(shù)研究贊同冷療在促進疲勞恢復中發(fā)揮著積極作用,Kuligowski LA[48]仍提出了不同的觀點,認為冷水浸泡和冷熱交替浸泡均不能促進肘關節(jié)屈肌群最大隨意收縮的恢復。之所以得出此結(jié)論,可能的原因有:1)受試者沒有經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)的訓練;2)實驗中進行的不是全身運動性訓練和全身冷水浸泡,而只是單純地針對上肢,所以冷水浸泡的積極效果沒能夠顯現(xiàn)出來。
3.4 冷凍療法對肌肉激活和運動表現(xiàn)的影響
3.4.1 冷凍療法對肌肉向心收縮能力的影響 Herrera E[74]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)3種不同冷療形式(冰袋冷敷、冷水浸泡、冰按摩)均可使感覺神經(jīng)傳導速度和運動神經(jīng)傳導速度減慢,復合動作電位持續(xù)時間和復合動作電位延遲時間變長,從而使肌肉表現(xiàn)能力降低。其中,冷水浸泡對感覺和運動速度的影響最明顯,對動作表現(xiàn)的影響也最大。而后,Vieira A[75]也比較了冰袋冷敷、冷水浸泡2種不同冷療方式對肌肉表現(xiàn)和肌肉激活的影響,認為冰袋冷敷和冷水浸泡都會降低肌肉向心收縮的肌肉激活能力和表現(xiàn)能力。
3.4.2 冷凍療法對肌肉等長收縮力量的影響 Jeremyi I認為[47]冷水浸泡可抑制訓練后出現(xiàn)的等長肌力的喪失。Ranatunga的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[76],25℃冷敷可增加肌肉8%的等長收縮力量,但低于25℃的冷敷會降低等長收縮肌力,這種肌力的下降和冷敷強度相關。冰袋冷敷可增加等長收縮的力矩,加大等長收縮力量。等長收縮力量的增加可能是因為適度冷療提升了高閾值運動單元募集率[74]。因此,冷凍療法在靜態(tài)肌肉收縮的運動項目訓練前或比賽前是提倡使用的。
3.4.3 冷凍療法對爆發(fā)力的影響 溫度可以通過影響肌肉粘滯性和彈性進而影響肌肉的收縮和放松能力[77—78]。人體運動時肌肉的最適溫度為38℃[79],在達到最佳溫度前,肌肉的收縮能力隨溫度的升高而增強[77]。冷凍療法可以使肌肉反應速度和收縮速度降低、形態(tài)改變、硬度增加[80]。Beelen A認為冷水浸泡會影響運動員的下肢爆發(fā)力,表現(xiàn)為垂直縱跳能力下降了23%[81]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),冷療在肌肉表現(xiàn)和肌肉電活動中存在劑量效應,溫度越低對肌肉表現(xiàn)的影響越明顯[27],等張收縮相比等長收縮運動而言更易受到冷療的抑制,高速率運動比低速率運動更易受到制約[31,82]。Parouty J等人[83]對10名頂級游泳運動員2次100m比賽間歇進行5min水溫為14℃的冷水浸泡,發(fā)現(xiàn)冷療組第2次游泳沖刺能力明顯下降,說明在連續(xù)訓練或比賽的短暫間歇期采用冷凍療法會降低機體的爆發(fā)力。Crowley G[84]和 Sleivert G[85]的實驗證實運動前進行下肢冷水浸泡或冰背心預冷卻,會降低最大無氧功率和平均無氧功率的輸出,降低機體的爆發(fā)力和速度耐力。這種無氧能力的下降主要源于組織的溫度降低抑制了肌肉的收縮能力。然而,短時間(6~7min)的熱身可以使肌肉回溫,抵消預冷處理對機體無氧代謝產(chǎn)生的負面影響。
以上研究結(jié)果引發(fā)運動醫(yī)學工作者深思,運動員接受冷療處理后立即回到賽場上是否可取?冷療雖然可起到鎮(zhèn)痛作用,但同樣會降低運動能力和本體感覺[86],更容易造成二次損傷,所以對于動態(tài)運動項目的運動員來講,冷凍療法的使用要非常謹慎。
3.4.4 冷凍療法對耐力的影響 Duffield R和 Marino F[87]的實驗顯示,對在熱環(huán)境中訓練的運動員訓練前進行身體預冷卻處理(冰背心或冰水?。┛商岣邫C體次最大強度運動表現(xiàn)。相似的,Uckert[88]對長跑運動員進行20min預冷處理(冰背心)后,發(fā)現(xiàn)跑步能力提升。由此可見,運動前進行局部預冷處理,對次最大強度或耐力性運動有積極影響,可通過提高機體承受熱應激的能力增加機體運動表現(xiàn)[89-90]。預冷處理可降低訓練前身體的溫度,提高代謝產(chǎn)熱的效率,延長身體到達極限溫度的時間,因此這種方法對于加強耐力性和抵抗性運動的運動表現(xiàn)有積極作用[75]。
這些結(jié)果提醒我們,選擇冷療方法要謹慎,除了要考慮到冷療形式、冷療時間,也要考慮到冷療的時機,并結(jié)合訓練或康復過程中肌肉將要工作的類型進行取舍。研究證明,對于靜力性運動項目或耐力性項目,運動前進行冷療干預可增加等長收縮肌力,提高運動表現(xiàn)。但不建議在動態(tài)運動項目或爆發(fā)力運動項目訓練前或比賽前應用冷凍療法,因其會降低肌肉收縮速率、降低肌肉激活及肌肉表現(xiàn),從而影響運動成績。
3.5 冷凍療法在關節(jié)源性肌肉抑制的應用 關節(jié)損傷后會出現(xiàn)肌肉組織反射性抑制,這種抑制會通過破壞正常的肌肉功能來阻礙正常的關節(jié)功能[86]。關節(jié)穩(wěn)定性發(fā)生改變后會反過來加重關節(jié)損傷,如此形成惡性循環(huán),因此,關節(jié)源性肌肉抑制(Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition,AMI)是一個亟待解決的臨床難題。冷凍療法的目的在于短時改變這種反射性抑制,在康復訓練過程中,保證患者運動神經(jīng)元池的完整性,從而改變患者受傷關節(jié)周圍的肌肉沒有辦法完全激活的狀況。
起初,人們認為損傷后疼痛感受器被激活從而抑制了肌肉功能,但后來發(fā)現(xiàn),疼痛消失后AMI依舊存在[91-95]。Rice D等人的實驗結(jié)果顯示,膝關節(jié)積液后股四頭肌激活受到抑制(力矩明顯減?。?,但經(jīng)過20min的冰袋冷敷后,抑制程度明顯降低(力矩相比對照組增加)。Hopkins J的實驗雖與Rice D選取的參考指標不同,但結(jié)論相同,均認為冷凍療法可以克服機械感受器感覺信息的改變,恢復運動神經(jīng)元池的可用性[31]。近期研究證據(jù)表明,膝關節(jié)或踝關節(jié)的冷敷可分別促進股四頭肌和比目魚肌發(fā)揮功能[31,95-99]。冷凍療法在避免肌肉訓練過程中出現(xiàn)平臺的同時增加肌肉重新獲得功能的可能性[34],這種現(xiàn)象的存在為康復工作者提供了一個信息,即肌肉訓練前可先進行20~30min的冷凍療法[31,95,97-99]。
3.6 冷凍療法對本體感覺的影響 在預防損傷和損傷康復過程中,本體感覺的作用尤為重要,常見的急性踝關節(jié)扭傷和膝關節(jié)的損傷與本體感覺的缺失息息相關[100-101]。Joseph T[102]在冷凍療法對關節(jié)位置覺影響的系統(tǒng)綜述中提到,入選的7篇文獻里,3篇研究認為冷凍療法后關節(jié)位置覺感知下降、錯誤信息的感覺增加,另外4篇認為冷凍療法對關節(jié)位置覺沒有影響。研究的關節(jié)部位不同(肩、膝、踝)、冷療形式不同、評定標準或技術不同等是造成冷療效果不同的重要原因。Haupenthal D認為[103]本體感覺的好壞可反映在機體對力的大小的感知能力上,冷敷后踝關節(jié)背屈肌對等長收縮肌力的感知明顯下降。由于冷凍療法對關節(jié)本體感覺影響的相關研究證據(jù)不足且結(jié)果不一致,所以為了得出明確的結(jié)果,更加深入地研究還應繼續(xù)。盡管研究結(jié)果不一致,但仍能給我們一個提示,即運動員在進行動態(tài)運動(如旋轉(zhuǎn)、變向、落地、跑動)項目時,運動前的冷療要謹慎。
冷凍療法是低溫醫(yī)學中的一部分,有其獨特的優(yōu)勢,低溫可使人體細胞的生命活動減慢或暫停以及產(chǎn)生自身免疫,因而盡管新的技術不斷興起,但絕不會取代冷凍治療在運動醫(yī)學領域中扮演的角色。由于冷凍療法的效果受冷療方式、持續(xù)時間、使用頻率、冷療溫度以及應用時機等因素的影響,因此在選擇此治療手段時應在明確治療目的的基礎上選擇治療方式,為了更好地指導實踐,有必要探索出一個最優(yōu)的治療策略供康復工作者參考。
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Review of Cryotherapy Study in Sports Medicine
Adopting method of literature consultation, taking "cryotherapy", "cryostimulation", "cold-water immersion", "ice pack", "hydrotherapy" and "cooling" as key words, searching through foreign language database like PubMed and EBSCO, Chinese data base like Blyun and CNKI, this thesis introduces partial cryotherapy through systematical information retrieval and analysis, summarizes its effect on body as well as study progress . Totally 81 Chinese and English articles are selected. Conclusion: outstanding contribution of cryotherapy in sports medicine feld should be emphasized by sports and rehabilitation staff, especially its positive infuence on cure and rehabilitation of sports injury, sports fatigue elimination, physical energy recovery and sports performance should be widely recognized and applied.
cryotherapy; injury; delayed onset muscle soreness; fatigue; proprioception
G804.5
A
1004 - 7662(2015 )04- 0082- 08
2015-03-01
張曉亞,碩士研究生,研究方向:運動損傷的評估、治療和預防。