林承重 張春葉 任振虎 季彤
腫瘤神經(jīng)侵犯對早期舌鱗癌預(yù)后影響的臨床回顧性研究*
林承重 張春葉 任振虎 季彤
目的:探討腫瘤神經(jīng)侵犯(perineural invasion,PNI)在早期舌鱗癌術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和局部復(fù)發(fā)中的作用。方法:對上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬第九人民醫(yī)院口腔頜面頭頸腫瘤科2008年6月至2009年12月間156例早期舌鱗癌病例篩選分析,分為PNI陽性組和PNI陰性組各40例,其年齡、性別、病理分期、臨床分期基本相同,分析兩組患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和預(yù)后與PNI及手術(shù)方式的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:PNI陽性患者較PNI陰性患者術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率高(P=0.045)、預(yù)后差(P=0.034),PNI陽性患者中嚴密觀察組比同期行頸清掃術(shù)組術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率明顯高(P=0.001),PNI對早期舌鱗癌局部復(fù)發(fā)無明顯影響(P=0.531)。結(jié)論:PNI陽性患者術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移潛能較陰性患者高,早期舌鱗癌PNI陽性患者需要行同期頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。
神經(jīng)侵犯 早期舌鱗癌 淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移 復(fù)發(fā)
口腔鱗狀細胞癌是頭頸部常見的惡性腫瘤,約占全身惡性腫瘤的3%,全球每年新發(fā)病例超過30萬。其中,舌鱗癌最為常見、惡性程度最高,可占口腔癌的50%。盡管近年來隨著手術(shù)、放療、化療水平的提高以及多學科綜合治療的開展,口腔鱗癌患者的生存質(zhì)量得到一定程度的改善,但患者5年生存率仍維持在50%上下,并無明顯改善[1]。術(shù)后頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是影響口腔鱗癌患者預(yù)后的最主要因素,因此,舌鱗癌的治療、頸部的處理和原發(fā)灶處理同樣重要[2]。但對于早期舌鱗癌,目前臨床對于是否需要行頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)以及對隱匿性轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的預(yù)防未達成共識。有研究報道對于cN0患者,行選擇性頸清掃術(shù)或嚴密隨訪,患者整體生存率并無明顯變化,但對于先觀察患者出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移征象時,再行頸清術(shù),其治愈率較同期聯(lián)合根治術(shù)者低[3-5]。而同期行選擇性頸清掃術(shù)雖然可以早期明確有無頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)
·臨床研究與應(yīng)用·移,指導(dǎo)是否行術(shù)后輔助放化療,但早期舌鱗癌隱匿性淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移僅為20%左右,這對其余80%患者存在過度治療,影響術(shù)后功能,部分患者淋巴結(jié)病理陰性,術(shù)后出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象[6]。因此,臨床上需要相關(guān)病理生物標記物,以利于預(yù)測評估舌鱗癌患者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移潛能,指導(dǎo)下一步治療。
腫瘤神經(jīng)侵犯(perineural invasion,PNI)是指腫瘤細胞侵入神經(jīng)鞘三層(神經(jīng)外膜、神經(jīng)鞘膜和神經(jīng)內(nèi)膜)的任一層,或腫瘤細胞包繞神經(jīng)周圍,且至少累及神經(jīng)束周徑的33%[7]。PNI是多數(shù)惡性腫瘤如前列腺癌、胰腺癌、結(jié)腸癌以及頭頸惡性腫瘤一種常見且非常隱蔽的擴散方式[8-10]。有報道PNI在口腔鱗癌中發(fā)生率可達22%~62%,并且是口腔鱗癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、預(yù)后以及局部復(fù)發(fā)的一項重要預(yù)測指標[11-12]。有研究認為對于伴發(fā)PNI的早期口腔癌患者,其隱匿性淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移概率較高,需要行選擇性頸清掃術(shù)[13]。但對于T1~2期無臨床淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移或術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)病理陰性舌鱗癌患者,PNI對術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移或原發(fā)灶復(fù)發(fā)有無影響,目前鮮見報道。因此,本研究通過對比PNI陽性與PNI陰性早期舌鱗癌患者臨床及預(yù)后,探討PNI、舌鱗癌手術(shù)方式與早期舌鱗癌術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移以及預(yù)后相關(guān)性。
1.1 患者選擇
選取上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬第九人民醫(yī)院口腔頜面頭頸腫瘤科2008年6月至2009年12月間手術(shù)切除、病理科確診為舌鱗狀細胞癌的T1~2期(采用UICC第7版TNM分期標準)患者156例,經(jīng)本院病理科醫(yī)師對所有組織蘇木素-伊紅染色切片再次閱片,舌鱗癌細胞浸潤腫瘤內(nèi)神經(jīng)束或包繞神經(jīng)束周徑至少33%判斷為PNI陽性,明確診斷腫瘤侵犯神經(jīng)病例47例(圖1)?;颊呒{入標準:1)術(shù)前未行放化療或其他腫瘤相關(guān)治療;2)無臨床淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移征象;3)患者未行頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)或術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)病理陰性;4)手術(shù)安全切緣(1.5 cm)陰性。將納入標準的患者分為2組,每組40例,分別為PNI陽性組和PNI陰性組,臨床病理特征相同(表1)。
1.2 隨訪
采用電話隨訪截至2015年3月,隨訪時間為63~80個月,平均隨訪時間74個月。
表1 舌鱗癌分組患者基線資料 例Table 1 Clinicopathological characteristics of the study groups n
1.3 統(tǒng)計學分析
使用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。兩組樣本各分類變量關(guān)聯(lián)性分析采用Pearson χ2檢驗,必要時采用Fisher確切檢驗,計量資料采用t檢驗,描述性分析采用病例數(shù)和百分比表示,生存分析采用Ka?plan-Meier法和Log-rank檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 原發(fā)灶復(fù)發(fā)或淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況
兩組患者中,行同期頸清術(shù)各32例(80.0%,32/ 40),無術(shù)后放療病例。術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況,PNI陽性組發(fā)生率(27.5%,11/40)顯著高于PNI陰性組(10.0%,4/40),差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.045),而原發(fā)灶復(fù)發(fā)率兩組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.531,表2)。通過分析是否同期行頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)對舌鱗癌術(shù)后原發(fā)灶復(fù)發(fā)或頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)對于PNI陽性患者,術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率觀察組(75.0%,6/8)較頸清組(15.6%,5/32)高,有顯著性差異(P=0.001,表3)。而在PNI陰性組中,術(shù)后原發(fā)灶復(fù)發(fā)與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移觀察組、頸清組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.128)。此外,而單獨分頸清組或觀察組對比PNI陽性和PNI陰性組,雖PNI陽性組術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率較陰性組高,但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.2 預(yù)后
80例患者平均隨訪時間為74個月,總體生存率為68.8%(55/80),PNI陽性組(57.5%,23/40)顯著低于PNI陰性組(80.0%,32/40)(P=0.034,圖2)。
圖1 舌鱗癌侵犯神經(jīng)HE染色Figure 1 PNI in tongue squamous cell carcinoma by H&E staining
表2 PNI與術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、局部復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān)性 n(%)Table 2 Relationship among PNI,neck,and local recurrence n(%)
表3 PNI陽性組有無同期頸淋巴結(jié)清掃對術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、局部復(fù)發(fā)影響 n(%)Table 3 Effect of neck dissection among patients with PNI-positive ear?ly squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue on post-operative lymph node metastasis and local recurrence n(%)
圖2 PNI與患者總體生存率Figure 2 Relationship between the prevalence of PNI and overall survival
腫瘤神經(jīng)侵犯是腫瘤細胞沿著與神經(jīng)束膜相連的疏松組織擴散的一種侵犯方式[7]。其發(fā)生機制尚不完全清楚,目前普遍認為腫瘤PNI的發(fā)生與癌及癌旁多種因子的變化有關(guān),特別是一些神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子和細胞間的黏附因子[14]。隨著研究的不斷進展,越來越多學者認為口腔鱗癌神經(jīng)侵犯的發(fā)生與血管生成和血管浸潤以及淋巴管生成和淋巴管浸潤一樣對口腔鱗癌的臨床及預(yù)后有重要影響。以往研究表明,PNI的發(fā)生與口腔鱗癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、臨床分期、病理分級顯著相關(guān),且PNI陽性患者預(yù)后明顯低于PNI陰性患者[15-16]。本研究通過對比T1~2N0期舌鱗癌患者發(fā)現(xiàn)PNI陽性患者總體生存率明顯低于PNI陰性患者。
頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是影響口腔鱗癌患者預(yù)后的最主要因素,尤其是位于舌部的腫瘤,因舌體具有豐富的淋巴管和血液循環(huán),加以舌的機械運動頻繁,這些促使舌鱗癌更易發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。盡管目前臨床對于早期舌鱗癌是否需要行頸淋巴結(jié)清掃未達成共識,多數(shù)文獻報道認為,PNI是口腔鱗癌發(fā)生隱匿性淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的重要預(yù)測指標,對于伴發(fā)PNI的早期口腔癌患者,其隱匿性淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移概率較高,需要行選擇性頸清掃術(shù)[13,17-18]。Tai等[17]對307例不同部位口腔鱗癌臨床病理分析發(fā)現(xiàn),PNI甚至是早期鱗癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的獨立預(yù)測指標,認為對于T1~2期無臨床淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的舌鱗癌患者,PNI是隱匿性淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移重要預(yù)測指標,PNI陽性患者需行選擇性頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。Chatzistefanou等[18]也認為,PNI不僅與早期口腔癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),更是患者出現(xiàn)術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移重要預(yù)測指標,PNI陽性的早期口腔癌患者需要行選擇性頸清掃術(shù)。本研究通過對比有無發(fā)生PNI的早期舌鱗癌患者,也發(fā)現(xiàn)PNI陽性組術(shù)后出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移概率明顯高于PNI陰性組,而且對于PNI陽性患者,觀察組術(shù)后出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移概率顯著高于頸清組,這提示PNI陽性患者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移潛能較PNI陰性患者高、預(yù)后差,對于PNI陽性的早期舌鱗癌患者,應(yīng)盡可能同期行頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),以減少術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,改善預(yù)后。舌鱗癌侵襲深度也是頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的一項重要預(yù)測指標,而多數(shù)學者認為,PNI與舌鱗癌侵襲深度也存在相關(guān)性,因為舌體黏膜下層組織中神經(jīng)纖維豐富,癌細胞侵襲越深,越容易侵及舌體的神經(jīng)束[15,19]。但本研究僅對比T1、T2期舌鱗癌,未見PNI與T分期存在明顯相關(guān),考慮到本研究PNI陽性樣本均為早期無臨床淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移或頸清術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)病理陰性患者,需擴大樣本量進一步分析研究。
舌鱗癌局部復(fù)發(fā)也是影響預(yù)后的一個重要因素。但對舌鱗癌局部復(fù)發(fā)與PNI的關(guān)系,目前未達成共識。盡管有報道PNI與口腔癌局部復(fù)發(fā)存在相關(guān)性,但大多數(shù)都不能證明PNI是局部復(fù)發(fā)的獨立預(yù)測指標[20]。也有一些學者認為,PNI與口腔癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移重要相關(guān),但與局部復(fù)發(fā)無相關(guān)性[21]。本研究對比PNI陽性組與PNI陰性組患者局部復(fù)發(fā)情況,未見顯著性差異。
美國國家綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡(luò)(National comprehensive cancer network,NCCN)臨床指南[22]認為PNI可以作為早期口腔癌術(shù)后輔助放療指征,歐洲癌癥研究與治療組織(European organization for research and treat?ment of cancer,EORTC)分析22 391例輔助放療患者,將PNI作為一個風險因素納入分析,認為PNI患者術(shù)后輔助放療有助于提高生存率[23]。但多數(shù)文獻報道,術(shù)后放療對PNI陽性早期舌鱗癌患者預(yù)后無明顯影響,且存在過度治療現(xiàn)象[18,24]。本研究的早期舌鱗癌患者均未行術(shù)后放療。對于PNI的發(fā)病機制的理解、如何提高PNI陽性患者的預(yù)后以及對PNI患者隱匿性淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的控制有待進一步研究。
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(2015-06-19收稿)
(2015-08-14修回)
(編輯:邢穎)
Clinical significance of perineural invasion among patients with early squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue
Chengzhong LIN,Chunye ZHANG,Zhenhu REN,Tong JI
Department of Oral Maxillofacial and Head and Neck Oncology,Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital,Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology,Shanghai 200011,China
This study was supported by the Municipal Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.15ZR1424600)and the Cross-Over Studies Foundation of Medicine and Science of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(No.YG2012MS58)
Objective:To investigate the effect of perineural invasion(PNI)on patients with early squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (ESCCT)and the controversial issues related to PNI's effect on loco-regional recurrence,cervical lymph node metastases,and prognosis. Methods:Data of 156 patients with ESCCT were analyzed.Two subgroups comprising 40 patients each were investigated.One was PNI-positive subgroup,and the other subgroup was consisted of patients with PNI-negative carcinomas.These patients had similar histopathological characteristics and were randomly selected from the total number of cases.The relationship among the prevalence of PNI,loco-regional recurrence,cervical lymph node metastases,and prognosis was analyzed.Results:PNI was significantly correlated with high cervical lymph node metastases and poor 5-year survival rates(P=0.045 and P=0.034,respectively)but not with local recurrence(P=0.531).Elective neck dissection was considerably associated with a low risk of regional recurrence among the PNI-positive ESCCT patients(P=0.001).Conclusion: PNI should be considered as a predictor for high cervical lymph node metastases and poor 5-year survival of early tongue squamous cell carcinoma.Elective neck lymph node dissection should be performed among patients with PNI-positive early tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
perineural invasion,early tongue squamous cell carcinoma,cervical lymph node metastases,recurrence
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2015.16.859
上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬第九人民醫(yī)院口腔頜面-頭頸腫瘤科,上海市口腔醫(yī)學重點實驗室(上海市200011)
*本文課題受上海市自然科學基金項目(編號:15ZR1424600)和上海交通大學“醫(yī)工(理)交叉研究基金”項目(編號:YG2012MS58)資助通信作者:季彤 jitong70@163.com
季彤 專業(yè)方向為口腔頜面頭頸腫瘤的治療及術(shù)后重建。
E-mail:jitong70@163.com