陳才

對(duì)書(shū)面表達(dá)中的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤同學(xué)們應(yīng)該熟知并規(guī)避，在考試中沉著應(yīng)考，細(xì)心應(yīng)對(duì)，力求書(shū)面表達(dá)做到 “全、準(zhǔn)、雅、順”。書(shū)面表達(dá)中的主要失分點(diǎn)有以下三個(gè)方面：

拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤，表達(dá)隨意

標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)與大小寫(xiě)的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤如下：

1. 句子某些專有名詞應(yīng)改大寫(xiě)而沒(méi)有，或?qū)⒛承┰~誤作專有名詞大寫(xiě)的情況。如：there is a temple on the Top of the mountain.應(yīng)為：There is a temple on the top of the mountain.

2. 句子中不使用任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，從而無(wú)法辨別句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：I got up early this morning went to the school cleaned the classroom.應(yīng)為：I got up early this morning， went to the school and cleaned the classroom.

3. 句子的結(jié)尾隨意打點(diǎn)，句子散亂。如：Li Ming didnt come to the school. Because he was ill today.這兩句有因果關(guān)系，應(yīng)用標(biāo)點(diǎn)將兩句連起來(lái)，所以應(yīng)改為：Li Ming didnt come to the school， because he was ill today.

4. 用“：”代替“，”。在英語(yǔ)書(shū)信開(kāi)頭出現(xiàn)Dear Tom：

應(yīng)為：Dear Tom，

5. 使用漢語(yǔ)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。例如，用漢語(yǔ)的 “、”來(lái)代替英語(yǔ)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。如：In the park， I saw some trees、flowers、birds、insects.應(yīng)為：In the park， I saw some trees， flowers， birds and insects.

6. 使用中文中的《》。英語(yǔ)中需要用“”來(lái)代替書(shū)名號(hào)。如：Can you lend me 《the Arabian Nights》？應(yīng)為：Can you lend me “the Arabian Nights”？

⑦英語(yǔ)中句號(hào)寫(xiě)法與漢語(yǔ)中不同，英語(yǔ)句號(hào)是一個(gè)實(shí)心點(diǎn)，而漢語(yǔ)中用圓圈。如：Having finished his homework，Xiao Li went home。應(yīng)為：Having finished his homework，Xiao Li went home.

以上種種錯(cuò)誤都是誤用標(biāo)點(diǎn)或者濫用標(biāo)點(diǎn)，另外還需注意大小寫(xiě)的問(wèn)題，在寫(xiě)作完成后，檢查全文時(shí)應(yīng)注意一下幾點(diǎn)：

①注意標(biāo)題的大小寫(xiě)。標(biāo)題開(kāi)頭第一個(gè)詞詞首要大寫(xiě)，除介詞、冠詞、連詞以外的實(shí)詞，每個(gè)詞詞首也都要大寫(xiě)。

②姓與名的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。如“丁俊暉”應(yīng)寫(xiě)成Ding Junhui，不能寫(xiě)成Ding Jun Hui.

③專有名詞中實(shí)詞要大寫(xiě)。如the United States of America。英語(yǔ)中有些固定要大寫(xiě)的名詞，如大洲、大洋、江、河、國(guó)家、地名、星期幾等。

④一句句首要大寫(xiě)，句中非規(guī)定要大寫(xiě)的詞不能大寫(xiě)。

⑤注意英語(yǔ)中標(biāo)點(diǎn)的用法與寫(xiě)法，與漢語(yǔ)還有不同之處，如漢語(yǔ)中表示省略用六個(gè)點(diǎn)，英語(yǔ)中只用三個(gè)點(diǎn)，而且必須下標(biāo)，與前后各空一格；漢語(yǔ)中引用某人說(shuō)話的原文時(shí)，往往首先在“說(shuō)”這個(gè)詞之后加冒號(hào)，英語(yǔ)中這種情況下既可用冒號(hào)，又可以用逗號(hào)。

搭配不當(dāng)，用詞不準(zhǔn)確

常用詞和詞組往往是由它們?cè)谶\(yùn)用中的頻率和練習(xí)中的作用所決定的。對(duì)于常用詞和詞組，復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)要求要高一些，即要能熟練準(zhǔn)確地掌握，自如地運(yùn)用。要達(dá)到這一點(diǎn)，首先要研究這些詞和詞組的真實(shí)含意和習(xí)慣表達(dá)法。在表達(dá)中，漢語(yǔ)一個(gè)字組成各種詞組在英語(yǔ)中要用各種詞組來(lái)表示，如：請(qǐng)假：ask for leave；請(qǐng)人吃飯：invite sb. for dinner；請(qǐng)人唱歌：ask sb. to sing a song；請(qǐng)問(wèn)（勞駕）：excuse me；請(qǐng)醫(yī)生：send（sb.） for a doctor；請(qǐng)隨意：help yourself。

有同學(xué)在寫(xiě)作時(shí)，常常把一些固定詞組、習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和固定句型錯(cuò)誤搭配，結(jié)果寫(xiě)出來(lái)的句子讓人看不懂。

①你愿意幫我忙嗎？

誤Will you give me a favour？

正Will you do me a favour？

析 “幫某人一個(gè)忙”、“給某人恩惠”應(yīng)是do sb. a favour.

②在回家的路上，史密斯夫人的錢(qián)包被搶了。

誤Mrs. Smiths wallet was robbed from her on her way home.

正Mrs. Smiths wallet was stolen from her on her way home.

正Mrs. Smiths wallet was robbed of her on her way home.

析 “搶某人某物”譯為steal+某物+from+某人或場(chǎng)所，或rob+人或場(chǎng)所+of+某物。

③你認(rèn)為工程師的演講怎么樣？

誤How do you think of the speech made by the engineer？

正What do you think of the speech made by the engineer？

析 本句的錯(cuò)誤在于有同學(xué)對(duì)what ... think of的結(jié)構(gòu)概念模糊加上母語(yǔ)的干擾而造成的。what在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中作think的賓語(yǔ)。what do you think of ... 還可以說(shuō)How do you like ... ？ how在句子中是疑問(wèn)副詞，作狀語(yǔ)。

結(jié)構(gòu)混亂，成分殘缺

有些同學(xué)在全文結(jié)束時(shí)畫(huà)蛇添足，加上一句錯(cuò)誤的問(wèn)句。比如： Are you agree？/So what do you choice？

1. 句子缺謂語(yǔ)。

一個(gè)句子至少包括主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)兩部分（祈使句除外）。如果把句子的某一個(gè)部分當(dāng)成一個(gè)句子，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致非完整句子。

誤The building like a match box.

正The building is/looks like a match box.

誤He told me that all my classmates sitting in the classroom.

正He told me that all my classmates were sitting in the classroom.

兩個(gè)各含有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的分句不能寫(xiě)在一起，也不能只用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。

誤There were foreigners came to our school.

正There were foreigners who came to our school.

誤Without a friend will feel lonely.

正Without a friend one will feel lonely.

誤The girls cleaned the desks and chairs， the boys mopped the floor.

正The girls cleaned the desks and chairs； the boys mopped the floor.

正The girls cleaned the desks and chairs， and the boys mopped the floor.

誤The book was interesting， I read it rapidly.

正The book was interesting； I read it rapidly.

正The book was interesting， and I read it rapidly.

2. 句子不完整。

有的同學(xué)因?yàn)閷?duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)認(rèn)識(shí)模糊，所以出現(xiàn)只寫(xiě)半句的現(xiàn)象，這也是造成失分的原因之一。

誤Because the kids thought their wages were too low.

正Because the kids thought their wages were too low， they demanded a high pay.

誤While waiting for the bus.

正While waiting for the bus， he talked with the little girl.

3. be動(dòng)詞遺漏。

在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中，漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞的句子是允許的，英語(yǔ)中每個(gè)完整的句子都必須有動(dòng)詞來(lái)承擔(dān)謂語(yǔ)，如：“我累了。”這個(gè)句子沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)，而用形容詞，但英語(yǔ)形容詞不能作謂語(yǔ)，一定要寫(xiě)成：Im tired.

誤He will sure to come and help me.

正He will be sure to come and help me.

4. 介詞、冠詞遺漏。

還有一些同學(xué)因?yàn)闆](méi)有熟練掌握介詞或者冠詞的用法，也會(huì)出現(xiàn)明顯的錯(cuò)誤，造成丟分現(xiàn)象。

誤Because his mistake several people died.

正Because of his mistake several people died.

誤I have never seen such beautiful picture.

正I have never seen such a beautiful picture.

5. 修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)位。

英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)不同，同一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)置于句子不同的位置，句子的含義可能引起變化.對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)中國(guó)學(xué)生往往沒(méi)有引起足夠的重視，因而造成了不必要的誤解。

如：I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.

析 better位置不當(dāng)，應(yīng)置于句末。