第一作者盧富德男,博士,1982年11月生
通信作者高德男,教授,1963年6月生
郵箱:gaode63@163.com
植物纖維餐具碗在運輸包裝環(huán)境抗沖擊行為有限元分析
盧富德, 高德
(浙江大學(xué)寧波理工學(xué)院,浙江寧波315100)
摘要:為分析運輸環(huán)境中可降解餐具碗在發(fā)泡聚苯乙烯緩沖下的沖擊性能,并為此類產(chǎn)品的破壞模式給予評估,利用ABAQUS/Explicit建立碗與發(fā)泡聚苯乙烯在跌落沖擊下的有限元模型。引入失效準則及單元刪除研究餐具碗破損規(guī)律,分析跌落速度對碗的影響規(guī)律,并與無緩沖包裝碗的跌落進行對比。分析碗疊合在緩沖泡沫作用下的沖擊響應(yīng)。結(jié)果表明,泡沫緩沖對沖擊結(jié)果影響較大,可有效避免碗的破損。
關(guān)鍵詞:植物纖維;餐具碗;包裝;沖擊;失效
收稿日期:2013-10-09修改稿收到日期:2013-11-28
中圖分類號:TB486文獻標志碼:A
基金項目:武器裝備預(yù)先研究
基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金重點項目(50638010)及科技部國家重點實驗室基礎(chǔ)研究資助項目(SLDRCE08-A-03)及河南省教育廳科學(xué)技術(shù)研究重點項目(13A560691)
Finite element analysis for anti-impact behavior of biogradable plant fibre bowls with foam cushioning packaging
LUFu-de,GAODe(Ningbo Institute of Technology,Zhejiang University,Ningbo 315100,China)
Abstract:In order to investigate the impact responses of biogradable bowls made of plant fibre and evaluate the damage mode of this type of products, a finite element model of a bowl with foam cushioning packaging subjected to drop impact was established with ABAQUS/Explicit. Failure criterion and mesh deleting were introduced to study the fracture law of the plant fibre bowl under free fall loadings. Then, the influences of drop velocity and the foam cushion on the dynamic responses of the bowl were analyzed, and the impact responses of the bowl were compared with those of the bowl without foam packaging. Finally, the impact response of several bowls stacked together was investigated. The results showed that the effect of the foam cushioning on the bowls’ impacted results is significant, it can be used to effectively avoid the damage of the bowls.
Key words:plant fibre; bowl; packaging; drop impact; failure
產(chǎn)品在流通中需要緩沖包裝,以吸收外界產(chǎn)生的能量,保護產(chǎn)品的完整性及可靠性。Newton[1]最早提出破損邊界曲線概念,認為產(chǎn)品破壞源于其易損零件,緩沖包裝在跌落時生成的脈沖傳到產(chǎn)品主體,通過連接件剛度傳到易損零件,當易損零件最大響應(yīng)加速度大于本身極限加速度則會發(fā)生物理或功能破壞,導(dǎo)致整個產(chǎn)品不能正常使用。利用產(chǎn)品的最大加速度響應(yīng)判斷其失效與否為較有效途徑[2-3]。
一般產(chǎn)品緩沖包裝材料的力學(xué)行為呈非線性力特征,Wang等[4]研究瓦楞紙板緩沖系統(tǒng)非線性沖擊行為;高德等[5-9]以發(fā)泡聚乙烯、瓦楞紙板、蜂窩紙板緩沖材料為研究對象,介紹實際產(chǎn)品的緩沖動力學(xué)響應(yīng)。該理論方法為分析電子產(chǎn)品易損件受沖擊或振動載荷時的動力學(xué)響應(yīng)奠定基礎(chǔ)。而對某些產(chǎn)品如植物纖維餐具碗[10],無法離散出易損零件及產(chǎn)品主體,應(yīng)按文獻[11]的研究思路,須考慮產(chǎn)品整體變形,求解產(chǎn)品應(yīng)力分布判斷產(chǎn)品局部出現(xiàn)的破壞,方能可靠預(yù)測其抗沖擊行為。
鑒于此,本文利用ABAQUS/Explicit建立可降解餐具碗在緩沖包裝作用下的有限元模型,研究其在泡沫包裝下受沖擊載荷的應(yīng)力分布及抗沖擊行為,為此類產(chǎn)品的防護包裝提供依據(jù)。
1緩沖系統(tǒng)力學(xué)性能
1.1植物纖維材料力學(xué)性能
植物纖維餐具碗厚度遠小于其高度、直徑等尺寸,具有一般薄殼的幾何屬性。受壓縮時碗殼單元為拉伸與彎曲的組合變形,因此需植物纖維材料的拉伸性能用于求解結(jié)構(gòu)有限元響應(yīng)[12]。對植物纖維材料拉伸試驗,所得應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變關(guān)系見圖1。由圖1曲線看出,OP段為線彈性階段,PQ段為塑性階段,而QR段則為應(yīng)力強化階段。R點對應(yīng)材料的失效萌生點,RS為失效的演化階段,演化應(yīng)變較小。植物纖維材料的力學(xué)性能參數(shù)見表1。由表1看出,該材料性能較符合ABAQUS/Explicit中Ductile damage失效本構(gòu)模型;損傷演化階段不明顯,即斷裂能較小,材料表現(xiàn)出一定脆性。
圖1 植物纖維材料應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變關(guān)系Fig.1Thesress-strainrelationshipofplantfibre圖2 Ductiles失效應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變關(guān)系Fig.2stress-strainforductiledamage
表1 植物纖維材料基本參數(shù)
1.2緩沖材料力學(xué)EPS性能
利用緩沖材料發(fā)泡聚苯乙烯EPS,密度為28 kg/m3,彈性模量4 MPa,泊松比為0。將塑性屈服階段力學(xué)行為應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線[13]用于ABAQUS中,即可進行有限元模擬。
2餐具碗運輸包裝有限元模型
泡沫EPS有限元模型用Crushable foam模型,采用橢圓屈服面(坐標為偏應(yīng)力、靜水壓力),單軸初始屈服應(yīng)力與靜水壓初始屈服應(yīng)力比為1.1,靜水拉應(yīng)力與靜水壓應(yīng)力比為0.1[15]。
圖3 餐具碗有限元模型 Fig.3 Finite element model of plant fibre bowl
3數(shù)值結(jié)果
3.1泡沫緩沖作用
以2個碗疊合為例,對餐具碗向下施5 m/s加速度進行有限元分析,不同位置的應(yīng)力隨時間變化響應(yīng)見圖4。由圖4看出,兩個碗的破壞形式大致相同,均為底部出現(xiàn)裂紋,遠離底部處為彈性變形;裂紋尖端,即位置1處的應(yīng)力在0.000 5 s處突然從最大值19.8 MPa降到0,預(yù)示碗發(fā)生破壞,由于植物纖維斷裂演化應(yīng)變較小,應(yīng)力值迅速下降,表現(xiàn)出一定的脆性破壞形式。圖5顯示下層碗底部出現(xiàn)裂紋,兩層碗出現(xiàn)相同的破壞規(guī)律。圖6為運輸包裝餐具碗,跌落速度增加到8 m/s,但2層碗未出現(xiàn)破壞,此因碗下面有5 mm的EPS作為緩沖。
圖4 碗不同位置應(yīng)力-時間響應(yīng) Fig.4 Stress-time history
圖5 下層餐具碗應(yīng)力云圖(0.000 74 s) Fig.5 Stress nephogram of bottom layer bowl at the time of 0.000 74 s
圖6 速度8 m/s時緩沖系統(tǒng)應(yīng)力云圖(t=0.001 6 s) Fig.6 Stress history of bowl with foam packaging when velocity is 8 m/s(t=0.001 6 s)
圖7 運輸包裝餐具碗不同位置應(yīng)力-時間響應(yīng) Fig.7 Stress-time history with foam packaging
圖8 六層碗疊合有限元模型 Fig.8 Finite element model of 6-layered bowl
圖9 六層碗應(yīng)力云圖 Fig.9 Stress distribution of 6-layered bowl
圖10 位置P處2、6層碗底面應(yīng)力-時間對比 Fig.10 Comparison of stress-time curves of the bottom of the bowl between 2-layer and 6-layer bowl with foam packaging
圖7為對應(yīng)的應(yīng)力-時間曲線,可見應(yīng)力均未達到植物纖維的破壞極限,碗是正常的。
3.2餐疊合層數(shù)影響
對碗疊合2層、6層,見圖8。沖擊速度為5 m/s時,即使層數(shù)增加到6層,仍未見破壞現(xiàn)象,見圖9。增加最下層碗的應(yīng)力響應(yīng),見圖10。由于碗的厚度較小,在該沖擊速度下,每層碗具有的動能僅0.54 J,能量較小,層的影響相對較小。
4結(jié)論
(1)本文引入失效準則及單元刪除,在試驗基礎(chǔ)上,利用ABAQUS/Explicit模擬餐具碗在運輸包裝環(huán)境下的破損規(guī)律,克服試驗手段難以測試動態(tài)裂紋弊端。結(jié)果表明,由于餐具碗跌落動態(tài)源于自身重力勢能,碗薄能量較小,用5 mm的EPS泡沫即可改善整體結(jié)構(gòu)的防撞性能。
(2)由于碗自身無易損件與產(chǎn)品主體之分,故產(chǎn)品破損與否較難用碗所受加速度響應(yīng)判斷。所建有限元模型,可為此類產(chǎn)品的破壞機理研究提供依據(jù)。
參考文獻
[1]Newton R E. Fragility assessment theory and practice[R]. Monterey Research Laboratory, Inc. Monterey, Califonia, 1968.
[2]Kim S C, Cho D G, Kim T G, et al.Finite element analysis for shock resistance evaluation of cushion-packaged multifunction printer considering internal modules[J]. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 2013, 135 (41001):1-6.
[3]Wang J, Wang Z W, Duan F, et al. Dropping shock response of corrugated paperboard cushioning packaging system[J]. Journal of Vibration and Control, 2013, 19(3): 336-340.
[4]Wang Z W,Jiang J H. Evaluation of product dropping damage based on key component[J].Packaging Technology and Science,2010,123(4):227-238.
[5]高德,盧富德.基于桿式彈性易損部件的非線性系統(tǒng)跌落沖擊研究[J].振動與沖擊,2012,31 (15): 47-49.
GAO De, LU Fu-de. Drop impact analysis of packaging system with bar type elastic critical components[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2012,31 (15): 47-49.
[6]盧富德,陶偉明,高德.具有簡支梁式易損部件的產(chǎn)品包裝系統(tǒng)跌落沖擊研究[J].振動與沖擊,2012,31 (15): 79- 81.
LU Fu-de,TAO Wei-ming, GAO De.Drop impact analysis on item packaging system with beam type elastic critical component[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock,2012,31 (15): 79-81.
[7]盧富德,高德. 考慮蜂窩紙板箱緩沖作用的產(chǎn)品包裝系統(tǒng)跌落沖擊研究[J].振動工程學(xué)報,2012,25(3):335-341.
LU Fu-de, GAO De. Study on drop impact of packaging system considering the cushioning action of honeycomb paperboard box[J].Journal of Vibration Engineering,2012, 25(3):335-341.
[8]高德,盧富德. 聚乙烯緩沖材料多自由度跌落包裝系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化設(shè)計.振動與沖擊,2012,31(3):69-72.
GAO De, LU Fu-de. Optimization design of MDOF package cushioning system made of polyethylene[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock,2012,31(3):69-72.
[9]盧富德,陶偉明,高德.瓦楞紙板串聯(lián)緩沖系統(tǒng)動力學(xué)響應(yīng)[J].振動與沖擊,2012,31 (21): 30-32.
LU Fu-de, TAO Wei-ming, GAO De. Dynamic response of a series cushioning packaging system made of multi-layer corrugated paperboard[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2012,31 (21): 30-32.
[10]高德,景全榮,徐鋒. 玉米秸稈包裝容器壓縮性能分析[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2009,40(3):117-120.
GAO De,JING Quan-rong, XU Feng. Compression property analysis of plant straw packaging container[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2009, 40(3):117-120,129.
[11]Gao D, Lu F D,Chen S J.Drop impact analysis of cushioning system with an elastic critical component of cantilever beam type[J].Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2013 (2013):1-5.
[12]Sun G Y,Li G,Hou S J. Crashworthiness design for functionally graded foam-filled thin-walled structures [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2010, 527(7/8): 1911-1919.
[13]Lu F D,Tao W M,Gao D.Virtual mass method for solution of dynamic response of composite cushion packaging system[J].Packaging Technology and Science, 2013,26(S1):32-42.
[14]Grimaldi A, Sollo A, Guida M,et al. Parametric study of a SPH high velocity impact analysis-A birdstrike windshield application[J].Composite Structures, 2013, 96(1): 616-630.
[15]張紹云,儲火,盧富德,等.泡沫-蜂窩緩沖系統(tǒng)動力學(xué)有限元分析[J].振動與沖擊,2014,33(2):1-5.
ZHANG Shao-yun, CHU Huo, LU Fu-de, et al. Finite element analysis for dynamic response of cushioning system made out of foam and honeycomb structure[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2014,33(2):1-5.