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      干細(xì)胞樣SP細(xì)胞研究進(jìn)展

      2016-02-12 14:06:51胡均岳欣
      天津醫(yī)藥 2016年4期
      關(guān)鍵詞:綜述干細(xì)胞

      胡均,岳欣

      ?

      綜述

      干細(xì)胞樣SP細(xì)胞研究進(jìn)展

      胡均,岳欣

      摘要:干細(xì)胞樣SP細(xì)胞是近年來在很多正常組織和惡性腫瘤組織及細(xì)胞系中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種具有不同程度分化潛能和自我更新能力的細(xì)胞群體。雖然SP細(xì)胞在總體細(xì)胞中所占比例很低,但這部分具有干細(xì)胞特性的細(xì)胞在干細(xì)胞以及腫瘤干細(xì)胞研究方面起著越來越重要的作用。本文綜述了SP細(xì)胞的發(fā)現(xiàn)、生物學(xué)特性、與腫瘤干細(xì)胞之間的關(guān)系以及SP細(xì)胞的未來臨床應(yīng)用等。最后對(duì)SP細(xì)胞的發(fā)展進(jìn)行了展望。

      關(guān)鍵詞:干細(xì)胞;腫瘤干細(xì)胞;綜述;SP細(xì)胞

      在干細(xì)胞研究中,SP細(xì)胞(side population cells)是近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)的具有一定程度自我更新和分化潛能的細(xì)胞群體,擁有干細(xì)胞的特性[1]。目前已經(jīng)在很多組織[2-4],如在血液系統(tǒng)、骨骼肌、心肌、皮膚、乳腺、神經(jīng)、腦、肝臟、脾臟、腎臟、肺、小腸,以及各種腫瘤組織,如膽囊癌[5-7]、胃癌[8-9]、胰腺癌[10-11]、肝癌[12]、口腔癌[13]、骨肉瘤[14]、肺癌[15-16]、膀胱癌[17]、結(jié)腸癌[18-20]、子宮內(nèi)膜癌[21]、乳腺癌[22]、喉癌[23]、卵巢癌[24]、垂體瘤[25]、腦膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤[26]、平滑肌瘤[27]、黑色素瘤[28]、前列腺癌[29]及相應(yīng)腫瘤細(xì)胞系中均發(fā)現(xiàn)了具有干細(xì)胞特性的SP細(xì)胞。SP細(xì)胞的發(fā)現(xiàn)使得人們對(duì)干細(xì)胞的認(rèn)識(shí)又增添了一條全新的途徑。隨著對(duì)SP細(xì)胞研究的進(jìn)一步深入,可以預(yù)言,在當(dāng)前分離純化干細(xì)胞、但同時(shí)尚缺乏特異性細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)志的情況下,SP細(xì)胞的研究將在干細(xì)胞生物學(xué)方面有著廣闊的前景并具有極其深遠(yuǎn)的意義。

      1 SP細(xì)胞的概念

      1996年,Goodell等[30]用DNA染料Hoechst33342進(jìn)行骨髓細(xì)胞染色時(shí),在流式細(xì)胞儀上發(fā)現(xiàn)有一小群細(xì)胞染色偏低(約占總骨髓細(xì)胞的0.05%),與其他大部分細(xì)胞不同,便把這一小部分染色偏弱的細(xì)胞命名為side population cells,即SP細(xì)胞,也叫側(cè)群細(xì)胞。它們有很強(qiáng)的增殖能力和重建造血系統(tǒng)的功能,并且絕大部分細(xì)胞都表達(dá)造血干細(xì)胞(haemopoietic stem cell,HSC)的表面標(biāo)志物。把它們移植到受致死照射劑量處理的小鼠體內(nèi)后,則可以表現(xiàn)出重建造血系統(tǒng)的能力。這群細(xì)胞之所以呈現(xiàn)弱染狀態(tài),是因?yàn)槠鋵?duì)多種染料具有排斥作用,目前研究認(rèn)為可能是其細(xì)胞表面的ATP 結(jié) 合 轉(zhuǎn) 運(yùn) 蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporters)將Hoechst33342泵出細(xì)胞體外的緣故。

      2 SP細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)特性

      干細(xì)胞是一類尚未分化的細(xì)胞或是原始細(xì)胞,多潛能分化和自我更新是其兩個(gè)主要的生物學(xué)特性[31]。SP細(xì)胞之所以能引起眾多的關(guān)注,主要得益于其具有類似干細(xì)胞的性質(zhì)。Kondo等[32]從神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系C6中分離出SP細(xì)胞及非SP細(xì)胞,加入相應(yīng)的生長因子后進(jìn)行體外培養(yǎng),結(jié)果顯示SP細(xì)胞相對(duì)于非SP細(xì)胞具有類似干細(xì)胞的特征,如自我更新和分化能力。另外,SP細(xì)胞相對(duì)于非SP細(xì)胞以及總體細(xì)胞而言,擁有較為明顯的高度惡性和較強(qiáng)的體外增殖能力的特點(diǎn)[14]。SP細(xì)胞在全部細(xì)胞中所占的比例很低(0.01%~0.02%),但其在腫瘤組織的耐藥性方面起著決定性作用[20]。雖然腫瘤SP細(xì)胞對(duì)染料和藥物排斥作用的分子機(jī)制還不十分清楚,但已有證據(jù)顯示可能與經(jīng)典的耐藥途徑產(chǎn)生機(jī)制基本相似,即與細(xì)胞膜上的ATP結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白有關(guān),特別是那些由多藥耐藥基因 1(multidrug-resistance transporter 1,MDR-1)編碼的MDR蛋白(MRP)和乳腺癌耐藥蛋白1 (breast cancer resistance protein 1,BCRP-1),以及非特異性載體如P-糖蛋白的過度表達(dá)導(dǎo)致了藥物外泄。位于SP細(xì)胞表面的ATP結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白可以將化療藥物泵出細(xì)胞外,從而降低胞內(nèi)藥物濃度,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致SP細(xì)胞對(duì)化療藥物的敏感度降低[36-37]。這也是為何SP細(xì)胞可以將熒光染料Hoechst33342排出到細(xì)胞體外,從而導(dǎo)致其在流式分析中呈現(xiàn)出弱染色狀態(tài)的緣故。

      3 腫瘤SP細(xì)胞與腫瘤干細(xì)胞

      并非所有的腫瘤細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)外都具有形成克隆和致瘤的能力,在進(jìn)行腫瘤細(xì)胞體外裸鼠致瘤實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí),通常需要注射大量腫瘤細(xì)胞才能在注射部位形成腫瘤。而腫瘤干細(xì)胞理論的出現(xiàn)則可以很好地彌補(bǔ)傳統(tǒng)腫瘤理論的不足[35]。該理論認(rèn)為,在惡性腫瘤組織中,僅有少量的腫瘤細(xì)胞,也就是腫瘤干細(xì)胞,在惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中起著干細(xì)胞作用,它們可以不斷自我更新和分化,從而維持惡性腫瘤組織生長和轉(zhuǎn)移;另外,它們還可以分化成各種腫瘤細(xì)胞和非腫瘤細(xì)胞,這些細(xì)胞在惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移過程中起著極為關(guān)鍵的作用。而腫瘤組織中其余的大部分細(xì)胞在經(jīng)過短暫的分化后,即使沒有化療藥物的作用也會(huì)最終走向凋亡或死亡。這些少數(shù)的腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)化療藥物的明顯耐藥性是惡性腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)和(或)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的根本原因,同時(shí)也是惡性腫瘤患者難以治愈而最終死亡的最主要原因。腫瘤組織中的SP細(xì)胞,因細(xì)胞表面ATP轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)載體的存在,使其產(chǎn)生了一定的耐藥性,從而逃過化療藥物的攻擊。雖然很多學(xué)者在不斷探索和開發(fā)新的化療藥物,并采取各種增強(qiáng)化療藥物作用的手段,但至今仍收效甚微[36]。即使在臨床上進(jìn)行了根治性切除和化療、放療或介入治療等,患者的5年生存率也很低,這些臨床實(shí)踐結(jié)果使人們感到失望和困惑,也迫使人們重新審視傳統(tǒng)的腫瘤理論和以往的研究思路及方法。在漫長的進(jìn)化過程中,干細(xì)胞可以將進(jìn)入機(jī)體的危險(xiǎn)因素如毒物、藥物等物質(zhì)通過細(xì)胞膜表面的ABCG2(ATP-binding cassette superfamily G member 2)/BCRP1蛋白排出體外,從而維持機(jī)體遺傳的穩(wěn)定性。而這種保護(hù)性機(jī)制應(yīng)用在腫瘤干細(xì)胞時(shí),便會(huì)出現(xiàn)常見的腫瘤耐藥性、局部復(fù)發(fā)、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移等臨床表現(xiàn)。

      4 SP細(xì)胞的表面標(biāo)志物

      研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在很多正常組織和腫瘤細(xì)胞系中均存在著具有自我更新和分化潛能的SP細(xì)胞,并且均高表達(dá)ABCG2/ BCRP1[37]。最近的研究亦表明,ATP結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白家族中的多藥耐藥蛋白MDR-1及人ABCG2和鼠BCRP1與造血干/祖細(xì)胞泵出Hochest染料的特性有關(guān)。多數(shù)學(xué)者研究認(rèn)為,SP細(xì)胞很可能代表了一群原始的干細(xì)胞或早期干細(xì)胞,其特征是CD34low/neg[26]。在各種干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物中,BCRP1基因是相對(duì)保守的,多在較為原始的造血干細(xì)胞中高表達(dá),其在分化過程中表達(dá)水平迅速下降,在成熟細(xì)胞中表達(dá)非常低。這些研究表明,ABCG2/BCRP1是SP表型的重要決定因子,同時(shí)可以作為各種來源干細(xì)胞的一種標(biāo)志[38-39]。

      5 SP細(xì)胞的臨床價(jià)值展望

      Carvalho等[21]進(jìn)行的卵巢癌干細(xì)胞異種移植實(shí)驗(yàn)為干細(xì)胞的臨床應(yīng)用展示了誘人的前景。Olmsted-Davis等[40]從鼠骨髓細(xì)胞中分離出SP細(xì)胞,利用單基因標(biāo)記后移植到受致死劑量照射后的鼠體內(nèi),隨后觀察到這些SP細(xì)胞使得原本幾乎耗竭的骨祖細(xì)胞池獲得了再生。Jackson等[41]獲取了Rosa26轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠分離的骨髓SP細(xì)胞,將它們移植到受致死劑量照射并且冠狀動(dòng)脈局部缺血的小鼠心肌以及血管中,隨后發(fā)現(xiàn)在梗死區(qū)出現(xiàn)了SP細(xì)胞來源的心肌細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞。上述實(shí)驗(yàn)初步顯示了SP細(xì)胞在干細(xì)胞臨床應(yīng)用方面的廣闊前景[42]。在腫瘤治療方面,如果將治療的靶點(diǎn)定位于具有腫瘤干細(xì)胞特性的腫瘤SP細(xì)胞上,那么便可以有效殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞[43]。

      6 結(jié)語

      一方面,筆者可以認(rèn)為SP表型可以用來作為一種干細(xì)胞的功能性標(biāo)志,但同時(shí)我們也應(yīng)該意識(shí)到SP表型與目前廣泛承認(rèn)的干細(xì)胞的特異性標(biāo)記還存在著一定的差異。如何解釋這種差異以及SP細(xì)胞與干細(xì)胞或是前體細(xì)胞之間到底存在什么樣的關(guān)系,將是今后研究的方向和重點(diǎn)。SP細(xì)胞具有一定程度上的干細(xì)胞特性,但是SP細(xì)胞是否就等同于干細(xì)胞,還是SP細(xì)胞僅僅只是干細(xì)胞的一個(gè)亞群,這兩者之間到底存在何種關(guān)系等一系列的問題都還不甚明了[44],還需要更深一步的探究。即使目前的研究傾向性地認(rèn)為:腫瘤SP細(xì)胞并不完全等同于腫瘤干細(xì)胞,而是相對(duì)富集了腫瘤干細(xì)胞[45]。SP細(xì)胞包含了很大一部分干細(xì)胞,但還有一部分干細(xì)胞是位于SP細(xì)胞之外的。即使目前認(rèn)為SP細(xì)胞的分選存在一定的不穩(wěn)定性[46]和細(xì)胞毒性[47],但并不妨礙今后利用其來對(duì)干細(xì)胞生物學(xué)進(jìn)行深入研究。在今天,利用排出Hoechst33342染料的特性來分離純化各種組織以及惡性腫瘤的干細(xì)胞或是前體細(xì)胞的方法已經(jīng)被證實(shí)是一種高效而實(shí)用的策略,尤其是在那些缺乏特異性細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)志的組織中。

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      (2015-11-30收稿2015-12-09修回)

      (本文編輯李鵬)

      Advances in the stem cell-like side population cells

      HU Jun,YUE Xin
      Department of Colorectum,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,the National Clinical Research Center of Cancer,and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China Corresponding Author and RevisorE-mail:yuexin@tjmuch.com

      Abstract:Recently,stem cell like side population(SP)cells have been found in many normal organizations and malignant tumors,which have the proficiency of differentiation and self-renewal.These cells play an important role in cancer stem cell research,though they occupy a low proportion in total cells.Here,we reviewed the foundation of SP cells,and their relationship with stem cells,and the clinical application in the future.

      Key words:stem cells;neoplastic stem cells;review;SPcells

      中圖分類號(hào):R735

      文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A

      DOI:10.11958/20150349

      基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81101870);天津市衛(wèi)生局科技基金項(xiàng)目(2014KZ080)

      作者單位:天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院結(jié)直腸科,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市“腫瘤防治”重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(郵編300060)

      作者簡介:胡均(1979),男,博士研究生,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事結(jié)直腸腫瘤的診治和研究

      通訊作者及審校者E-mail:yuexin@tjmuch.com

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