李華英,黃守國
(中南大學湘雅醫(yī)學院附屬??卺t(yī)院婦產科,海南海口570208)
Gal3ST-2基因表達與惡性腫瘤細胞轉移關系的研究進展
李華英,黃守國
(中南大學湘雅醫(yī)學院附屬??卺t(yī)院婦產科,海南???70208)
惡性腫瘤轉移是一個多步驟、多因素綜合參與的極其復雜的過程,而惡性腫瘤細胞轉移也是惡性腫瘤致死性的主要原因。研究表明,惡性腫瘤細胞的轉移與轉移基因的分布及表達密切相關。半乳糖:3-O-磺?;D移酶-2(Gal3ST-2)是1989年發(fā)現的磺?;D移基因,其特定的結構與廣泛的組織分布以及明顯的促惡性腫瘤轉移作用尤為引人注目。
磺?;D移酶;腫瘤;惡性;轉移;基因;表達
隨著長期以來對惡性腫瘤細胞轉移機制的深入研究發(fā)現,惡性腫瘤的轉移是轉移基因與抑制轉移基因參與調節(jié)的復雜過程,通過腫瘤轉移相關基因表達的改變,以及一系列相關因子的參與,對腫瘤轉移整個過程進行調控。轉移基因是指直接促進轉移發(fā)生的關鍵基因,其存在或表達增強會引起侵襲轉移的發(fā)生。半乳糖:3-O-磺酰基轉移酶-2(Gal3ST-2)基因是近年來研究較熱的腫瘤轉移基因,是半乳糖:3-O-磺酰基轉移酶基因家族(Gal3STs)中的一員,此基因家族已克隆出有四個成員,分別為腦苷脂磺?;D移酶基因Gal3ST-1(CST)、Gal3ST-2(GP3ST)、Gal3ST-3、Gal3ST-4,它們在人體的分布具有組織特異性。Gal3ST-2(GP3ST)分布廣泛,在心臟、胃、結腸、肝臟和脾臟中表達相對較高[1]。Gal3ST-3主要表達在甲狀腺、腎臟和腦中[2];Gal3ST-4主要表達在胎盤、胸腺、睪丸、卵巢、脊髓、氣管、腎上腺中[3]。在國內外近年來的研究發(fā)現Gal3ST-2在多種腫瘤組織中表達具有差異性,以及催化所形成的磺?;擎溑c腫瘤轉移潛能密切相關[4-7]。
半乳糖:3-O-磺?;D移酶-2(Gal:3-O-Sulfotransferase-2,Gal3ST-2或GP3ST)是一個磺酰基轉移酶,于1989年首先在甲狀腺微粒體中發(fā)現[8]。Gal3ST-2于2001年成功克隆,該基因位于人類染色體的2q37.3位點,編碼由398個氨基酸殘基組成的Ⅱ型跨膜蛋白[1]?;酋;D移酶的主要作用是使糖復合物磺?;?,其中磺基可附著在半乳糖(Gal)的3號和6號位置,n-乙酰葡糖胺(GalNAc)的3號和6號位置,以及GlcNAc的4號位置[9]。Gal3ST-2基因是3-O-磺?;D移酶基因家族中的一員,家族中各個基因的氨基酸序列的一致性為30%~40%[10]。
磺?;亩嗵菂⑴c多個生物過程,其中包括細胞附著和腫瘤的轉移[10]。Gal3ST-2通常使用3'-磷酸腺苷-5'-磷酰硫酸(PAPS)作為供體,將PAPS上的磺?;D移到多種糖聚合物的半乳糖殘基的C-3位置[11]。包含3'-磺基-β-半乳糖連接的糖鏈結構存在于糖蛋白中的N-聚糖和O-聚糖,在對Gal3ST-2酶在不同物種之間的研究發(fā)現,Gal3ST-2在不同物種之間底物的特異性具有差異,其中以人類的Gal3ST-2的作用范圍最廣,可以分別作用于Galβ 1-3GlcNAc-R(typeⅠ)、Gal β 1-4GlcNAc-R(typeⅡ)和Galβ 1→3GalNAc(Core I)結構[12]。另外,值得注意的是,除了β半乳糖殘基,Gal3ST-2還能作用于Gal-alpha-o-pNP,其中Galβ 1→3GlcNAcβ 1→3Galβ 1→4Glc(LNT)只能被Gal3ST-2催化[11]。
腫瘤細胞的轉移分為多個階段[13-14],目前的研究表明,Gal3ST-2至少參與其中兩個重要的階段,即腫瘤細胞從實體瘤的脫離以及在目標組織的種植。
2.1 Gal3ST-2參與腫瘤細胞從實體瘤的脫離單個腫瘤細胞脫離與實體瘤的黏連,從實體瘤中分離出來,標志著腫瘤轉移的開始[13]。細胞間的黏附主要由E-鈣黏蛋白/連環(huán)蛋白混合物構成[15],細胞黏附分子是細胞表面的一類蛋白,主要分為三類:免疫球蛋白超家族(Ig)、整合素以及選凝蛋白,細胞間的黏附主要由E-鈣黏蛋白負責,E-鈣黏蛋白是由700~750個氨基酸殘基組成的橫跨膜糖蛋白,主要負責細胞間親同種抗原的細胞間黏附[13]。E-鈣連蛋白的減少能夠促進腫瘤細胞的分化和轉移,被認為是導致膀胱癌、胰腺癌以及胃癌細胞轉移及病灶惡性進展的重要因素[16-18]。整合素連接激酶(ILK)是一種胞內蛋白,能夠通過調節(jié)E-鈣黏蛋白的激活子的活性調節(jié)E-鈣黏蛋白的表達[19]。研究表明,Gal3ST-2的表達被干擾后,ILK的表達也下降,但是E-鈣黏蛋白的表達卻升高了。另外,整合素蛋白亞基alpha-v的表達能夠促進腫瘤細胞在裸鼠中的種植轉移,隨后也有相關文獻報道[20],alpha-v的在高轉移潛能的腫瘤細胞中表達更明顯,通過RNAi/ Gal3ST-2質粒轉染肝癌細胞株SMMC7721,發(fā)現整合素蛋白亞基alpha-v的表達受到了抑制,這表明Gal3ST-2可以通過調節(jié)E-鈣黏蛋白和整合素蛋白亞基alpha-v的表達促進腫瘤細胞從實體瘤的脫離及向遠處的轉移。
2.2 Gal3ST-2參與腫瘤細胞在目標組織中的種植腫瘤細胞轉移到目標組織,并與目標組織的內皮細胞黏附,這標志著腫瘤實現了到目標組織的遠處轉移[13]。眾多研究表明,在血液中傳播的腫瘤細胞與血小板,白細胞相互作用形成的微栓能夠促進腫瘤細胞在血管壁的黏附[11]。參與腫瘤細胞與血管壁相互作用的選凝蛋白(Selectin)是哺乳類血管中一類細胞粘附分子,包含E-選凝蛋白、P-選凝蛋白和L-選凝蛋白,能夠介導補充血液中白細胞的凝集素[21]。實驗證明,E-選凝蛋白配體表達的腫瘤細胞株表現出了高轉移的能力[22]。而P-選凝蛋白和L-選凝蛋白也能夠通過協(xié)同的方式促進腫瘤轉移[11]。選凝蛋白具有識別含有唾液酸化Lewisx/a的糖蛋白的白細胞或血小板細胞的能力[4],因此若腫瘤細胞表面包含唾液酸化的Lewisx/a也將被識別,這為腫瘤細胞在遠處轉移種植提供了可能。Gal3ST-2催化后的產物能夠能夠進一步被巖藻基轉移酶催化,合成3'-磺?;?Lewis抗原。有學者于2001發(fā)現Gal3ST-2與巖藻糖基轉移酶Ⅲ共同合成3'-磺?;?Lex抗原,而Gal3ST-2與巖藻糖基轉移酶Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ和Ⅺ參與了3-磺?;?Lea的合成[9,23]。與唾液酸基-LeX和唾液酸基-Lea比較,磺?;?LeX和磺酰基-Lea能夠與E-選凝蛋白和L-選凝蛋白更好地結合[6,24-26],這與腫瘤細胞的轉移潛能密切相關。
Gal3ST-2在人體組織中分布十分廣泛,其中在心臟、胃、結腸、肺以及脾組織中均有較高表達水平[1]。用反轉錄RT-PCR的方法對直腸腺癌和正常直腸黏膜中的Gal3ST-2基因的轉錄水平進行量化,發(fā)現Gal3ST-2在非黏膜腺癌中的轉錄水平明顯低于在正常黏膜組織的轉錄水平[11,27]。在肺癌、喉癌及肝癌中Gal3ST-2在轉移性的腫瘤組織中表達比在非轉移性的腫瘤組織中的表達更為強烈[28]。為了評估DNA甲基化對早期胃癌組織亞型的意義,在38例早期胃癌(18例腸性,12例混合型,8例彌散性)進行焦磷酸測序實驗后發(fā)現,Gal3ST-2與混合型早期胃癌相關(P=0.015 8)[29]。
乳房的上皮乳腺細胞能夠產生Gal3ST-2酶[5]。在前體脂肪細胞株3T3-L1的實驗顯示,Gal3ST-2能夠通過抑制脂肪細胞轉錄時的調控因子,如C/EBPβ和FABP4等基因的表達,以此干擾前體脂肪細胞3T3-L1的分化,因此Gal3ST-2被認為可能干擾前體脂肪細胞的正常分化[5]。前體脂肪細胞能夠分化為脂肪細胞,而脂肪細胞的去分化被認為是腫瘤產生的一個重要因素[30]。以往的實驗證實了成脂特定基的轉錄因子(C/EBPs和PPARr)具有調控甘油三酯在細胞中含量的功能[31],且C/EBPB和PPAR的表達受到TgIF(甘油三酯抑制因子)的抑制。有文獻報道用MALDI-tof證實了Gal3ST-2的表達與TgIF呈正相關,且在NMMMG培養(yǎng)基中檢測到了小鼠前脂肪細胞(3T3-1L)中的甘油三酯的含量減少了70%。Gal3ST-2通過減少乳腺前脂肪細胞中甘油三酯的積累,干擾乳腺成脂細胞的分化過程。此外,Gal3ST-2在轉移性乳腺乳腺癌上皮細胞系中比在非轉移性乳腺癌上皮細胞系中表達更為強烈[7]。
總之,腫瘤是全球疾病致死的重要元兇之一。據世界衛(wèi)生組織統(tǒng)計:惡性腫瘤早期發(fā)現和早期治療,可降低大約三分之一的腫瘤負擔。隨著分子生物學的不斷發(fā)展,腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展的分子學機制也逐步被闡明,為腫瘤的早期實驗室診斷提供了重要的基礎。腫瘤細胞的轉移與轉移基因的分布及表達密切相關。
Gal3ST-2是一個新近研究的腫瘤轉移基因,由于其在轉移性腫瘤中的普遍存在和高表達,有望成為這些腫瘤的診斷標志及臨床靶向治療的新靶點。在腫瘤的早期診斷和臨床的實踐應用中具有一定的前景。
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Research progress on the relationship between Gal3ST-2 gene expression and malignant tumor metastasis.
LI Hua-ying,HUANG Shou-guo.Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,Haikou People's Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School of Central South University,Haikou 570208,Hainan,CHINA
Tumor metastasis is an extremely complex process which involves multi-steps and multi-factors,and it is also the primary cause of death.Previous researches show that tumor metastasis is closely correlated to the distribution and expression of metastasis genes.And Gal:3-O-sulfotransferase-2(Gal3ST-2),a sulfo-transferase gene first discovered in 1989,is especially noteworthy for its special structure,broad distribution in tissues and obvious effect on promoting tumor metastasis.
Sulfo-transferase;Tumor;Malignant;Matastasis;Gene;Expression
R73-37
A
1003—6350(2016)01—0088—03
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2016.01.031
2015-01-28)
黃守國。E-mail:shouguohuang@126.com