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      典型PhACs的檢測分析方法研究進(jìn)展

      2016-03-08 05:42:43孫向陽胡正峰
      黑龍江科學(xué) 2016年23期
      關(guān)鍵詞:液相質(zhì)譜基質(zhì)

      孫向陽,胡正峰,孫 璐,鐘 重

      (浙江省環(huán)境保護(hù)科學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)研究院,杭州 310007)

      典型PhACs的檢測分析方法研究進(jìn)展

      孫向陽,胡正峰,孫 璐,鐘 重

      (浙江省環(huán)境保護(hù)科學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)研究院,杭州 310007)

      藥理活性化合物PhACs(Pharmaceutically Active Compounds)被廣泛用作人體(或動(dòng)物)的治療性醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)品,對(duì)人體的代謝、發(fā)育及生殖均有一定的影響,是一類具有嚴(yán)重危害的潛伏性、傳遞性污染物質(zhì)。環(huán)境中PhACs污染的問題正為人們所重視。雖然大多數(shù)PhACs都以痕量濃度存在于環(huán)境中,但其長期暴露于人體和水生、陸生生物體,威脅著人類健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境,其造成的潛在威脅也可能被放大。PhACs種類繁多,在水環(huán)境中含量較低,尚不是水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的常規(guī)污染物監(jiān)測指標(biāo)。隨著檢測儀器的改進(jìn),新的檢測技術(shù)更加靈敏、適用性好,可對(duì)水環(huán)境中ng/L濃度水平的PhACs進(jìn)行檢測。但一些新技術(shù)仍存在一定的局限性和缺點(diǎn),比如準(zhǔn)確性不高、適用性不廣、儀器耗材成本昂貴、操作要求高等。因此,完善現(xiàn)有預(yù)處理及檢測技術(shù),開發(fā)相對(duì)簡便易操作的水環(huán)境中PhACs檢測方法將成為該領(lǐng)域今后發(fā)展的主要任務(wù)。討論了現(xiàn)有研究存在的問題,并對(duì)今后的研究進(jìn)行了展望,為水污染控制提供參考。

      PhACs;檢測分析方法;水環(huán)境;基質(zhì)效應(yīng);LC-MS/MS

      由于全球藥品的需求增加、人口結(jié)構(gòu)的變化及新藥物的開發(fā),導(dǎo)致人類使用藥物量增加[1]。在最近幾十年中,藥物已成為環(huán)境研究中的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)問題[2-4]。PhACs這類化學(xué)物質(zhì)在環(huán)境常以痕量存在,具有不同的物理化學(xué)、生物學(xué)性質(zhì)和功能的復(fù)雜分子,包括各種藥用化合物,如抗生素、麻醉藥、消炎止痛藥物等。PhACs是PPCPs(Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products)的主要組成部分。PPCPs是一大類新興污染物,包括各類抗生素、止痛藥、降壓藥、治療失眠藥物、避孕藥、減肥藥、發(fā)膠及染發(fā)劑和殺蟲殺菌劑等,被廣泛關(guān)注[5-7]。為更有針對(duì)性,本文主要討論P(yáng)hACs。

      1 環(huán)境中PhACs的危害

      PhACs除針對(duì)疾病具有特定療效外,對(duì)人體正常的代謝、發(fā)育及生殖均有一定的影響,在環(huán)境中具有環(huán)境激素毒性、遺傳毒性、微生物毒性及抑制酶活性的反應(yīng),是一類具有潛伏性、傳遞性的污染物質(zhì)。

      針對(duì)人們的各種疾病,PhACs種類日益繁多,PhACs的產(chǎn)量和使用量也不斷增加。同時(shí)也存在濫用抗生素等PhACs的現(xiàn)象,相當(dāng)大濃度的PhACs及其代謝產(chǎn)物通過人尿、糞便排泄和醫(yī)藥制造廢水排入污水處理廠。由于這些藥物或其代謝物對(duì)生物降解具有高穩(wěn)定性,不能完全被降解,導(dǎo)致在常規(guī)污水處理工藝處理后,這些物質(zhì)排入地表水[8-10]。污水處理廠是地表水中PhACs的主要來源。這些物質(zhì)甚至進(jìn)入地下水并進(jìn)入以地下水為源水的飲用水中[11-12]。此外,土壤和污泥中均能檢測到PhACs[13-15]??茖W(xué)家們在其他水環(huán)境中也大量發(fā)現(xiàn)了這些藥物[10,16-18]。

      雖然大多數(shù)PhACs都以痕量濃度存在于環(huán)境中,但是由于其具有較強(qiáng)的持久性、生物累積性、生物活性和生物難降解性等特點(diǎn),長期暴露于人體和水生、陸生生物體,潛在威脅著人類健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境。比如,水環(huán)境中的PhACs會(huì)污染飲用水,進(jìn)而影響人體健康,增加人類病原菌耐藥性,造成腸道菌失調(diào),甚至引起慢性中毒。水環(huán)境中的PhACs還會(huì)污染土壤和食物,間接影響人體健康。越來越多的研究表明,殘留在環(huán)境介質(zhì)中的PhACs以各種方式影響著各類生物。比如高等生物的性別比、地球生物化學(xué)循環(huán)的局部變化過程、植物生長、昆蟲蛻皮或幼仔孵化、各種畸形生命體在解剖過程中呈現(xiàn)出的生理結(jié)構(gòu)等[19]。目前PhACs在環(huán)境中的持久性、生態(tài)毒性和生物積累等問題還未充分探討,環(huán)境中存在的藥物給水生生物帶來的潛在威脅也可能被放大[20-22]。

      2 環(huán)境中PhACs的檢測分析方法

      在最近的報(bào)道中,PhACs的分析方法主要包含污染物識(shí)別及理想操作批次狀態(tài)下包含不同基團(tuán)污染物的定量分析等[23-27]。然而由于多種PhACs存在物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)和藥理性質(zhì)的差異,很難選擇合適的分析方法來分析不同組分的PhACs[28]。對(duì)于PhACs的分析方法在前人的基礎(chǔ)上需要再不斷改進(jìn)。

      2.1 預(yù)處理方法

      人類醫(yī)用藥在地表水中的含量相當(dāng)?shù)?,大多?shù)濃度為ng/L[29-30]。由于水環(huán)境中PhACs污染物的含量較低,在進(jìn)行檢測之前需要對(duì)被測物質(zhì)進(jìn)行濃度富集,通常通過萃取的方法進(jìn)行,再使用后續(xù)的方法進(jìn)行檢測。

      在萃取PhACs之前,大部分的待測水樣要經(jīng)過過濾以去除水中的懸浮物質(zhì)。人們使用了不同的過濾材料,如玻璃纖維濾器[25,31-36],聚酰胺纖維濾器[34,37,38]或?yàn)V紙[39]。也有研究者改進(jìn)了不使用過濾步驟的分析檢測方法,比如使用傾析[22,27,40]或離心來去除懸浮顆粒[10]。

      萃取具有一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn),如:處理能力大、選擇性好、常溫操作、能耗較低、便于連續(xù)操作和自動(dòng)控制等。目前,用于水環(huán)境PhACs檢測的預(yù)處理方法有以下幾種:液液萃取、固相萃取(SPE)及固相微萃取(SPME)。其中固相萃取使用最為廣泛。目前C18硅膠固相萃取柱已經(jīng)較少使用了。兼具親脂性(二乙烯基苯)和親水性單體(N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮)的混合模式聚合物吸附劑現(xiàn)在比較流行。新型聚合物固相萃取產(chǎn)品有Oassi HLB(Waters)和Strata X(Phenomenex)吸附劑[36,41-43]。

      固相微萃取法將涂有硅藻土的纖維作為固定相浸入液體水樣。纖維的高分子涂層吸附被測物,再處理樣品。固相微萃取已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于藥物和雌激素的分析,但其靈敏度相對(duì)較低[44]。

      固相萃取(SPE)具有快速、高效、不使用有毒有機(jī)溶劑的優(yōu)點(diǎn),它集采樣、萃取、濃縮、進(jìn)樣于一體,避免了多步誤差。其操作簡單快速,提取率高有機(jī)溶劑用量少、富集能力強(qiáng),尤其適合于復(fù)雜介質(zhì)中的痕量成分富集。但是存在著待分析物回收率常常不穩(wěn)定等問題,比如有時(shí)待分析物相對(duì)回收率較低(<50%)或者相對(duì)回收率過高(>200%)。觀察到胺碘酮、辛伐他汀、硫氮酮、芐氟噻嗪等物質(zhì)相對(duì)回收率較低,呋塞米和纈沙坦等藥物的相對(duì)回收率較高[3,25]。樣品的預(yù)處理方法在此基礎(chǔ)上需要再改進(jìn),以提高準(zhǔn)確率。

      2.2 基質(zhì)效應(yīng)及其消除

      根據(jù)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織規(guī)定,“基質(zhì)效應(yīng)”是指除被測定物質(zhì)以外樣本的特征,它可以影響被測物的檢測及測定結(jié)果,具體表現(xiàn)為由于受到基質(zhì)的干擾被分析物的信號(hào)被抑制或增強(qiáng)。總體來說,信號(hào)抑制/增強(qiáng)可能是以下兩個(gè)原因:第一,藥品吸附了水樣中的有機(jī)物質(zhì),使得游離的活性化合物的濃度降低。第二,目標(biāo)化合物的信號(hào)峰被共提取物或污染物掩蔽[28]。

      一般來說要盡可能減少基質(zhì)效應(yīng)對(duì)分析過程的影響?;|(zhì)效應(yīng)高度依賴于固相萃取過程和色譜保留值[3,17, 25,36]。其中,降低基質(zhì)效應(yīng)最常用的方法是減少固相萃取過程中的洗滌步驟[27]或者稀釋水樣(特別適用于廢水水樣)[45]。盡管實(shí)現(xiàn)被分析物良好地分離,但是最優(yōu)化色譜分析方法依然是最重要的。消除基質(zhì)效應(yīng)的最有效的方法是使用的同位素標(biāo)記的內(nèi)標(biāo)(ILISs,isotopically labeled internal standards)[17,46-48]。高昂的價(jià)格及有限的應(yīng)用范圍主要限制了ILISs廣泛使用。因此,許多檢測方法是通過有限的幾個(gè)內(nèi)標(biāo)來校正大量的藥品組群的測定。

      2.3 定量分析方法

      2.3.1 高效液相色譜法(HPLC,High performance liquid chromatography)

      高效液相色譜法將具有不同極性的溶劑、緩沖液等流動(dòng)相泵入裝有固定相的色譜柱,待分析物質(zhì)由流動(dòng)相帶入色譜柱,各成分被分離后進(jìn)入檢測器,由色譜信號(hào)記錄分析。這在對(duì)不穩(wěn)定、不易衍生化、不易揮發(fā)和分子量較大化合物的測定方面發(fā)揮了巨大作用[49]。HPLC被廣泛應(yīng)用于分析有機(jī)物。其中大部分與紫外-可見、紫外可見,PDA或質(zhì)譜等檢測器聯(lián)用。

      2.3.2 液相色譜-質(zhì)譜/質(zhì)譜(LC-MS/MS)聯(lián)用技術(shù)

      液相色譜與紫外可見探測器聯(lián)用在定性檢測藥品中為最常用的分析方法,因此許多研究人員增加質(zhì)譜來對(duì)藥品進(jìn)行檢測。使用PDA或UV-Vis檢測器系統(tǒng),難以確定待分析物的結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)節(jié),特別是檢測復(fù)雜水樣基質(zhì)里的藥物。質(zhì)譜儀用于克服PDA/紫外-可見檢測器的光譜干預(yù),不僅使用串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜(MS/MS)以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)樣品基質(zhì)的高靈敏度,而且可實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)分子質(zhì)量和斷裂模式的基礎(chǔ)上及結(jié)構(gòu)信息的高靈敏度。LC-MS/MS用于確定檢測樣品中的極性制藥。

      在眾多能與液相色譜兼容的離子化技術(shù)中,電噴射離子化(ESI,electro spray ionization)研究較為成功。ESI更適合于檢測具有高度極性的化合物。化合物的電離效率取決于存在于樣品和流動(dòng)相的基質(zhì)干擾。

      另外,毛細(xì)管電泳檢測技術(shù)是以毛細(xì)管為分離通道、以高壓電場為驅(qū)動(dòng)力的液相分離技術(shù)。但其具有靈敏度不高的缺點(diǎn),為了使其應(yīng)用得更加廣泛,常通過樣品預(yù)處理及配以靈敏度更高的檢測器,如誘導(dǎo)熒光檢測器(LIF)、電化學(xué)檢測器(ECD)、質(zhì)譜(MS)、串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜(MS/MS)等改善其靈敏度。毛細(xì)管電泳檢測技術(shù)的短停留時(shí)間適合高通量樣品分析,但是PhACs的荷電性隨環(huán)境條件而發(fā)生變化,導(dǎo)致了其重現(xiàn)性差,仍有待進(jìn)一步提升,并沒有被廣泛使用。

      針對(duì)環(huán)境中痕量存在的復(fù)雜有機(jī)物PhACs的檢測方法,各國研究人員在不斷創(chuàng)新改進(jìn),新的檢測儀器和檢測技術(shù)的應(yīng)用也為檢測方法增加了方便。串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜的使用使PhACs檢測進(jìn)入一個(gè)全新階段,液相色譜檢測技術(shù)是目前使用最廣泛的檢測技術(shù),而液相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜檢測技術(shù)占據(jù)液相色譜檢測技術(shù)重要部分。但同時(shí)也存在一些不足,如質(zhì)譜譜庫不健全、基質(zhì)效應(yīng)問題等。

      3 總結(jié)與展望

      近年來,檢測水環(huán)境中PhACs的研究顯著增加,表明水環(huán)境中PhACs污染的問題正為人們所重視。PhACs對(duì)人體的代謝、發(fā)育及生殖均有一定的影響,是一類具有嚴(yán)重危害的潛伏性、傳遞性污染物質(zhì)。除在地表水、地下水、飲用水中發(fā)現(xiàn)外,土壤和污泥中均能監(jiān)測到其存在。雖然大多數(shù)PhACs都以痕量濃度存在于環(huán)境中,但是由于其具有較強(qiáng)的持久性、生物活性、生物累積性和難生物降解性等特點(diǎn),使其長期暴露于人體和水生、陸生生物體,威脅人類健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境。目前PhACs在環(huán)境中的持久性、生態(tài)毒性和生物積累等問題還未充分探討,環(huán)境中存在的藥物給水生生物帶來的潛在威脅也可能被放大。

      PhACs種類繁多,在水環(huán)境中含量較低,尚不是水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的常規(guī)污染物監(jiān)測指標(biāo)。隨著檢測儀器的改進(jìn),新的檢測技術(shù)逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)了更加靈敏、適用性好的優(yōu)點(diǎn),可對(duì)水環(huán)境中ng/L濃度水平的PhACs進(jìn)行檢測。但一些新技術(shù)仍存在一定的局限性和缺點(diǎn),比如準(zhǔn)確性不高、適用性不廣、儀器耗材成本昂貴、操作要求高等。因此,完善現(xiàn)有預(yù)處理及檢測技術(shù),開發(fā)相對(duì)簡便易操作的水環(huán)境中PhACs檢測方法將成為該領(lǐng)域今后發(fā)展的主要任務(wù)。

      [1] Hughes,S.R.,Kay,P.,Brown,L.E. Global Synthesis and Critical Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Data Sets Collected from River Systems[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2013,47(2):661-677.

      [2] Sousa,M.,Gon?alves,C.,Cunha,E.,Haj?lová,J.,Alpendurada, M.Cleanup strategies and advantages in the determination of several therapeutic classes of pharmaceuticals in wastewater samples by SPE-LC-MS/MS[J].Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2011,399(2):807-822.

      [3] Grabic,R.,F(xiàn)ick,J.,Lindberg,R.H.,Fedorova,G.,Tysklind,M.Multi-residue method for trace level determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental samples using liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry[J].Talanta,2012,(100):183-195.

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      Review of detection and analysis methods of typical PhACs

      SUN Xiang-yang, HU Zheng-feng, SUN Lu, ZHONG Zhong

      (Zhejiang Environmental Science & Design Institute, Hangzhou 310007, China)

      Pharmacologically active compounds (PhACs) are widely used as therapeutic pharmaceutical products for human (or animal). They have a degree of influence on the metabolism, development and reproduction of human body. They are a kind of latent, transmission of pollutants. The problem of pollution of PhACs in the environment is being paid attention to. Although most PhACs are present in trace concentrations in the environment, their long-term exposure to human and aquatic, terrestrial organisms poses a potential hazard to human health and the environment, and the potential threat posed by them can also be amplified. PhACs have a wide range of water content in the water environment, and there are not the water quality standards in the conventional pollutant monitoring indicators. With the improvement of detection instruments, the new detection technology has gradually realized the advantages of higher sensitivity and better applicability, and can detect PhACs in ng/L concentration level in water environment. However, some new technologies still have certain limitations and shortcomings, such as accuracy is not high enough, applicability is not wide, expensive equipment, higher operating costs and higher operating requirements. Therefore, improving the existing pretreatment and detection technology, developing relatively simple and easy detection method to PhACs will become the main task of the future development of the field. The existing problems are discussed and the future research is prospected, which can provide reference for water pollution control.

      PhACs; Detection and analysis method; Water environment; Matrix effect; LC-MS/MS

      2016-09-12

      浙江省自然科學(xué)基金(LY17E090001)

      孫向陽(1970-),男,工程師,碩士。

      胡正峰(1983-),男,博士,e-mail:57276606@qq.com。

      X132

      B

      1674-8646(2016)23-0006-05

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