張毓藝 姚稚明
100730,北京醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科
18F-FDG PET/CT對非小細(xì)胞肺癌淋巴結(jié)分期診斷價值的研究進(jìn)展
張毓藝 姚稚明
100730,北京醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科
非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)準(zhǔn)確的淋巴結(jié)分期是確定患者治療方案的重要因素。18F-FDG PET/CT作為一種同時包含功能代謝與解剖形態(tài)信息的高端影像學(xué)診斷方法,在NSCLC淋巴結(jié)分期(N分期)中呈現(xiàn)出較高的診斷準(zhǔn)確率。大量研究已基本證實(shí)哪些是影響NSCLC縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的危險因素,筆者主要就近年為提高NSCLC淋巴結(jié)分期準(zhǔn)確性而探索出的新參數(shù)、新技術(shù)進(jìn)行綜述。
癌,非小細(xì)胞肺;淋巴結(jié)分期;正電子發(fā)射斷層顯像術(shù);體層攝影術(shù),X線計算機(jī);氟脫氧葡萄糖F18
Fund program:The Study of Clinical Application in Capital City(Z151100004015140)
肺癌是目前我國發(fā)病率最高的惡性腫瘤,也是癌癥死因之首[1]。其中非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lungcancer,NSCLC)占所有肺癌患者的70%~80%[2]。手術(shù)完全切除病灶是治療NSCLC的有效手段,在肺癌TNM分期中,只有I期和Ⅱ期以及部分沒有N2組淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的ⅢA期肺癌患者適合接受根治性手術(shù)治療,一旦腫瘤累及對側(cè)縱隔或肺門及遠(yuǎn)處淋巴結(jié)(N3期),則應(yīng)避免手術(shù)治療。因此判斷肺門及縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況對肺癌患者準(zhǔn)確的臨床分期、治療方案的選擇起著至關(guān)重要的作用。
PET/CT集中了PET和CT兩項(xiàng)檢查手段的優(yōu)勢,將病變功能代謝與解剖結(jié)構(gòu)信息有機(jī)地融合在一起。與單純PET相比,PET/CT檢查可以對縱隔淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行精確定位,還可觀察淋巴結(jié)的密度、直徑、與周圍組織的關(guān)系等;與單純CT檢查相比,PET/CT對縱隔淋巴結(jié)的判斷不僅依據(jù)其大小,還能綜合分析淋巴結(jié)的代謝變化。CT圖像上短徑>1 cm的淋巴結(jié)可能為假陽性,而短徑<1 cm的淋巴結(jié)若呈現(xiàn)高代謝亦可能存在轉(zhuǎn)移。PET/CT已成為肺癌臨床分期的最方便有效且無創(chuàng)的影像學(xué)診斷技術(shù)。大量研究已經(jīng)證實(shí),與常規(guī)CT、增強(qiáng)CT相比,PET/CT對肺癌淋巴結(jié)分期的診斷準(zhǔn)確率要高[3-4]。現(xiàn)就近年來18F-FDG PET/CT對NSCLC淋巴結(jié)分期診斷方面的新進(jìn)展作如下綜述。
肺癌發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是個復(fù)雜過程。有些NSCLC可經(jīng)數(shù)年無淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移,有些NSCLC可以先發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移灶,一段時間后才發(fā)現(xiàn)肺內(nèi)病灶。目前已有許多關(guān)于肺癌原發(fā)灶生物學(xué)特征與區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系的研究。Lee等[5]對臨床I期NSCLC的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腫瘤大小、腫瘤病理類型(中央型或外周型)和SUV是縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的危險因素。Higashi等[6]的一項(xiàng)多中心臨床研究顯示,NSCLC原發(fā)灶攝取18F-FDG的代謝水平與淋巴管侵犯和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),并且推斷原發(fā)灶18F-FDG攝取是淋巴管侵犯和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子。Park等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PET/CT對IA期NSCLC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的探查價值與原發(fā)灶大小及SUVmax相關(guān),當(dāng)原發(fā)灶SUVmax>7.3時,有隱性淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的可能性。Miyasaka等[8]在分析了265例臨床N0期患者后發(fā)現(xiàn),肺癌原發(fā)灶SUVmax是預(yù)測縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的一個很好的指標(biāo),當(dāng)原發(fā)灶SUVmax>3、5、7時,發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(N1~N2期)的陽性預(yù)測率分別為29.7%、31.6%、34.8%,尤其是當(dāng)SUVmax≥10時,41%的患者發(fā)生隱匿性淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。上述研究成果提示,當(dāng)原發(fā)灶SUVmax較大時,即使PET/CT圖像上并沒有淋巴結(jié)明確受累的表現(xiàn),最終的病理結(jié)果中也依然有可能存在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,從而導(dǎo)致術(shù)前分期的錯誤。
PET通過檢測淋巴結(jié)不同的葡萄糖代謝水平來判斷其良惡性,通常以SUVmax>2.5作為診斷縱隔轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的半定量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?;诖藰?biāo)準(zhǔn),薈萃分析[9-12]顯示:18F-FDG PET/CT顯像診斷肺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的靈敏度、特異度分別為68%~85%、85%~95%。但國內(nèi)外已有多項(xiàng)研究顯示診斷轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的SUVmax的臨界值各有差異。Bryant等[13]報道,397例NSCLC患者中共1252個N2期淋巴結(jié)18F-FDG PET/CT顯像時,以SUVmax=5.3作為診斷N2期淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的臨界值,準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)92%。Tasci等[14]研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)SUVmax= 5.3時價值更高。但是也有研究得出的臨界值為2.9[15]、3.4[16]和3.8[17]。段曉蓓等[18]分析337個NSCLC縱隔淋巴結(jié)(N0~N2)期SUVmax發(fā)現(xiàn),診斷淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的最佳臨界值為SUVmax≥4.5,準(zhǔn)確率為81.6%,而以SUVmax≥2.5為臨界值時其診斷準(zhǔn)確率為78.6%。馬文超等[19]用SUVmax及CT值雙定量分析法分析18FFDG PET/CT對肺癌縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移診斷的準(zhǔn)確率,得出當(dāng)SUVmax>2.45且CT值<3.85 HU時,提示轉(zhuǎn)移的可能性大。
雖然此方面的研究層出不窮,但到目前為止,SUVmax的最佳臨界值確定為多少時能得到最佳診斷準(zhǔn)確率尚無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
SUV受諸如體重、血糖及不同設(shè)備等多種因素影響,單純以縱隔淋巴結(jié)SUVmax作為判斷縱隔淋巴結(jié)是否轉(zhuǎn)移的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)存在較多不確定性[20],因此有學(xué)者提出應(yīng)用比值的方式作為新的半定量指標(biāo)來判斷縱隔淋巴結(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移情況。Koksal等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),僅評估SUVmax具體值,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組與無轉(zhuǎn)移組并無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,而引入原發(fā)灶SUVmax/縱隔淋巴結(jié)SUVmax值后發(fā)現(xiàn),有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組比值明顯低于未轉(zhuǎn)移組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。HongueroMartínez等[22]提出NSCLC患者SUVmaxN1/T值與縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(分期為N2期)有相關(guān)性,當(dāng)該比值≥0.46時,預(yù)測N2淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的靈敏度為77.8%,特異度為69.7%。Kuo等[23]認(rèn)為將淋巴結(jié)SUVmax/縱隔血池SUVmean值以及淋巴結(jié)SUVmax/肝臟SUVmean值作為診斷參數(shù),較單純的SUVmax有更高的靈敏度,能提高N2期淋巴結(jié)的檢出率。
用淋巴結(jié)的SUVmax/原發(fā)腫瘤的SUVmax值作為診斷淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),具體效果還需要在臨床上進(jìn)一步印證,但無疑為我們的研究提供了新的維度和路徑。
4.1 聯(lián)合雙時相顯像法
雙時相顯像在一定程度上彌補(bǔ)了常規(guī)顯像的不足,能夠顯示出常規(guī)顯像未顯像的轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié),使肺癌N分期更準(zhǔn)確。有研究者提出用儲留指數(shù)(retention index,RI)來診斷淋巴結(jié)是否轉(zhuǎn)移,其中RI=(SUV延遲-SUV常規(guī))/SUV常規(guī)×100%。臨床常用RI≥10%判為淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。Hu等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雙時相顯像診斷淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的靈敏度、特異度、準(zhǔn)確率、陽性預(yù)測值和陰性預(yù)測值分別為93.8%、67.6%、75.5%、55.6%、96.2%,高于單次顯像時的指標(biāo)(87.5%、59.5%、67.9%、48.3%、91.7%);Kim等[25]選取69例進(jìn)行雙時相顯像的NSCLC患者,分析SUV早期、SUV延遲及RI分別對淋巴結(jié)分期的作用后發(fā)現(xiàn),延遲顯像的SUV對淋巴結(jié)分期的診斷價值最大,RI的準(zhǔn)確率最低。雖然大多數(shù)研究均表明雙時相顯像在N分期中具有很大優(yōu)勢,然而,同樣有研究報道一次顯像即可充分評估縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況,這是因?yàn)楫?dāng)肺癌有合并癥時(例如肺癌合并感染、肺癌合并結(jié)核等),與單次顯像相比,雙時像顯像能降低假陽性率,當(dāng)肺癌不合并炎癥時,RI對淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷效能并沒有得到提高[26]。由此可見,雙時相顯像對肺癌縱隔淋巴結(jié)分期的診斷價值有待進(jìn)一步大樣本研究進(jìn)行探討。
4.2 聯(lián)合MRI檢查
在MRI的諸多序列中,彌散加權(quán)成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)序列在良惡性淋巴結(jié)的鑒別診斷中具有重要價值。Wu等[27]比較了DWI與PET/CT在NSCLC患者N分期中的價值,結(jié)果表明DWI的合并靈敏度(72%)與PET/CT相比(75%)并沒有顯著差異,但DWI的合并特異度(95%)高于PET/CT(89%);DWI的診斷準(zhǔn)確率也高于PET/ CT。DWI可通過目測法及定量測量表觀彌散系數(shù)來評價淋巴結(jié)。近幾年隨著PET/MRI的推廣及應(yīng)用,評估NSCLC患者淋巴結(jié)表觀彌散系數(shù)與SUV的相關(guān)關(guān)系也成為了近期研究的熱點(diǎn)。Schaarschmidt等[28]研究表明,SUVmax與平均表觀彌散系數(shù)呈明顯負(fù)相關(guān),同樣,SUVmean與平均表觀彌散系數(shù)也呈負(fù)相關(guān)。
PET/MRI與PET/CT對NSCLC患者N分期價值對比的探討,Huellner等[29]的研究結(jié)果顯示二者并沒有顯著差異。Kohan等[30]比較PET/MRI和PET/ CT對11例肺癌患者N分期的診斷能力,同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)二者是相當(dāng)?shù)?。Schwenzer等[31]以PET/CT為參照,評價PET/MRI在肺癌N分期中的應(yīng)用價值,結(jié)果表明兩種檢查方法對大多數(shù)肺癌的N分期結(jié)果相似,僅有1例患者在PET/CT圖像中出現(xiàn)肺門淋巴結(jié)18F-FDG中度攝取,而PET/MRI在此淋巴結(jié)中未見18F-FDG攝取,術(shù)后證實(shí)為非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)。
基于以上闡述,集合了現(xiàn)如今最先進(jìn)的影像學(xué)技術(shù)的PET/MRI在對NSCLC的N分期上的優(yōu)勢并不明顯,未來隨著PET/MRI更為廣泛的應(yīng)用,會有更多大樣本的研究來進(jìn)一步探討其診斷價值。
4.3 聯(lián)合圖像重建新技術(shù)
近年來,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者致力于通過改進(jìn)掃描技術(shù)、重建方法等多種功能顯像方式來提高PET/CT在N分期上的價值。Herbrik等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基于18F-FDG PET/CT檢查的三維虛擬支氣管鏡檢查肺癌縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的靈敏度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測值、陰性預(yù)測值與準(zhǔn)確率分別為76%、87%、85%、79%和81%。虛擬支氣管鏡可以進(jìn)入胸膜邊緣的小氣道,甚至可以觀察到氣管及支氣管壁旁組織,再結(jié)合病灶形態(tài)學(xué)表現(xiàn)及PET提供的SUV,可以直觀、準(zhǔn)確地判斷氣管及支氣管旁淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況。Buchbender等[33]研究亦發(fā)現(xiàn),基于PET/CT的虛擬三維支氣管鏡檢查可以較好地顯示氣管、支氣管,并完成全身檢查,有較好的應(yīng)用前景。Lasnon等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與傳統(tǒng)的有序子集最大期望值算法(OSEM)相比,點(diǎn)擴(kuò)展函數(shù)模型(PSF)方法對檢出正常直徑淋巴結(jié),甚至短徑<1 cm的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的靈敏度和陰性預(yù)測值更高,分別高達(dá)97%和92%。
總之,PET/CT在NSCLC淋巴結(jié)分期中呈現(xiàn)的極大優(yōu)勢已毋庸置疑,影響肺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的危險因素已基本探清,新參數(shù)、新技術(shù)亦大量用于分期診斷中,但聯(lián)合雙時相或MRI是否能提高PET/CT對縱隔淋巴結(jié)分期診斷的價值卻說法不一,仍需探索其他聯(lián)合試驗(yàn)來進(jìn)一步提高18F-FDG PET/CT對NSCLC淋巴結(jié)分期的診斷準(zhǔn)確率,以便為準(zhǔn)確分期后治療方案的選擇及預(yù)后評估提供可靠的參考依據(jù)。
利益沖突 本研究由署名作者按以下貢獻(xiàn)聲明獨(dú)立開展,不涉及任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明 張毓藝負(fù)責(zé)資料整理、綜述撰寫及修改;姚稚明負(fù)責(zé)主題建立、綜述審閱。
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The progress of18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of N-staging of non-small cell lung cancer
Zhang Yuyi,Yao Zhiming
Department of Nuclear Medicine,Beijing Hospital,Beijing 100730,China
Yao Zhiming,Email:Yao.zhiming@163.com
The correct N staging of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)is very important for the option of treatment.18F-FDG PET/CT as a new imaging method which combines the advantages of functional and anatomic images has become more and more accurate in the N staging of NSCLC.Numerous researches have proved some risk factors that influenced the mediastinal lymph node metastasis.This review focus on the new parameters and new technologies which improve the accuracy of the N staging of NSCLC recently.
Carcinoma,non-small-cell lung;Lymph node staging;Positron-emission tomography; Tomography,X-ray computed;Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
姚稚明,Email:yao.zhiming@163.com
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2016.06.009
首都特色課題(Z151100004015140)
2016-08-09)
國際放射醫(yī)學(xué)核醫(yī)學(xué)雜志2016年6期