安徽 吳元培
虛擬語(yǔ)氣高考考點(diǎn)透析
安徽 吳元培
虛擬語(yǔ)氣是通過(guò)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來(lái)表示的,表示說(shuō)話(huà)者的愿望、假設(shè)、懷疑、猜測(cè)或建議,而不表示客觀存在。
Group 1:if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
時(shí)間 條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式 主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式現(xiàn)在 過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式多用were)would /could/should/might+動(dòng)詞原形過(guò)去 had done would/could/should/might+ have done將來(lái)①過(guò)去式(be多用were);②should+動(dòng)詞原形;③were to+動(dòng)詞原形would/could/should/might+動(dòng)詞原形
【典例1】(2016北京卷,34)Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week? If you_______(tell) me,I could have helped.
【解析】had told。句意是:你為什么不把你上周遇到的難處告訴我?如果你告訴我,我可以幫忙。根據(jù)主句謂語(yǔ)“could have helped”可以判斷此句表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反,所以從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
【典例2】(2014北京卷,34)We________(be)back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.
【解析】would be。句意是:如果你沒(méi)有把地圖丟了,我們現(xiàn)在就會(huì)在賓館里了。根據(jù)主句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“now”可知,主句表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反,所以主句用“would +動(dòng)詞原形”。
【典例3】(2012安徽卷,31) Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she_______(live)there,she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.
【解析】were to live/should live/lived。句意是:Grace不想搬到紐約是因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為假如她住在那兒,她就不能經(jīng)??赐改噶恕8鶕?jù)句意,表示與將來(lái)的事實(shí)可能相反,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“were to do sth./ should do sth./ did sth.”。
【注意】此外,這種表示假設(shè)條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣還可以倒裝,首先將從句中的連詞if去掉,把句中were,should,had提到主語(yǔ)之前。
【典例4】(2016浙江卷,15,單句改錯(cuò))Have the governments and scientists not worked together,AIDS-related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.
【解析】把have改為had。句意是:如果各國(guó)政府和科學(xué)家不合作的話(huà),與艾滋病有關(guān)的死亡人數(shù)自從2005年已達(dá)到死亡最高峰就不會(huì)下降。根據(jù)題干中的“would not have fallen”可知,主句是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,所以從句用“if the governments and scientists had not worked together”,與主句保持一致。if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中含有had時(shí),可將if省去,將had提前至主語(yǔ)之前,構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
【典例5】(2014福建卷,32)_______there no modern telecommunications,we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.
【解析】Were。根據(jù)主句謂語(yǔ)“would+動(dòng)詞原形”以及句意可知,表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬,條件句中謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去式,將連詞if去掉,則把were提到主語(yǔ)之前。
Group 2:含蓄條件句
有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不是以條件從句的形式表現(xiàn)出來(lái),而是通過(guò)暗含著含蓄條件with,without,but,but for,but that,or,otherwise等引起的短語(yǔ)或句子來(lái)代替if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句。
時(shí)間 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式with/without/ but for...現(xiàn)在 would/could+動(dòng)詞原形過(guò)去 would/could+have done
【典例6】(2015重慶卷,7)Without his wartime experiences,Hemingway_______(write) his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
【解析】wouldn’t have written。句意是:要是沒(méi)有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的經(jīng)歷,海明威就不可能寫(xiě)出著名的小說(shuō)《永別了,武器》。根據(jù)句中“without his wartime experiences”可知,描述的情況是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬,故主句謂語(yǔ)用wouldn’t have written。
【典例7】(2015安徽卷,32) It is lucky we booked a room,or we________(have) nowhere to stay now.
【解析】would have。句意是:很幸運(yùn)我們訂了一個(gè)房間,否則我們現(xiàn)在就無(wú)處可住了。or引導(dǎo)含蓄虛擬條件句,相當(dāng)于“If we hadn’t booked a room,we would have nowhere to stay now.”。根據(jù)句中的“now”可知,是對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬,因此用“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。
【典例8】(2012福建卷,31)We lost our way in that small village,otherwise we_______(visit) more places of interest yesterday.
【解析】would have visited。根據(jù)句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“yesterday”可知,本題是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬,前一分句表示“我們?cè)谀莻€(gè)小山村迷路了”這一過(guò)去的客觀事實(shí),otherwise后接的分句是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,因此用“would have visited”。
【典例9】(2011江西卷,28)We________(put)John’s name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.
【解析】would have put。but for相當(dāng)于without,可與if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句互換,由句意可知,是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,所以用“would+ have done”,表示“過(guò)去會(huì)做了某事”。
【注意】without/ but for...=were it not for sth./had it not been for sth.要不是,若非
Group 3:wish(if only,as if/though)
現(xiàn)在 過(guò)去式過(guò)去 had done將來(lái) would/could+動(dòng)詞原形時(shí)間 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式wish(if only,as if/though)
1.wish+賓語(yǔ)從句
【典例10】(2015陜西卷,23)Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish ____I____(dance) as well as her.
【解析】danced。句意是:Ellen是一個(gè)很棒的舞蹈演員。但愿我能和她跳得一樣好。wish后接的賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式。
【典例11】(2015天津卷,13,單句改錯(cuò))I wish I were at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday,but I was on a business trip in New York then.
【解析】把were改為had been。句意是:上周二我本希望參加我姐姐的婚禮,但那時(shí)我在紐約出差。根據(jù)句意與句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“l(fā)ast Tuesday”可知,表示的是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的愿望,應(yīng)用had done。
2.if only+陳述句。常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示愿望,意為“要是……就好了”?!癷f only+句子”相當(dāng)于“How I wish+ that-clause”
【典例12】(2001上海卷,單句改錯(cuò))If only he lay quietly as the doctor instructed,he would not suffer so much now.
【解析】把lay改為had lain。句意是:要是他按照醫(yī)生的指導(dǎo)靜靜地躺在床上,現(xiàn)在他就不會(huì)遭受如此多的痛苦了。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境,此句表示過(guò)去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,因此用had done。
3.在as if/as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句中,常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣
【典例13】(2014重慶卷,13,單句改錯(cuò))It was John who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I did it?
【解析】把did改為had done。句意為:打破玻璃的是John,為什么你找我談話(huà),好像是我打破了玻璃一樣。根據(jù)前一句中的“was”可知,打破玻璃是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情,表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,所以as if引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用had done。
【典例14】(2012北京卷,35)Don’t handle the vase as if it________(be) made of steel.
【解析】were。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,as if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句表示的是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用過(guò)去式,如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)使用were。
【注意】as if/as though引導(dǎo)的從句中有時(shí)用陳述語(yǔ)氣,這是因?yàn)閺木渲械那闆r往往是可能發(fā)生的或者可能被設(shè)想為真實(shí)的。
Look at the dark clouds.It looks as if it’s going to rain!看看那些烏云,天看起來(lái)好像要下雨了!
Group 4:would rather
時(shí)間 從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式would rather 現(xiàn)在/將來(lái) 過(guò)去式過(guò)去 had done
【典例15】(2014陜西卷,23,單句改錯(cuò))We would rather our daughter had stayed at home with us,but it is her choice,and she is not a child any longer.
【解析】去掉had。“would rather”后接的從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,根據(jù)后一分句中的“is”可知,第一個(gè)分句表示與現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間相反,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式。
Group 5:should型
1.賓語(yǔ)從句
一個(gè)堅(jiān)持(insist),兩個(gè)命令(order,command),三個(gè)要求(demand,request,require),四個(gè)建議(suggest,advise,propose,recommend)與desire(希望,渴望)等動(dòng)詞后接的賓語(yǔ)從句,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should) do”形式。
【典例16】(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,單句改錯(cuò))Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.
【解析】刪除can或把can改為should。句意是:一些同班同學(xué)建議我們?nèi)ジ浇木包c(diǎn)。suggest表示“建議”,后面的賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,should可以省略。所以本句可以刪除can或把can改為should。
【注意】suggest作“建議”講時(shí),從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,should可以省略;suggest意為“表明、暗示”時(shí),從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣;insist作“堅(jiān)持要求”講時(shí),從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should do”形式,should可以省略;insist作“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為/說(shuō)”講時(shí),從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
【典例17】(單句改錯(cuò))All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he be badly wounded and that he be operated on at once.
【解析】把第一個(gè)be改為was。句意是:醫(yī)院里所有的醫(yī)生都堅(jiān)稱(chēng)他受了重傷,并且堅(jiān)決要求馬上給他做手術(shù)。insist意為“堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”時(shí),從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣;insist作“堅(jiān)持要求”講時(shí),從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should do”形式,should可以省略。
【典例18】(2013浙江卷,8)Eye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam_______(be) at the age of six months old.
【解析】(should) be。recommend表示“建議”,且后接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,should可省略。
2.主語(yǔ)從句
在主語(yǔ)從句“It is necessary/important/essential/strange/ unusual/natural/surprising/suggested/required/ordered/a pity/a shame/no wonder+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,that從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should)do”的虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式。
【典例19】(2004廣東卷,單句改錯(cuò))In this country it is required that anyone who have recently come here have to pass this kind of test.
【解析】把第一個(gè)have改為has。由that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,而這個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句中又嵌套了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句不能用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。此外,定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與其前的先行詞“anyone”保持一致,所以定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式。
3.表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句
在order,command; demand,request,requirement; advice,suggestion,recommendation,proposal,plan,idea等名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should) do”形式。
【典例20】(單句改錯(cuò))After my effort,I at last persuaded him into taking my advice that he was operated on at once.
【解析】把was改為(should) be。 advice作“要求”講時(shí),后接的同位語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should do”形式,should可以省略。
Group 6:“It is(about/high) time+ that-clause”結(jié)構(gòu)
從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式It is(about/high)time+that-clause...過(guò)去式should+動(dòng)詞原形(should不可省略)
【典例21】(2012遼寧卷,單句改錯(cuò))Jack is a great talker.It’s high time that he do something instead of just talking.
【解析】把 do改為did或在do前加should。在句型“It’s high/about time that...”中,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或“should do”,但should不可省略。
1.錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句
有時(shí)條件從句與主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間有先后之差,這時(shí)應(yīng)按各自動(dòng)作的時(shí)間搭配來(lái)調(diào)整相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。
【典例22】(2013天津卷,14,單句改錯(cuò)) If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before,he would have been able to speak it much better now.
【解析】把have been改為be。此題是由if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句。根據(jù)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“before”可知,從句表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反,所以從句謂語(yǔ)用had done;根據(jù)主句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“now”可知,主句表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反,因此主句謂語(yǔ)用“would/ could/ might/ should+動(dòng)詞原形”。
【典例23】(2013北京卷,34,單句改錯(cuò))If we booked a table earlier,we couldn’t be standing here in a queue.
【解析】在booked前加had。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,這是個(gè)錯(cuò)綜虛擬條件句。從句表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反,主句表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反,所以從句謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用had done。
2.虛實(shí)錯(cuò)綜句
所謂“虛實(shí)錯(cuò)綜句”,是指虛擬現(xiàn)象與客觀事實(shí)錯(cuò)綜交織在一起的句子,這就要我們細(xì)心判斷哪一處應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,哪一處應(yīng)使用陳述語(yǔ)氣。
【典例24】(2013安徽卷,28,單句改錯(cuò))I would go to my cousin’s birthday party last night,but I was not available.
【解析】把go改為have gone。這是由but引導(dǎo)的虛實(shí)條件句,根據(jù)句中的時(shí)間“l(fā)ast night”可知,第一個(gè)分句表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反,所以用“would+have done sth.”表示過(guò)去本來(lái)會(huì)干某事而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做到;而第二個(gè)分句是陳述過(guò)去的事實(shí),而不是虛擬語(yǔ)氣。句意是:昨晚我本想要去參加我表親的生日聚會(huì),但我沒(méi)空。
【典例25】(2012北京卷,33,單句改錯(cuò))We could face the difficulty together,but why didn’t you tell me?
【解析】把face改為have faced。句中“but why didn’t you tell me”表示過(guò)去的真實(shí)情況,而第一個(gè)分句表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反,是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬,表示“過(guò)去本來(lái)能夠做某事”之意,所以用“主語(yǔ)+should/would/ could/ might+ have done”。句意是:我們本來(lái)能夠一起面對(duì)這個(gè)困難,但是為什么你不告訴我呢?
【鞏固性練習(xí)】用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
1.Jane’s pale face suggested that she________(be)ill,and her parents suggested that she_______(have) a medical examination.
2.The man’s suggestion that we_______(try) once more is a great encouragement to us.
3.The constant rise of meat price requires that effective measures________(take) by the government.
4.Had it not been for my teacher’s help,I________(win) the first place in the English Oral competition.
5.You are late.If you_______(come) a few minutes earlier,you would have caught the train.
6.If only the committee_______(approve) the new environmental regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
7._______he_______(be)here yesterday,he would attend the lecture with us today.
8.If we had taken such effective measures much earlier,the river_______(not pollute) so seriously now.
9.Id’ rather that you_______(go)there yesterday and ________(come) again next weekend.
10.It was lucky that little Jack was not at home when the fire broke out; otherwise,he________(lose) his life.
【參考答案】
1.was;(should)have 2(.should)try 3(.should)be taken 4.wouldnt’ have won 5.had come 6.would approve 7.Had;been或If;had been 8.would not be polluted 9.had gone;came 10.would have lost
(作者單位:安徽省樅陽(yáng)縣錢(qián)橋中學(xué))