□張祥美
there be “有”你更精彩
□張祥美
there be句型是常見的一種簡單句,其謂語在前,主語在后,屬于主謂倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),意思是“……有……”,今天我們一起來看看“there be句型”的精彩展示。
【展示一】there be結(jié)構(gòu)的意義及形式
there be結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于表達(dá)“某處(某時(shí))有某人(某物)”,其基本句型為“There be +某物或某人+某地或某時(shí)”,其中there是引導(dǎo)詞,本身沒有意義;be是謂語動(dòng)詞,“某人或某物”是句子的主語;“某地或某時(shí)”一般是介詞短語,作句子的狀語。如:
There is a computer in my room.我的房間里有臺(tái)電腦。
引導(dǎo)詞謂語動(dòng)詞主語(某物)介詞短語(某地)
【展示二】there be結(jié)構(gòu)中的主謂一致
1. there be結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語動(dòng)詞be在人稱和數(shù)上應(yīng)與其后的主語保持一致。主語是不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)用is,是可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用are。如:
There is a man at the door.門口有個(gè)人。(可數(shù)名詞單數(shù))
There is some money in the purse.錢包里有些錢。(不可數(shù)名詞)
There are some boys under the tree.樹下有一些男孩。(可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù))
2.若句子中有幾個(gè)并列的主語時(shí),be的形式要與離其最近的一個(gè)主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。如:
There is a boy,a girl and two women in the house.房子里有一個(gè)男孩、一個(gè)女孩和兩個(gè)婦女。
There are ten students and a teacher in the office.辦公室里有十個(gè)學(xué)生和一個(gè)教師。
另外,在陳述句中為了強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn),也可將介詞短語提置句首。如:
In the tree there are five birds.樹上有五只鳥。
【展示三】there be結(jié)構(gòu)的否定句和疑問句
1. there be結(jié)構(gòu)的否定句:there be的否定式通常在be后加not構(gòu)成(口語中be時(shí)常與not縮寫在一起,is和not縮寫為isn’t,are和not縮寫為aren’t)。如果句中有some,一般要變成any。如:
There are some children in the picture.圖畫里有些孩子。
→There aren’t any children in the picture.圖畫里沒有一些孩子。
There is some milk in the bottle.瓶子里有些牛奶。
→There isn’t any milk in the bottle.瓶子里沒有牛奶。
2. there be結(jié)構(gòu)的一般疑問句及其答語:一般疑問句是把be提到there前,首字母大寫,句末用問號(hào)。其肯定回答是:“Yes,there is/are.”,否定回答為:“No,there isn’t/aren’t.”。如:
—Are there two cats in the tree?樹上有兩只貓嗎?
—Yes,there are.是的,有。(No,there aren’t.不,沒有。)
3. there be結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊疑問句及其答語:
①對(duì)句子主語(包括主語前的修飾語)進(jìn)行提問時(shí),句型一律用“What is +地點(diǎn)介詞短語”(無論主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)都用is)。如:
There are some kites in the tree.→What’s in the tree?
②對(duì)there be后面的地點(diǎn)狀語進(jìn)行提問時(shí),句型用“Where is/are +主語?”。如:
There is a car in the street.→Where is the car?
③對(duì)可數(shù)名詞(主語)前面的數(shù)量進(jìn)行提問時(shí),用how many,句型結(jié)構(gòu)為“How many +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ are there +介詞短語?”(無論主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),be通常要用are)。如:
There is a cat under the bed.→How many cats are there under the bed?
④對(duì)不可數(shù)名詞(主語)前面的數(shù)量進(jìn)行提問時(shí),用how much,句型結(jié)構(gòu)為“How much +不可數(shù)名詞+ is there +介詞短語?”。如:
There is a lot of rice in my bag.→How much rice is there inyour bag?
【展示四】there be與have(got)的區(qū)別
there be與have都表示“有”的意思,但它們的含義不同。there be表示的是“存在”之意,而have表示的卻是“擁有;所有”,強(qiáng)調(diào)主語和賓語的所屬關(guān)系,它的主語一般是人(有時(shí)也可以是物)。如:
There is a car in front of the school gate.學(xué)校門前有輛小汽車。(強(qiáng)調(diào)車在學(xué)校門前)
I have a car.我有一輛小汽車。(強(qiáng)調(diào)車歸我所有)
【補(bǔ)給站】當(dāng)這兩個(gè)“有”的句型中含有some時(shí),改為否定句或疑問句時(shí)要改為any。如:
There is some water in the glass.→There isn’t any water in the glass. Peter has got some fruit.→Peter has not got any fruit.
如果表示部分或整體的所有關(guān)系時(shí),have/has與there be結(jié)構(gòu)常常表示相同的意思,兩者可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換。如:
A week has seven days.(= There are seven days in a week.)一周有七天。
【練一練】
一、按要求改寫下列句子。
1. There are some pictures on the wall.(改為否定句)
There____ ____ ____pictures on the wall.
2. There is some water in the bottle.(改為一般疑問句)
____ ____ ____water in the bottle?
3. There aresome chairsnear the window.(對(duì)劃線部分提問)
____near the window?
4. There aretwobikes under the tree.(對(duì)劃線部分提問)
____ ____ ____are there under the tree?
5. There isa littleorange juice in the bottle.(對(duì)劃線部分提問)
____ ____ ____ ____is there in the bottle?
【參考答案】
一、1. are not any 2. Is there any 3. What’s 4. How many bikes 5. How much orange juice