劉 洋,王騰騰,施 杞,王擁軍,3,梁倩倩**
(1.上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬龍華醫(yī)院骨傷科 上海 200030;2.上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)脊柱病研究所上海 200030;3.上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)院 上海 201203)
淋巴回流功能與類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎相關(guān)性及中醫(yī)藥調(diào)控機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展*
劉 洋1,2,王騰騰1,2,施 杞1,2,王擁軍1,2,3,梁倩倩1,2**
(1.上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬龍華醫(yī)院骨傷科 上海 200030;2.上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)脊柱病研究所上海 200030;3.上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)院 上海 201203)
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎是一種慢性、進(jìn)行性、系統(tǒng)性和自身免疫性的炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)疾病,以發(fā)病率高、難治愈為特征。如果治療不當(dāng),可導(dǎo)致不可逆的關(guān)節(jié)畸形,將會嚴(yán)重影響患者的工作能力和生活質(zhì)量。近年來,越來越多的研究證實(shí)炎癥刺激關(guān)節(jié)周圍組織和局部轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)淋巴結(jié)的淋巴管增生的同時,也會造成集合淋巴管結(jié)構(gòu)和功能異常,并導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)周圍淋巴回流功能障礙。類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎炎癥下淋巴管回流功能障礙,促進(jìn)淋巴回流,減輕關(guān)節(jié)炎癥的觀點(diǎn),與中醫(yī)“痹”證“不通則痛,通則不痛”的觀點(diǎn)相一致。另外,中藥復(fù)方獨(dú)活寄生湯可以改善淋巴回流功能,促進(jìn)淋巴管生成,減輕關(guān)節(jié)炎癥。中藥有效組分阿魏酸抑制腫瘤壞死因子α刺激淋巴管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的一氧化氮,減輕一氧化氮對淋巴管平滑肌細(xì)胞的損傷,改善慢性炎癥下的淋巴回流功能,從而減輕關(guān)節(jié)炎癥。有效組份三七總皂苷可以刺激淋巴管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生VEGF-C促進(jìn)淋巴管生成。這些研究結(jié)果提示起蠲痹作用的中醫(yī)藥很有可能通過調(diào)控淋巴回流功能改善類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎。本文回顧了淋巴回流功能與炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎相關(guān)性,討論現(xiàn)階段中醫(yī)藥調(diào)控淋巴回流功能改善炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎的進(jìn)展,以期為臨床治療類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎提供新的思路,為基礎(chǔ)研究的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展提供方向,為中醫(yī)痹證理論提供新的解釋。
淋巴系統(tǒng) 淋巴回流 炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎 中醫(yī)藥
類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis,RA)是一種慢性、系統(tǒng)性、進(jìn)行性、自身免疫性疾病,以廣泛的持續(xù)存在的關(guān)節(jié)滑膜炎及對稱性、破壞性的關(guān)節(jié)病變?yōu)樘卣鳌F浒l(fā)病率很高,占世界人口的0.5%-1.0%[1],是一種危害著全世界所有民族和種族的疑難疾病。RA如果治療不當(dāng),可導(dǎo)致不可逆的關(guān)節(jié)畸形,嚴(yán)重影響患者的工作能力和生活質(zhì)量[2]。然而,RA的治療卻非常困難,到目前為止,仍然缺乏安全有效的治療藥物[3]。中醫(yī)學(xué)在治療RA方面歷史悠久,積累了豐富的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn),在緩解和改善臨床癥狀方面常能取得較好療效,但作用機(jī)制尚不明確。目前亟待深入研究其作用機(jī)理,為進(jìn)一步開發(fā)潛在、能有效治療RA的中藥奠定基礎(chǔ)。
淋巴系統(tǒng)主要的生理功能是維持機(jī)體的體液平衡,免疫監(jiān)視和胃腸道脂肪酸的吸收[4]。淋巴管包括毛細(xì)淋巴管和集合淋巴管,兩者分別具有不同的形態(tài)、細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。毛細(xì)淋巴管由單層淋巴管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞組成(Lymphatic Endothelial Cells,LECs),其表面特異性表達(dá)淋巴管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受體-1、平足蛋白(Podoplanin,PDPN)或CD31[5]。集合淋巴管內(nèi)有瓣膜,來保證淋巴液單向流動,表面由表達(dá)α平滑肌肌動蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,SMA)的淋巴管平滑肌細(xì)胞(Lymphatic Smooth Muscle Cells,LSMCs)所覆蓋[6,7]。與心血管系統(tǒng)不同的是,淋巴管系統(tǒng)沒有中心泵。因此,淋巴液的流動依賴LSMCs的收縮和放松交替運(yùn)動來推動淋巴液通過瓣膜到達(dá)上游回流淋巴結(jié),最終到達(dá)靜脈循環(huán)系統(tǒng)[8,9]。由此可見,LECs和LSMCs正常的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,對于維持淋巴液的吸收和有效的淋巴回流十分重要。
在炎癥性疾病中淋巴系統(tǒng)也發(fā)揮重要作用,因?yàn)榱馨拖到y(tǒng)可以將有害的因子和細(xì)胞從疾病部位清除。近年來,越來越多的研究證實(shí)淋巴回流功能在RA的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中具有重要作用:①從炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)回流的淋巴液中含有大量細(xì)胞因子和化學(xué)因子[10];②RA患者和炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎小鼠模型的滑膜組織中淋巴管數(shù)目增多[11];③RA發(fā)作期關(guān)節(jié)炎回流淋巴結(jié)的體積增加[12,13];④腫瘤壞死因子-轉(zhuǎn)基 因(Tumor Necrosis Factor-Transgenic,TNF-Tg)和K/BxN等慢性炎癥性-侵蝕性關(guān)節(jié)炎小鼠模型出現(xiàn)淋巴回流功能下降[14];⑤用VEGFR-3中和性抗體特異性抑制淋巴管生成,減少淋巴回流,會加重TNF-Tg小鼠關(guān)節(jié)炎癥損傷[15];⑥在關(guān)節(jié)局部過表達(dá)VEGF-C,促進(jìn)回流,顯著減輕關(guān)節(jié)炎癥損傷[16]??傊?,以上研究顯示關(guān)節(jié)炎的病情進(jìn)展與淋巴回流功能緊密相關(guān)[17,18]。本文中,我們將詳細(xì)介紹炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎與淋巴系統(tǒng)關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展,以及中醫(yī)藥調(diào)控淋巴系統(tǒng)治療RA的機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展。
為了解膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍淋巴管的分布,Shi等[19]采用全組織切片掃描成像系統(tǒng),利用抗PDPN的抗體標(biāo)記淋巴管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,抗α-SMA抗體標(biāo)記LSMCs,采用雙抗體免疫熒光染色技術(shù)觀察C57BL/6J野生型小鼠的雙膝關(guān)節(jié)集合淋巴管(PDPN+/dSMA+)、毛細(xì)淋巴管(PDPN+/dopla)和血管(PDPN-/dopla)的分布情況。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍、滑膜深層、脂肪墊、關(guān)節(jié)囊的纖維層、關(guān)節(jié)韌帶和髕腱區(qū)域的軟組織中有到大量PDPN陽性表達(dá)的淋巴管,證明淋巴管主要位于鄰近滑膜纖維組織及半月板附近的韌帶/肌腱和骨頭之間的脂肪墊中。但在半月板、關(guān)節(jié)軟骨或軟骨下骨骼內(nèi)沒有檢測到PDPN陽性表達(dá)的淋巴管,這與人體標(biāo)本分布一致。
除了利用特異性的標(biāo)記物來檢測淋巴管在關(guān)節(jié)及其周圍的分布外,Zhou等[20]利用吲哚菁綠(Indocyanine Green,ICG)近 紅 外(Near Infrared,NIR)淋巴成像技術(shù),來檢測關(guān)節(jié)的淋巴管回流功能。實(shí)驗(yàn)將ICG注射到小鼠的足底皮下,NIR下拍攝ICG染料中從腳掌,踝關(guān)節(jié)注入到腘窩淋巴結(jié)(Popliteal Lymph Node,PLN)的運(yùn)行,以及不同時間點(diǎn)ICG在足底的清除率來評價踝關(guān)節(jié)旁淋巴管的回流功能。我們也可以通過檢測ICG在小鼠膝關(guān)節(jié)的6 h清除率來評價膝關(guān)節(jié)的淋巴管回流功能。Liang等[17,21]和Zhou等[20]利用該技術(shù)檢測大動物綿羊的踝關(guān)節(jié)和膝關(guān)節(jié)的淋巴回流功能,發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴管搏動頻率大動物和小動物類似,小鼠為0.42±0.84至2.19±0.77次/min,綿羊?yàn)?.6±0.5次/min;但關(guān)節(jié)的ICG清除率卻有很大差異,小鼠的踝關(guān)節(jié)在注射后24 h的清除率為90%±3%和膝關(guān)節(jié)在注射后6 h即有92%±3%的清除率,但是綿羊的踝關(guān)節(jié)在注射后24 h仍然有很高強(qiáng)度的ICG信號,在注射后96 h才會有86%±6%的清除率。小鼠的踝關(guān)節(jié)與膝關(guān)節(jié)清除率的差異,可能是由于膝關(guān)節(jié)比踝關(guān)節(jié)離心臟更近。大動物與小動物的清除率差異,可能與體型、關(guān)節(jié)腔大小、ICG注射量等原因有關(guān)。
近年來,越來越多的研究證實(shí)急慢性炎癥反應(yīng)促進(jìn)淋巴管的形成。Vybohova等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)在牛皮癬患者、腎移植的排異反應(yīng)的患者和慢性皮膚炎癥小鼠模型中,淋巴內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖,淋巴管過度增生。Wauke等[11]和Paavonen等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)在RA患者滑膜組織標(biāo)本中,淋巴管數(shù)量增加,VEGF-C表達(dá)增加。Huh等[13]臨床研究顯示RA患者的淋巴結(jié)增大、淋巴流量增加。Proulx等[12]得出類似的研究結(jié)果已在關(guān)節(jié)炎動物模型的受累關(guān)節(jié)和PLN得到證實(shí)。PLN是局部轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)淋巴結(jié),接受膝以下包括踝關(guān)節(jié)周圍組織的淋巴。這些臨床和臨床前研究證實(shí)炎癥刺激關(guān)節(jié)周圍組織和局部轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)淋巴結(jié)的淋巴管增生。
Zhang等[14,24]研究認(rèn)為炎癥因子TNFα通過增加核因子NF-κB與VEGF-C啟動子的序列結(jié)合,刺激CD11b+/Gr-1-/破骨細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞表達(dá)VEGF-C。Kelly等[25]和 Zhang等[26]認(rèn) 為 炎 癥因子可以誘發(fā)類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎內(nèi)的滑膜細(xì)胞表達(dá)VEGF-C,還可以刺激巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生VEGF-C,反饋性抑制巨噬細(xì)胞向M1型分化,減少炎癥因子表達(dá)。
Zhou等[20]首先觀察到K/BxN小鼠在關(guān)節(jié)炎急性期(誘導(dǎo)1個月以內(nèi))淋巴管波動頻率(Pulse)加快,T-in(初始檢測到ICG的時間)縮短,T-max(達(dá)到最大強(qiáng)度所需時間)縮短,S-max(觀察到ICG信號強(qiáng)度最大值)增強(qiáng),24 h足底ICG信號清除率增加,但是在慢性期(誘導(dǎo)3月后),淋巴回流功能則返回到WT水平。此后,Zhou等[16]測試5月齡以上TNF-Tg小鼠慢性炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎模型的淋巴回流功能,發(fā)現(xiàn)其Pulse和清除率都降低。這些研究結(jié)果表明,淋巴功能和炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎具有緊密的相關(guān)性:在炎癥急性階段,淋巴回流功能增加;在慢性期,淋巴回流功能下降。
為了進(jìn)一步評價淋巴系統(tǒng)與RA的關(guān)系,Guo R等[15]給予TNF-Tg小鼠腹腔注射VEGFR-3中和性抗體來阻止淋巴管生成。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)阻斷VEGFR-3會加重關(guān)節(jié)滑膜炎癥和局灶性骨和軟骨缺損,減少PLN體積,降低淋巴回流功能。這些結(jié)果表明,淋巴回流功能和淋巴管生成在慢性關(guān)節(jié)炎是重要的補(bǔ)償調(diào)節(jié)作用。
之后Zhou等[16]將重組過表達(dá)VEGF-C腺病毒注射到TNF-Tg小鼠的踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi),3個月后,TNF-Tg小鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)旁淋巴回流功能增強(qiáng),淋巴管生成增加,踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)滑膜炎癥減少,骨侵蝕、軟骨缺損和破骨細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少。研究結(jié)果表明促進(jìn)淋巴回流功能是治療RA潛在的手段。
Benaglio等[27]和Bouta等[28]有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為在RA慢性系統(tǒng)性炎癥進(jìn)程中,淋巴管回流功能障礙的原因是炎癥細(xì)胞通過某種未知的機(jī)制引起回流淋巴管收縮能力下降,造成LECs和/或LSMCs損傷、凋亡及進(jìn)一步的淋巴管破壞,使得淋巴回流功能障礙,造成受累關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)炎癥性滑膜液聚集,而無法被清除。一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)具有調(diào)控LSMCs舒張的功能,是調(diào)節(jié)淋巴管發(fā)揮收縮以及回流功能的重要因子[29,30]。急性炎癥可以刺激CD11b+Gr-1+細(xì)胞表達(dá)誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase,iNOS),產(chǎn)生NO,減弱LSMCs的收縮[31]。如果遺傳性去除基礎(chǔ)NO,可以增加小鼠集合淋巴管的收縮活性[32]。此外,NO和iNOS也參與了炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎的病理過程,例如:RA患者血清、尿液和滑膜液中NO含量增加[33,34],RA患者滑膜組織iNOS水平高于骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者的滑膜組織,而正常關(guān)節(jié)的滑膜組織缺乏iNOS表達(dá)[35-38]。
Liang等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與WT相比,TNF-Tg小鼠來源的LECs有高倍的iNOS信使RNA水平。雙免疫熒光染色顯示TNF-Tg小鼠關(guān)節(jié)旁PDPN標(biāo)記陽性的淋巴管表達(dá)強(qiáng)iNOS熒光信號。0.1 ng·mL-1TNFα即可以刺激淋巴管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)40倍iNOS(已知TNFTg小鼠外周循環(huán)TNFα的含量為1.2-1.3 ng·mL-1)。建立LECs與LSMCs共培養(yǎng)體系,1 ng·mL-1TNFα預(yù)處理后的LECs可以造成LSMCs功能基因的mRNA表達(dá)量減少。TNFα刺激LECs產(chǎn)生NO,完全被iNOS抑 制 劑(Aminoguanidine Hemisulfate Salt,Ami)所阻斷,Ami逆轉(zhuǎn)TNFα前處理后的LECs造成的LSMCs標(biāo)記基因表達(dá)下降。局部在TNF-Tg小鼠炎癥性足底皮下注射iNOS特異性抑制劑L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine 5-tetrazole-amide可以恢復(fù)老齡TNF-Tg小鼠淋巴回流功能。這些結(jié)果表明RA慢性炎癥情況下,LECs表達(dá)iNOS,產(chǎn)生NO,損傷集合淋巴管的LSMCs,使其失去正常LSMC表型和收縮功能,導(dǎo)致淋巴回流障礙,加重關(guān)節(jié)炎癥。
除了淋巴管的吸收及回流功能以外,淋巴系統(tǒng)內(nèi)炎性細(xì)胞的堵塞也是造成淋巴回流能力降低的重要原因之一。前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)5月齡以上的TNFTg小鼠常常會出現(xiàn)兩側(cè)PLN大小不一的情況,而萎縮淋巴結(jié)一側(cè)的膝關(guān)節(jié)滑液體積以及關(guān)節(jié)損傷程度重于擴(kuò)張淋巴結(jié)一側(cè)的膝關(guān)節(jié),且萎縮淋巴結(jié)一側(cè)的淋巴回流能力降低,淋巴管收縮節(jié)律消失,病理切片顯示萎縮淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)副皮質(zhì)竇堵塞。流式細(xì)胞儀檢測在淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)堵塞的細(xì)胞是CD23+/CD21hiB細(xì)胞(即B-in細(xì)胞)[39]。如果用B細(xì)胞清除療法(B Cell Depletion Therapy,BCDT),盡管無法恢復(fù)淋巴管收縮功能,卻可以促進(jìn)淋巴回流和減輕關(guān)節(jié)損傷[40]。
中醫(yī)學(xué)理論認(rèn)為,RA屬于“痹病”范疇。中醫(yī)對于其病因病機(jī)的闡述最早見于《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》,《素問·痹論》指出:“風(fēng)、寒、濕三氣雜至,合而為痹,其風(fēng)氣勝者為行痹,寒氣勝者為痛痹,濕氣勝者為著痹也”。《中藏經(jīng)》曰:“痹者閉也”,即正虛感邪是痹證發(fā)生的根本病機(jī),可概括為:正氣虧虛,筋骨失養(yǎng),故肢節(jié)屈伸不利,風(fēng)寒濕邪乘虛而入,使氣血運(yùn)行受阻,久而成經(jīng)脈氣血瘀滯,不通則痛。
痹病“不通則痛”的特點(diǎn)與淋巴管回流功能障礙加重關(guān)節(jié)炎癥的病理表現(xiàn)極為類似。那么,具有“止痹痛”作用的中藥是否通過促進(jìn)淋巴回流,來起到治療“痹病”的作用呢?下面通過中藥復(fù)方及有效組份的藥理研究來闡釋這一機(jī)理。
7.1 獨(dú)活寄生湯促進(jìn)淋巴回流功能改善類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎
獨(dú)活寄生湯有祛風(fēng)濕、止痹痛、益肝腎、補(bǔ)氣血的功效,主治痹癥日久、肝腎兩虧和氣血不足證,臨床常用于治療RA[41]。Chen等[42]用獨(dú)活寄生湯對TNF-Tg小鼠進(jìn)行灌胃,對照組給予相同體積的生理鹽水,每天一次,共12周。同月齡同窩WT小鼠給予相同體積的生理鹽水,作為陰性對照。在第12周,所有的小鼠再次進(jìn)行NIR-ICG成像檢測,然后對踝關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行組織染色分析。組織學(xué)染色顯示獨(dú)活寄生湯治療減輕了TNF-Tg小鼠滑膜炎癥、骨侵蝕、軟骨侵蝕狀況,減少了破骨細(xì)胞數(shù)目,改善了淋巴回流功能。免疫組織化學(xué)染色結(jié)果顯示,獨(dú)活寄生湯還促進(jìn)了TNF-Tg小鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)淋巴管生成。這些研究結(jié)果表明獨(dú)活寄生湯可促進(jìn)淋巴回流功能,改善RA關(guān)節(jié)炎癥,減輕炎癥造成的關(guān)節(jié)損害,促進(jìn)淋巴管生成。
7.2 阿魏酸治療改善TNF誘導(dǎo)的炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎
阿魏酸是獨(dú)活寄生湯中活血藥當(dāng)歸、川芎的有效成分之一,常用于治療心血管疾病和關(guān)節(jié)炎。Liang等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)阿魏酸抑制TNF誘導(dǎo)LECs表達(dá)iNOS和產(chǎn)生NO,減少TNF誘導(dǎo)后的LECs對LSMCs的功能基因H1-calponinl,sMYH等的抑制作用。于是我們利用TNF-Tg小鼠觀察阿魏酸的體內(nèi)效果,發(fā)現(xiàn)治療12周后,阿魏酸可以減輕TNF-Tg小鼠的關(guān)節(jié)炎癥,促進(jìn)其淋巴回流功能。因此,認(rèn)為阿魏酸可能通過抑制TNF誘導(dǎo)的LECs產(chǎn)生NO,減輕NO對LSMCs的損傷,促進(jìn)淋巴回流功能,減少關(guān)節(jié)局部炎性產(chǎn)物堆積,從而減少關(guān)節(jié)損傷。
7.3 三七總皂苷通過刺激LECs表達(dá)VEGF-C促進(jìn)淋巴管生成
三七總皂苷是三七的提取物,中醫(yī)認(rèn)為三七具有活血止血的功效,常用于治療心、腦血管疾病、炎癥和創(chuàng)傷等。Li等[43]利用轉(zhuǎn)基因斑馬魚篩選對淋巴管生成有促進(jìn)作用的中藥,發(fā)現(xiàn)三七總皂苷可以促進(jìn)斑馬魚淋巴管生成;體外研究中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)三七總皂苷促進(jìn)淋巴管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和成管,而其成管作用可以被VEGFR3抑制劑所阻斷,三七總皂苷促進(jìn)淋巴管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞VEGF-C mRNA和蛋白表達(dá),PI3K、ERK1/2和P38MAPK信號通路的抑制劑可以降低三七總皂苷促進(jìn)的VEGF-C表達(dá)。研究結(jié)果表明,三七總皂苷通過刺激LECs表達(dá)VEGF-C來促進(jìn)淋巴管生成。該研究首次從淋巴管生成角度評價中藥有效成分的作用機(jī)制。
7.4 促進(jìn)淋巴回流與中醫(yī)“痹病”的探討
前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)具有“止痹痛”作用的中藥復(fù)方獨(dú)活寄生湯可以改善淋巴回流功能,促進(jìn)淋巴管生成,減輕關(guān)節(jié)炎癥。其中,活血作用的中藥有效組份阿魏酸可以抑制炎癥因子誘導(dǎo)的LECs表達(dá)iNOS,從而改善淋巴回流功能,減輕關(guān)節(jié)炎癥。另一類活血藥三七的有效組份三七總皂苷可以促進(jìn)LECs表達(dá)VEGF-C,促進(jìn)淋巴管生成。這些研究結(jié)果初步揭示中藥復(fù)方可以調(diào)節(jié)慢性炎癥下的淋巴管生成和淋巴回流功能,有可能通過這一機(jī)制改善關(guān)節(jié)炎癥。這為中醫(yī)藥治療“痹病”的藥理機(jī)制研究開拓了新領(lǐng)域。
前期研究結(jié)果為人們對中醫(yī)“痹病”的理解提供了新的思路。慢性炎癥下淋巴回流功能障礙、淋巴結(jié)堵塞和關(guān)節(jié)炎加重與“痹病”觀點(diǎn)中氣血運(yùn)行受阻,經(jīng)脈氣血瘀滯,不通則痛的觀點(diǎn)不謀而合?,F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)采用促進(jìn)VEGF-C表達(dá),刺激淋巴管生成和修復(fù),或抑制iNOS表達(dá),改善淋巴回流功能或抗B細(xì)胞療法,清除堵塞的淋巴結(jié),都可以減輕關(guān)節(jié)炎癥,這些也與中醫(yī)治療“痹病”的理念“通則不痛”一致。常用于治療“痹病”的中藥復(fù)方獨(dú)活寄生湯、中藥有效組份阿魏酸和三七總皂苷確實(shí)可以通過促進(jìn)淋巴回流功能或促進(jìn)淋巴管生成來起到改善關(guān)節(jié)炎癥的作用。這些結(jié)果均提示淋巴系統(tǒng)在“痹病”發(fā)生、發(fā)展、復(fù)發(fā)和治療中充當(dāng)著“經(jīng)脈”的作用;血管系統(tǒng)在“痹病”的病理過程中卻發(fā)揮著相反的作用。抑制血管生成可以減輕關(guān)節(jié)炎癥,而抑制淋巴管生成會加重關(guān)節(jié)炎癥。因此,相對于血管系統(tǒng),在關(guān)節(jié)炎“痹病”病理過程中,淋巴系統(tǒng)更符合“經(jīng)脈”的作用。
淋巴功能和炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎相關(guān)性的研究屬于相對較新的領(lǐng)域,其中還有很多未解的問題。例如:炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者的淋巴回流功能如何受損?藥物如何影響淋巴管生成和影響淋巴回流功能?是否還存在其他通痹的中藥能對淋巴管的生成和功能起促進(jìn)作用?這些問題需要進(jìn)一步探究。促進(jìn)淋巴回流功能改善炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎在未來很有可能會成為潛在的重要治療方向。
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A Research Progress on the Correlation Between Lymphatic Reflux and Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Regulatory Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Liu Yang1,2, Wang Tengteng1,2, Shi Qi1,2, Wang Yongjun1,2,3, Liang Qianqian1,2
(1. Department of Orthopaedics, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; 2. Institute of Spinal Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; 3.School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, systematic, autoimmunity and inflammatory jointdisease with high morbidity and low recovery rate. Inappropriate treatment may result in the irreversible joint deformity and seriously affect the ability to work and quality of life of RA patients. In recent years, a growing number of studies have certified that inflammation activated lymphangiogenesis in the tissue around the joints and local transport lymph node, resulting in the abnormal structure and disfunction of lymphatic collection. The dysfunction of lymphatic drainage in RA and the view of promoting lymphatic drainage in order to reduce inflammation of the joint chimed with "Bi" theory, namely pain caused by obstruction can be mitigated by clearing the obstruction, in traditional Chinese medicine. It was reported that Du Huo Ji Sheng decoction alleviated arthritis by promoting lymphatic recycle and lymphangiogenesis. Previous studies showed that Chinese medicine effective component of ferulic acid inhibited NO expression in lymphatic endothelial cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor α for relieving the injury of lymphatic vascular smooth muscle cells and improving lymphatic reflux function. Panax notoginseng saponins promoted lymphangiogenesis by increasing the release of VEGF-C from lymphatic endothelial cells. These resultes indicated that “Juanbi" effect of traditional Chinese medicine may produced by regulating lymphatic drainage in the joints in RA. This paper reviewed the relationship between lymphatic drainage function and inflammatory arthritis and discussed the effects of Chinese medicine on lymphatic reflux function and related progress on inflammatory arthritis in expectation of providing the novel approaches for clinical treatments of RA and a new interpretation of Bi theory.
Lymphatic system, lymphatic drainage function, rheumatoid arthritis, traditional Chinese medicine
10.11842/wst.2016.11.004
R274
A
(責(zé)任編輯:朱黎婷,責(zé)任譯審:朱黎婷)
2016-11-04
修回日期:2016-11-11
* 國家自然科學(xué)基金委重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(81330085):痰瘀型類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎與淋巴關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)研究,負(fù)責(zé)人:施杞;國家自然科學(xué)基金委重大國際合作項(xiàng)目(81220108027):益氣祛濕法調(diào)控淋巴系統(tǒng)對炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎的影響,負(fù)責(zé)人:王擁軍;國家自然科學(xué)基金委面上項(xiàng)目(81673990):蠲痹湯調(diào)節(jié)淋巴管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞TNFα/iNOS/NO信號通路促進(jìn)淋巴回流防治類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎的研究,負(fù)責(zé)人:梁倩倩;教育部高等學(xué)校全國優(yōu)秀博士學(xué)位論文作者專項(xiàng)資金資助項(xiàng)目(201276):負(fù)責(zé)人:梁倩倩;上海市龍華醫(yī)院龍醫(yī)創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)(LYCX-01):祛瘀化瘀防治頸痛和炎性關(guān)節(jié)炎的基礎(chǔ)研究,負(fù)責(zé)人:梁倩倩;上海市衛(wèi)計委中醫(yī)藥三年行動計劃項(xiàng)目(ZY3-CCCX-2-1002):國家中醫(yī)臨床研究基地建設(shè)項(xiàng)目,負(fù)責(zé)人:崔學(xué)軍;筋骨理論與治法教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,負(fù)責(zé)人:王擁軍。
** 通訊作者:梁倩倩,副研究員,碩士生導(dǎo)師,主要研究方向:中醫(yī)藥防治慢性骨與關(guān)節(jié)疾病。