貴州 岑耀坤

明步驟、知規(guī)律，突破定語從句

貴州 岑耀坤

一、專題演練

Dalian，__1_is a nice city by the sea，is a place_2_ you can often meet some foreigners.Last summer holiday，I went there for a trip with some of my friends，_3_are also my classmates.During our stay there，we seized every possible chance to speak English with the foreigners we met，most of__4_were quite friendly.They told us they had a wonderful time in Dalian，__5_，of course，made us feel proud of the great city._6_we all know，Dalian is so beautiful that it attracts a large number of tourists every year.People living there are warm-hearted and hard working.In short，I shall never forget the days__7_I stayed there with my friends.If you have time，go there for a trip and you will be given a warm welcome by the people there，__8_friendliness will surely leave you a deep impression.

【答案與解析】

1.which。用關(guān)系代詞which在非限制性定語從句中替代先行詞“Dalian”，作主語。

2.where。用關(guān)系副詞where替代先行詞“a place”，在從句中作地點狀語，相當于in which。

3.who。用關(guān)系代詞who替代先行詞“my friends”，在非限制性定語從句中作主語。

4.whom。用關(guān)系代詞whom替代先行詞“the foreigners”，在“代詞（some/ many/ all/ most/ both等）+of+whom”結(jié)構(gòu)中引導(dǎo)定語從句。

5.which。用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，which替代整個主句的內(nèi)容且在從句中充當主語，which可譯為“這一點、這種情況”或不譯。

6.As。用關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)位于主句前的非限制性定語從句，as指代后面整個主句內(nèi)容且在從句中充當know的賓語。

7.when。用關(guān)系副詞when替代先行詞“the days”，在從句中作時間狀語，相當于in/during which。

8.whose。用關(guān)系代詞whose替代先行詞“the people”，在從句中作定語，修飾從句主語friendliness。

二、用法指津

（一）明確定義、分解步驟

定語從句是在復(fù)合句中修飾主句里的某一名詞或代詞的從句。被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞被稱為先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的有關(guān)系代詞that，which，who，whom，whose和as；關(guān)系副詞when，where和why。關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中均充當句子成分。

根據(jù)定語從句的上述定義，可將定語從句的解題步驟分解為：1.劃分出主從句；2.在主句中找到先行詞；3.把先行詞代入到定語從句中；4.根據(jù)先行詞在定語從句中充當?shù)木渥映煞诌x用相應(yīng)的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如：

【典例】1.（改編自2015·四川卷·3）The books on the desk，_____covers are shiny，are prizes for us.

【解析】whose。該句中“The books on the desk are prizes for us”是主句；“_____covers are shiny”是從句。先行詞是“the books”。將先行詞代入從句為：the books’ covers are shiny。先行詞在從句中作從句主語“covers”的定語。

【典例】2.（改編自2015·北京卷·24）Opposite is St.Paul’s Church，______you can hear some lovely music.

【解析】where。該句中“Opposite is St.Paul’s Church”是主句；“_____you can hear some lovely music”是從句。先行詞是“St.Paul’s Church”。將先行詞代入從句為：You can hear some lovely music in St.Paul’s Church。若先行詞在從句中添加了介詞in后作地點狀語，則用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)從句，相當于in which。

（二）分清指代關(guān)系，用準關(guān)系代詞

引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有that，which，who，whom，whose和as。其中that的先行詞可指人或物，但that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。that和which的先行詞指事物，它們在從句中作主語或賓語（限制性定語從句中作賓語時可省略）；who和that的先行詞指人時，它們在從句中作主語；whom和that的先行詞指人時，它們在從句中作賓語（限制性定語從句中作賓語時可省略）；whose的先行詞指人或物，它在從句中作定語；as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時在從句中作主語或賓語，但其先行詞前通常有the same或such等詞修飾。例如：

1.Anyone who/that breaks the law shall be punished.（關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語）

2.Shakespeare，a man of little education，wrote plays and poems that/which are read all over the world.（關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語）

3.Have you red the books （that/which）I gave to you？（關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語）

4.The book was written by Joseph’s wife，Jennifer，whom he married in 2014.（關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語從句中作賓語）

5.The film tells the story of a man，whose job is to deliver letters on foot to the far-away villages.（關(guān)系代詞在從句中作定語）

6.These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.（關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語，先行詞前有such修飾）

（三）先行詞前介詞添，關(guān)系副詞空位填

引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有when，where和why。when的先行詞均為表示時間的名詞，當把先行詞代入從句中需添加相應(yīng)的介詞作時間狀語時，用when引導(dǎo)從句，故when也可用“介詞+which”替換。where的先行詞均為表示地點的名詞（也可是case，situation，business，job，activity，atmosphere等表示抽象意義的地點名詞），當把先行詞代入從句中需添加相應(yīng)的介詞作地點狀語時，用where引導(dǎo)從句，也可用“介詞+which”替換。why的先行詞只能是名詞reason，且當把先行詞代入從句中需添加介詞for作原因狀語時，用why引導(dǎo)從句。例如：

1.As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.（2015·陜西卷·15）（when=in/during which）

2.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees enjoy their work.（2015·天津卷·15）（where=in which）

3.He got himself into a difficult situation where he must make a final decision.（where=in which）

4.I didn’t know the reason why the youth believed the rumor about the end of the world.（why=for which）

注意：當表示時間、地點、原因的先行詞在從句中作主語或賓語（即代入從句中無需添加介詞）時，仍用that或which引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如：

1.I will remember the days （that/which）we spent together on the farm.

2.It is a truly delightful place，which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.（2015·湖南卷·29）

3.I don’t believe the reason （that/which）she explained to us just now.

（四）as與which，特殊用法值得記

關(guān)系代詞as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，可指代整個主句，也可指代主句中的某一成分，在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語?？勺g為“這一點、這種情況”或不譯。引導(dǎo)位于主句前的非限制性定語從句時只能用as，不可用which。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，意為“正如；就像”，但which不可以。當定語從句位于主句之后時，若關(guān)系代詞作主語，從句是“主謂賓”或“主謂賓+賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu)時，從句此時多用which引導(dǎo)。例如：

1.As is reported in the newspapers，talks between the two countries are making progress.（as引導(dǎo)位于句首的非限制性定語從句，指代后面主句的內(nèi)容且在從句中作主語）

2.The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.（2015·江蘇卷·21）（as引導(dǎo)位于主句中的非限制性定語從句，指代整個主句的內(nèi)容且在從句中作主語）

3.Most of the roads were covered with thick snow，which made our journey more difficult.（which指代主句的內(nèi)容，在從句中作主語，從句是“主謂賓+賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu)）

4.China Today attracts a worldwide readership，which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.（2015·福建卷·34）（which指代主句的內(nèi)容，在從句中作主語，從句是“主謂賓”結(jié)構(gòu)）

5.Her sister has become a lawyer，which she wanted to be.（which指代主句中的部分內(nèi)容“a lawyer”，在非限制性定語從句中作表語）

（五）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句，用法正式應(yīng)知形式

“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句時，若先行詞指事物，關(guān)系代詞用which；若先行詞指人，則關(guān)系代詞用whom；若先行詞代入從句中作定語，則用關(guān)系代詞whose。其表現(xiàn)形式有：

1.“介詞+which/whom”。例如：

（1）Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.（2015·安徽卷·28）

（2）Our parents are often the persons to whom we can turn for help when we get into trouble.

2.“the+名詞+of which/whom”或“of which/whom+the+名詞”，兩者可換用“whose+名詞”。例如：

Don’t get too close to the house，of which the roof is under repair.

= Don’t get too close to the house，the roof of which is under repair.

= Don’t get too close to the house，whose roof is under repair.

3.“代詞+ of which/whom”，也可用“of which/ whom+代詞”，常用代詞有both，all，some，many，most，none，either等。例如：

（1）The event was organized by two people，neither of whom is a professional.

（2）She has written two novels，of which both have been made into television series.

4.“ 數(shù) 詞+of which/whom”， 也 可 用“of which/ whom+數(shù)詞”。例如：

（1）He wrote many children’s books，nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.（2015·重慶卷·14）

（2）She has four children，of whom only one still lives with her.

5.“介詞+whose+名詞”。例如：

（1）He is the teacher with whose help we have made rapid progress.

（2）At this time of last year，part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods，from whose effects the people are still suffering.

6.“介詞+which+名詞”，常見的有：in which case， during which time，by which time等。例如：

（1）He may win the competition，in which case he is likely to get into the national team.

（2）We stayed with the exchange students from America for six months，during which time we learned a lot from each other.

7.“the+形容詞比較級/最高級+of which/whom”或“of which/whom+the+形容詞比較級/最高級”。例如：

（1）China has thousands of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan.

（2）There were two buildings，the larger of which stands nearly a hundred feet high.

8.“復(fù)合介詞+which/whom”。例如：

（1）We came to a house，in front of which sat a small boy，who was cutting a branch.

（2）Entering the campus，we saw a tall school building，on top of which flew a red flag.

（作者單位：貴州省六枝特區(qū)六盤水市第二中學(xué)）