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新型Xa因子抑制劑利伐沙班在心血管系統(tǒng)疾病中的臨床應用研究Δ
荊珊*,仇琪,杜海燕,林陽#(首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院臨床藥理中心,北京100029)
DOI10.14009/j.issn.1672-2124.2016.01.050
新型口服抗凝血藥(new oral anticoagulants,NOAC) 包括Xa因子抑制劑和凝血酶抑制劑,用于血栓栓塞性疾病的預防與治療,臨床上主要包括急性冠脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)、接受髖關節(jié)或膝關節(jié)置換術的患者靜脈血栓栓塞癥(venous thromboembolism,VTE)、深靜脈血栓形成和肺栓塞以及房顫(atrial fibrillation,AF)引起的腦卒中等[1-4]。本綜述主要介紹利伐沙班在心血管系統(tǒng)疾病中的臨床應用及未來可能的應用領域。
1沙班類藥物概述
1.1概況
目前已有多個新型Xa因子抑制劑,包括利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、依度沙班、奧米沙班和貝曲西班等[5-10]。利伐沙班是全球首個上市的口服Xa因子抑制劑,對Xa因子具有高度的選擇性,目前已在多個國家和地區(qū)獲得批準上市。利伐沙班商品名稱拜瑞妥,規(guī)格:2.5、10、15、20 mg。目前僅有奧米沙班為經(jīng)靜脈給藥劑型,其他均為口服劑型。
1.2利伐沙班的應用領域
2利伐沙班的作用機制及藥代動力學特點
活化的Xa因子為一種絲氨酸蛋白酶,可將凝血酶原轉化為凝血酶,因子Xa是凝血酶形成的外源性和內源性途徑的交點。利伐沙班是一種強效、口服、高度選擇性因子Xa抑制劑,可通過直接抑制游離和結合的Xa因子活性,從而抑制凝血酶形成的擴增性爆發(fā),更有效地抑制血栓形成,其抗血栓效果已在不同動物血栓模型中得到了證實。利伐沙班對已產(chǎn)生的凝血酶無直接作用,只是通過抑制Xa因子活性減少凝血酶的生成,因此不影響已生成的凝血酶對止血系統(tǒng)的正常調節(jié)能力,對生理性止血功能影響較小[11-12]。
利伐沙班的臨床藥理學研究結果表明,在健康受試者中,在單劑口服80 mg時,利伐沙班耐受良好;多次給藥30 mg,1日2次,持續(xù)5 d,耐受性良好[13-15]。根據(jù)單劑信息,穩(wěn)態(tài)藥代動力學是可以良好預測的,穩(wěn)態(tài)在5 d后達到。利伐沙班的藥代動力學呈線性,在多劑給藥達穩(wěn)態(tài)后無有意義的過度蓄積。
利伐沙班經(jīng)口服吸收后生物利用度高且受到用藥劑量影響,血漿濃度-時間曲線呈劑量依賴性??崭範顟B(tài)下,10 mg的生物利用度可達80%~100%;空腹狀態(tài)下,20 mg的生物利用度為66%,不存在與食物或藥物的交叉反應;建議利伐沙班15 mg和20 mg均應與餐同服,幾乎完全吸收。利伐沙班起效迅速,達峰時間為2~4 h,平均終末消除半衰期為7~11 h;其幾乎完全可以與蛋白結合(蛋白結合率92%~95%)。已吸收的利伐沙班1/3有活性的原型藥物經(jīng)腎臟直接代謝清除;2/3經(jīng)肝臟的代謝(受肝藥酶CYP3A4的作用),被代謝為無活性的代謝產(chǎn)物,通過糞便和尿液排泄。
3利伐沙班在心血管疾病中的應用
3.1在AF中的應用
2012年歐洲心臟病學會發(fā)表的最新指導方針,建議需要抗血栓治療的AF患者接受調整劑量的維生素K治療或三種新型口服抗凝血藥之一,即達比加群酯、利伐沙班或阿哌沙班[1]。利伐沙班與華法林比較用于AF的臨床研究情況見表1。
3.2在ACS中的應用
目前,已經(jīng)完成的ACS相關利伐沙班臨床研究有ATLAS ACS-TIMI 46研究[20]和ATLAS ACS2-TIMI 51研究[21],見表2。
4未來臨床研究的方向
4.1ACS患者與新型抗血小板藥物合用的效果
黨的十三屆四中全會后,以江澤民為核心的中央領導集體牢記鄧小平的政治交代,聚精會神地抓黨的建設,在積累治黨治國的新的寶貴經(jīng)驗過程中,加深了對什么是社會主義、怎樣建設社會主義,建設什么樣的執(zhí)政黨、怎樣建設執(zhí)政黨的認識,形成了“三個代表”重要思想。
ACS患者在阿司匹林合用替格瑞洛或普拉格雷基礎上,加用利伐沙班類抗凝藥物是否依舊安全有效仍不清楚;低劑量利伐沙班合用新型的P2Y12拮抗劑,阿司匹林可否停用也待明確;這些情況下合用利伐沙班是否有益于ACS患者還有待證實。
目前在進行一項隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照、事件驅動的多中心研究,評價在近期ACS患者應用利伐沙班的有效性和安全性(ClinicalTrials:NCT00809965[22])。研究目的是評價在近期ACS的患者標準治療的基礎上,利伐沙班與安慰劑相比是否可降低心血管死亡、心肌梗死或卒中的復合終點。在標準治療基礎上隨機接受利伐沙班(2.5 mg、1日2次或5 mg、1日2次)或安慰劑(1日2次),治療6個月,研究結果仍未發(fā)表。GEMINI ACS 1是一項全球性Ⅱ期研究,在ACS患者中評價利伐沙班的長期預防作用(ClinicalTrials: NCT02293395[23])。
4.2對ACS合并AF患者的價值
《非瓣膜病房顫合并急性冠脈綜合征和/或擬接受經(jīng)皮冠脈或瓣膜介入術患者的抗栓治療管理:ESC/EHRA/EAPCI/ACCA聯(lián)合共識》[24]推薦在ACS合并AF的患者,在使用雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療的基礎上還應該使用維生素K拮抗劑或NOAC。
表1 利伐沙班應用于AF患者的臨床研究情況
表2 利伐沙班應用于ACS患者的臨床研究情況
PIONEER AF-PCI 研究探索利伐沙班在ACS合并AF的治療的安全性和有效性[25]。PIONEER AF-PCI比較利伐沙班(兩個劑量水平)或維生素K拮抗劑加單抗或雙抗治療的差異。兩個主要終點為:1年時臨床顯著出血、大出血、輕微出血和需要就醫(yī)的出血的復合終點。該研究預計納入2 169例受試者,將于2016年完成。
4.3對HF患者的價值
ROCKET AF研究中對非瓣膜性房顫合并HF的患者進行了亞組分析,9 033例 (63.7%) 患者合并HF,利伐沙班與華法林的療效是相似的;非臨床相關的大出血風險,2組也是相似的。研究結果表明,利伐沙班可以代替華法林用于HF合并AF的患者[26]。
利伐沙班在HF患者中的一項隨機化、雙盲、事件驅動、多中心研究,比較HF合并顯著CAD受試者因失代償性HF發(fā)作后利伐沙班與安慰劑比較相比對減少死亡、心肌梗死或卒中風險的有效性和安全性》研究(COMMANDER HF)也已開展,COMMANDER HF研究是一項Ⅲ期研究,具有足夠的能力確定在標準HF治療之上使用Xa因子抑制劑利伐沙班是否可以降低HF和CAD患者中重要臨床結果事件(即全因死亡、心肌梗死和卒中)的風險,將填補在這個領域的實際醫(yī)療需求[27]。
4.4CAD或外周血管疾病(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)的二級預防
利伐沙班用于預防冠心病或外周動脈疾病患者主要心血管事件的隨機對照研究(COMPASS研究,ClinicalTrials:NCT01776424[28]),是一項多中心的Ⅲ期研究,將對CAD和PAD患者中嚴重不良心血管事件(包括心血管死亡、心肌梗死、腦卒中)的二級預防。利伐沙班是首個在這一高風險患者群體中進行評估的新型口服抗凝血劑,COMPASS研究將評價與單獨用藥相比,聯(lián)合用藥是否能為CAD和PAD患者中的長期血液凝結提供更完整的保護。
VOYAGER PAD是一項全球性Ⅲ期研究,將在正在接受外周動脈干預措施的PAD患者中,探索利伐沙班減少血栓性血管并發(fā)癥的潛在獲益。
4.5ACS的特殊人群的價值
有抗凝指征如惡性腫瘤、二尖瓣狹窄、機械瓣、有卒中史無AF和有肺動脈血栓史的患者發(fā)生ACS的亞組人群可能獲益。
5結論
利伐沙班作為NOAC已進行了多領域療效和安全性評價,相繼在不同領域批準了其應用。與傳統(tǒng)抗凝治療比較,利伐沙班可以簡化患者的抗凝治療,改善臨床預后,但是仍不能滿足醫(yī)療需求。動脈和靜脈血栓栓塞性疾病是一個重大的世界公共健康問題,與高發(fā)病率和死亡率相關,也是全世界發(fā)病和死亡的一個重大原因,未來在更多的領域開展NOAC的臨床研究,具有廣闊的應用前景。
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(收稿日期:2015-08-24)
中圖分類號R972
文獻標志碼A
文章編號1672-2124(2016)01-0139-04
#通信作者:主任藥師,教授,碩士生導師。研究方向: 臨床藥學、臨床藥理學。E-mail: linyang3623@163.com
Δ基金項目:科技部“重大新藥創(chuàng)制”《心血管疾病等新藥臨床評價研究技術平臺建設》(No.2012ZX09303016); 北京市自然科學基金《基于代謝組學的高膽固醇血癥冠心病患者血漿氧化應激生物標記物探索性研究》(No.2153040)
*副主任醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學博士。研究方向:高血壓、高脂血癥相關臨床和基礎研究及心血管臨床藥理學。E-mail:jingshan1001@medmail.com.cn